Pension Recipients Research Articles

KUALITAS PELAYANAN PENETAPAN PENSIUN OTOMATIS BERBASIS LESS PAPER BAGI PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL DI LINGKUNGAN PEMERINTAH PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

The purpose of this study was directed to examine the quality of service for determining less paper-based automatic pensions for Civil Servants in the North Sulawesi Provincial Government. This research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observations and documentation. Implementation of the determination of less paper-based automatic pensions for Civil Servants in the North Sulawesi Provincial Government has not gone well, due to the absence of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for determining less paper-based automatic pensions, lack of transparency, weak socialization, weak data reconciliation, lack of human resources. The apparatus, there is no innovation in the development of less paper-based pension processing, the condition of civil servants who will enter the retirement age limit has not responded to the implementation of the less paper-based automatic pension determination. Therefore, it takes a strong commitment and desire from the North Sulawesi Provincial Government, especially the Regional Personnel Board of North Sulawesi Province in making innovations in developing less paper-based automatic pension determinations to create automatic pension service flows that meet service quality standards, making it easier for pension recipients to receive pension decisions.

Work Resumption after a Fixed-Term Disability Pension: Changes over Time during a Period of Decreasing Incidence of Disability Retirement.

The incidence of disability retirement in Finland has sharply decreased over the last ten years. At the same time, the share of fixed-term pensions has increased to cover more than half of all new disability pensions. This study examined the efficiency of fixed-term disability pensions under these changing circumstances with the aim of addressing the following research questions: are fixed-term disability pensions more often converted to permanent pensions, and how have the changes affected return to work? The study was based on register data of Finnish residents aged 25–62 whose fixed-term disability pension started in 2006 (n = 10,177) or 2015 (n = 7918). Of the fixed-term disability pensions starting in 2006, 58 percent were converted to a permanent disability pension within the next four years. In 2015, the corresponding figure was 41 percent. Return to work increased from 24 to 30 percent. In addition, ending up in some other state (most often unemployment) increased, and, more often, fixed-term disability pensions continued for more than four years. Transferring to a permanent disability pension decreased more among the younger, those with a lower education, and those suffering from mental disorders. The results were not notably affected by changes in the characteristics of fixed-term disability pension recipients (e.g., demographic and occupational characteristics and rehabilitation) or the selection of applicants into a fixed-term or a permanent pension. Return to work increased more among men, the older age groups, those with a fixed-term disability pension due to somatic diseases, and those who had received vocational rehabilitation. Adjusting for the composition of fixed-term disability pensioners increased the differences between the study years, and controlling for the selection into a fixed-term pension further widened the differences. In conclusion, a decreasing proportion of fixed-term disability pensions are converted to permanent pensions, but this is only partly reflected in increased return to work. Further efforts are needed to support work resumption after a fixed-term disability pension to avoid the situation where people drop out from disability pension but are resting on unemployment and other benefits.

Qualifying for a Type of Pension and Poverty Measurement

The period of exiting from once full-time years of daily employment to a period of less time constraint can be a period of excitement or misery in poverty. It is pathetic that at one period, an individual is on a payroll of an employer but at another period the individual is not on any pension roll. The objective of the paper is to examine the qualification criteria for a pension and the effect of a pension type on poverty. Primary data was gathered from residences with at least one person aged 60 years old or older across 24 sampled localities in the country. A logistic regression estimation method was employed for the data analyses. The findings of the study indicate that different pension systems have different qualifying criteria that the individual must satisfy to be able to get the monthly pension. The conceptual framework indicates that although some individuals contributed to the SSNIT pension scheme, they could not qualify for the monthly pension due to the inability to satisfied the minimum number of months. The findings also show that the SSNIT pension recipients household were less likely of being poor compared to the CAP30 pensioners. It is recommended that SSNIT should embark on vigorous awareness creation exercise to educate the general public about the tenets of social security pension.

Правовая политика Киргизской Республики по цифровизации сферы социального обеспечения: проблемы и перспективы

The article discusses the prerequisites and conditions for the development of digital technologies in the legal policy of the Kyrgyz Republic, the mechanism of their influence on the acceleration of processes in the social sphere: simplification of the issuance of state benefits, ensuring the protection and registration of children and families in difficult life situations, digitalization of the system for promoting employment of the population, improving the quality of service for pension recipients and what problems, risks and challenges arise in this regard. The most important results of the digitalization of the social security sphere are the creation of prerequisites for the growth of the cultural and legal level of the population due to the rapid development of the digital environment. The author comes to the conclusion that by developing digitalization in the field of socially significant services, the state should be responsible for the reliability and correctness of information translated into electronic format, in turn, the population needs a transition to lifelong learning, to lifelong education and retraining of personnel.

Quality of life as an indicator of public management performance in the Republic of Kazakhstan

We examine quality of life issues in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Based on systematization of theoretical approaches to the definition of a concept and structure of living standards found in scientific literature and their critical analysis, we have identified and justified the fundamental structural blocks of the quality of life as a complex aggregate indicator reflecting the level of development of many areas of a modern person’s life together affecting the degree of his or her life activity’s efficiency. Using an extensive range of statistical data and tools of economic and mathematical modeling, we aim to identify the degree of influence of macroeconomic indicators that characterize certain areas of human life (healthcare, education, living conditions, security, income level, etc.) on living standards. Given the above, the central hypothesis of this study is that public management of the quality of life in the Republic of Kazakhstan can be more effective if it provides a scientifically grounded system of tools based on the assessment of the quality of life which takes into account both regional and industry specifics, feedback from the population as a recipient of public services, and is based on the principle of integration and consistency of state body management decisions. Results we have obtained imply the existence of a correlation between such quantitative indicators as natural growth, a number of pension recipients, the Gini coefficient and the quality of life index determined by qualitative indicators: general life satisfaction of the population and the level of perception of happiness. Results of the study confirm current trends in the socio-economic development of Kazakhstan, characterized by income inequality issues in both intersectoral and interregional sections, aggravated against the background of the global pandemic threat, the recession of a prolonged nature, and other external shocks and challenges. Based on the results obtained, the authors conclude that the key causes of socio-economic differentiation in Kazakhstan are associated with a weak institutional environment and weak performance of formal institutions. The quality of institutions impacts the process of socio-economic development in a creative way, including through the formation of an appropriate institutional environment regulating the entire set of socio-economic relations. This circumstance emphasizes the priority of challenges state management bodies face in the context of improving the existing institutional environment, which allows determination of rational behavior boundaries for people and economic entities to optimize and stabilize the socio-economic development of the state as a whole. We have developed and proposed a number of suggestions and recommendations for improving the existing institutional environment and the system of state management, practical implementation of which should reduce the existing large gap in income levels as the main factor of living standards in Kazakhstan.

Healthcare use before and after suicide attempt in refugees and Swedish-born individuals

PurposeThere is a lack of research on whether healthcare use before and after a suicide attempt differs between refugees and the host population. We aimed to investigate if the patterns of specialised (inpatient and specialised outpatient) psychiatric and somatic healthcare use, 3 years before and after a suicide attempt, differ between refugees and the Swedish-born individuals in Sweden. Additionally, we aimed to explore if specialised healthcare use differed among refugee suicide attempters according to their sex, age, education or receipt of disability pension.MethodsAll refugees and Swedish-born individuals, 20–64 years of age, treated for suicide attempt in specialised healthcare during 2004–2013 (n = 85,771 suicide attempters, of which 4.5% refugees) were followed 3 years before and after (Y − 3 to Y + 3) the index suicide attempt (t0) regarding their specialised healthcare use. Annual adjusted prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of specialised healthcare use were assessed by generalized estimating equations (GEE). Additionally, in analyses among the refugees, GEE models were stratified by sex, age, educational level and disability pension.ResultsCompared to Swedish-born, refugees had lower prevalence rates of psychiatric and somatic healthcare use during the observation period. During Y + 1, 25% (95% CI 23–28%) refugees and 30% (95% CI 29–30%) Swedish-born used inpatient psychiatric healthcare. Among refugees, a higher specialised healthcare use was observed in disability pension recipients than non-recipients.ConclusionRefugees used less specialised healthcare, before and after a suicide attempt, relative to the Swedish-born. Strengthened cultural competence among healthcare professionals and better health literacy among the refugees may improve healthcare access in refugees.

To Work or not to Work: Factors Affecting Bridge Employment Beyond Retirement, Case of Lithuania

This paper investigates bridge employment beyond retirement, as nowadays it is one of solutions often mentioned to stabilize pension systems in the context of an aging population. The aim of this paper is to identify individual, financial, and other factors that influence retirees to work beyond retirement in Lithuania. This research was done using unique administrative Lithuanian data, allowing to analyze post-retirement employment in Lithuania for the first time. The sample consists of 26,000 new old-age pension recipients from 2015 to 2017. By applying binary models of the probability of being employed beyond retirement, it is found out that a greater acquired retirement record, a higher average wage before retirement, and living in a bigger city with a higher employment rate were positively associated with accepting bridge employment, while a higher sickness rate, higher old-age pension, and earlier receipt of an unemployment benefit were inversely related to accepting such employment. Moreover, being a professional or manager increases the likelihood of bridge employment in comparison to unskilled workers. This probability increases even more if a person works in the public sector. Finally, some social groups were excluded, finding that widows with disabilities or widowed women with worse health are not likely to work beyond retirement and are consequently under a bigger risk of poverty. To sum up, retirees who should stay in the labor market in their old age because of their bad financial situation are less likely to do it. This suggests that persons with bigger needs, lower-skilled workers, and women deserve particular attention in labor market reforms.

Research of features of statistical accounting of primary disability of the adult population in Russia

Disability of the population is one of the most topical challenges to society in the context of demographic aging of the population. To ensure the most effective response to this challenge, reliable information is needed about the health status of the population and the actual extent of disability in the main socio-demographic groups. In Russia, the study of disability issues is devoted to the works of many researchers, performed in the framework of medical, sociological and economic disciplines. Special attention is paid to the structure and dynamics of disability in the country as a whole and in its regions. At the same time, a special feature of the Russian system of statistical accounting for the number of disabled people is its focus on registering recipients of pensions and disability benefits, as well as on data on citizensʼ requests for identification of a disability group. This makes it difficult to assess the real extent of disability, because a part of the population is not included in the number of disabled. At the same time, the extent of accounting errors depends, inter alia, on the rules and criteria for determining disability established by the state. Taking into account these theses, the purpose of this study is the evaluation of the impact of social policy on the dynamics and structure of primary disability in the adult population of the Russian Federation. The information base of the study was made up of research data on similar topics, data from international organizations, and data from Russian state statistics. The paper summarizes and analyzes information about the number and structure of the disabled population, the dynamics of primary disability indicators, and the populationʼs requests for identification of a disability group. The main changes in the legislation regulating the procedure and criteria for recognizing citizens as disabled are analyzed. It is shown that a sharp increase in primary disability in 2005 was due to an increase in the number of applications for disability by citizens of retirement age. The main incentives were the monetization of benefits, changes in disability criteria and rules for pension provision for disabled people. It is proved that the registered indicators of primary disability depend on the reaction of the population to the social policy of the state, and this reaction is differentiated by socio-demographic groups of the population.ʼ

Late Payments, Liquidity Constraints and the Mismatch between Due Dates and Paydays

This paper examines a small random liquidity shock to reveal the effect of liquidity constraints on late payment behavior. In Jerusalem, water bill due dates are randomly determined and therefore may occur just before or after social security paydays. We compared the likelihood of late payments by low-income households when they receive their social benefits a day after the water bill due date to the likelihood of late payment by the same households when they receive their benefits a day or more before the water bill due date. Using a large administrative data set, we found that a small random liquidity shock leads to a substantial increase in late payments of more than 10 percentage points among income support recipients and around 6 percentage points for old-age pension recipients with supplementary income. The mismatch between utility payment due dates and paydays may result in reduced psychological well-being, as well as interest charges and high late fees, contributing to the poverty penalty.

The BJP’s Welfare Schemes: Did They Make a Difference in the 2019 Elections?

In this article, we use data from the 2019 NES post-poll survey to assess the impact of BJP’s welfare schemes on voting behaviour. We demonstrate that compared to earlier elections, voters are more likely to give credit to the central government as opposed to state governments or local politicians for welfare schemes. This centralization is especially the case for some of the BJP’s new welfare programmes such as Ujjwala and the Jan Dhan Yojana. However, even earlier Congress-era schemes such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and the Awas Yojana are now more associated with the central government. Schemes such as the Public Distribution System (PDS) and Old Age Pensions are still more likely to be associated with state governments. At the all-India level, we find some evidence that voters who received benefits under Ujjwala, Jan Dhan Yojana or Awas Yojana schemes were more likely to vote for the BJP, whereas recipients of pensions or MGNREGA were less likely to support the BJP.

Unintended Labor Supply Effects of Cash Transfer Programs: New Evidence from South Africa’s Pension†

Abstract Using South Africa’s first nationally representative panel data set, I find that the presence of pension recipients in the household reduces the probability of employment of both previously employed and unemployed prime-aged adults. Exploiting institutional features of the disability grant to isolate the pension’s income effect suggests that the effects operate through the income mechanism. By contrast, there is no evidence that pensioners enable household members to work by providing childcare as concluded by previous studies.

IPTEKS STANDAR PELAYANAN PADA PT. TASPEN (PERSERO) CABANG MANADO

This study aims to see how well PT TASPEN's service in carrying out its duties in managing pension fund savings for employees, is discussed from several factors that exist within PT TASPEN. PT TASPEN is a non-bank financial institution that works to serve pensioners where pension recipients are only for Civil Servants. The author made observations and interviews to find out the discussion of the factors in this study. The applied science and technology method is related to the implementation of community services with analysis techniques through factors in service. Finally the results of the discussion showed that there was still something to be improved at PT TASPEN to further maximize future work. With suggestions in service procedures there must be an increase in the publication of information in print media or mass media, and in the time of service advice for companies that is to add existing teller services and add information boards.Keywords : TASPEN, service, pension fund, civil servant, community

The actual state of public pension in North Korea

본 연구의 목적은 북한 공적연금 실태에 대한 분석을 통해 남북한 공적연금제도의 통합과제를 도출하는 것이다. 분석 결과, 남북한 공적연금 통합 시 현실적인 문제는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫째, 남한의 연기금 재정이 북한의 수급자를 책임질 경우 재정 건전성이 약화될 것이다. 둘째, 이러한 문제를 차치하더라도 급진적 통일의 경우 일정 기간 북한의 식량급여를 존속시킬 수밖에 없는 북한 수급자들의 현실적인 문제가 있다. 셋째, 북한의 공적연금은 일부 최상위 극소수 국가공로자연금 수급자를 제외하고 현금ㆍ현물급여 수준이 낮아 사실상 노후보장 기능이 대단히 미약하다. 넷째, 북한의 당면한 빈곤상태를 감안하면, 급진적 통일 이후 북한은 현행 남한의 기초연금, 국민기초생활보장, 의료급여, 긴급복지지원에 대한 수급권을 요구할 것이다. 다섯째, 남한정부가 모든 지원을 한다 하더라도 이를 실행할 수 있는 (남)북한의 전문 인력과 행정력 등 실천을 위한 제반여건 수립이 완료되지 않는다면 제대로 작동하지 않을 가능성이 있다. 여섯째, 무엇보다도 공적연금을 포함한 남북한 사회복지 통합은 북한의 현실을 반영하여, 구호-안정-이행-통합단계와 과정으로 진행해야 할 것이다.The purpose of this study is to derive the integration task of the public pension system through analyzing actual condition of public pension in North Korea. As a result of the analysis, the real problems in integrating the public pension system between the two Koreas are summarized as follows. First, if the pension funds of South Korea are responsible for the recipients of North Korea, the fiscal soundness will weaken. Second, despite these problems, there is a real problem for North Korean recipients who are forced to survive for some time in the case of radical unification. Third, the income security function of public pension in North Korea is very weak, in fact, because the level of cash and in-kind benefits is low except for some top-ranking national merit pension recipients. Fourth, considering the immediate poverty situation in North Korea, after the radical unification, North Korea will demand the right to receive basic pension, national basic life guarantee, medical benefits and emergency welfare support of South Korea. Fifth, even if the South Korean government provides all the support, there is a possibility that it will not work properly if the establishment of the conditions for the practice such as the expert manpower and the administrative power of the (South) North Korea can not be completed. Sixth, inter-Korean social welfare integration, including public pensions, should be reflected in the stage of relief, implementation, and integration of the North Korean reality.

Deserving a Just Pension: A Factorial Survey Approach*

ObjectiveThis study analyzes which characteristics of pension recipients are taken into account when evaluating the fairness of pensions. Furthermore, it identifies some respondents’ characteristics and preferences that could be related to the justice evaluation of different pension amounts.MethodsA factorial survey was designed to simultaneously analyze the association of respondents’ and recipients’ characteristics with the pensions’ justice evaluation.ResultsFindings indicate that although there is a consensual demand for larger pensions, it is still believed that pensions should be allocated primarily based on individual achievement.ConclusionsAlthough in general, larger pensions are on average considered as more just, the justice criteria rely heavily on individual achievement over redistributive considerations, showing willingness to accept very low pensions for those considered not deserving them.

Distributional effect of the farmer pension program in Taiwan

PurposeThe Old Farmer Pension Program (OFPP) represents Taiwan’s long-standing efforts aiming at improving farm household income and well-being; however, how effective the pension program is in terms of achieving the policy agenda has remained unclear. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachBased on data drawn from the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure during 1999–2013, two identification strategies are used to examine the effect of OFPP. First the authors apply the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to address the concern if the program reaches the socially/economically disadvantaged farm households. The second identification strategy involves using the static and dynamic decomposition approaches to identify the major factors contributing to farm household income inequality and the redistribution role of the OFPP.FindingsResults from the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition indicate that about 60 percent of the income gap can be eliminated if the pension recipients’ socio-economic characteristics are the same as the non-recipient group, suggesting it is the disadvantaged group that receives the old farmer pension. Moreover, the results suggest the significant contributions of household investments in health and human capital as well as diversification toward nonfarm activities, to income inequality among Taiwan’s farm households. Results from the dynamic decomposition suggest that the first-wave adjustment of the OFPP enlarges farm household income inequality, the following two waves of adjustment, however, plays an equalizing role.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature by providing a methodological refinement promoting the view that it calls for the use of the dynamic (change) decomposition framework to investigate the inequality-enlarging or inequality-equalizing role each income determinant plays.

Effects on inequality in life expectancy from a social ecology perspective

BackgroundInequality in life expectancy (ILE) is defined as inequality in the distribution of expected span of life-based on data from survival tables estimated using the Atkinson inequality index. ILE can be influenced by socio-ecological indicators including the Gini coefficient, secondary education, output per worker, and old age pension. This study examined the effects on ILE from a social ecology perspective.MethodsThis analysis is based on ILE data from 108 countries obtained from the United Nations Development Programme. Data on socio-ecological indicators were obtained from the United Nations database. The associations between socio-ecological indicators and ILE were assessed using correlation coefficients and multiple regression models.ResultsSignificant correlations were evident between ILE and the following indicators from a socio-ecological perspective: Gini coefficient (GC: r = 0.335, p = 0.001) as an indicator of income inequality, female population with at least some secondary education (FSE: r = − 0.757, p = 0.001), male population with at least some secondary education (MSE: r = − 0.741, p = 0.001), output per worker as a measure of labor productivity (OPW: r = − 0.714, p = 0.001), and number of old age pension recipients (OPR: r = − 0.641, p = 0.001). In multivariate regression, the ILE predictors were higher GC and lower levels of FSE, MSE, OPW, and OPR (R2 = 0.648, p < 0.001).ConclusionsSocio-ecological factors have an important effect on ILE. Policies that address ILE should consider targeted socio-ecological factors, such as the Gini coefficient of income inequality, that give a personal perspective of economic deprivation, attainment of at least a secondary education by both females and males that gives a social environment perspective, output per worker that indicates labor productivity, and the number of old age pension recipients that indicates social security from a public policy perspective.

The Gender Pension Gap in China

ABSTRACTChina has had a large gender gap in labor force participation, sectors of employment, and earnings. This study shows that disadvantages in the labor market for women are the primary drivers of the gender pension gap. Among people age 60 and older, women receive about half of the amount of men's social pensions. Using the 2013 wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and the CHARLS Life History Survey of 2014, this contribution has three main findings. First, about three-quarters of the deficit in women's pensions is explained by women's lower likelihood of receiving occupational pensions, and one-third is due to smaller benefits when they do receive them. Second, the gender deficit in receiving an occupational pension can be explained by education level and employment sector. Third, among pension recipients, nearly one-third of the gender benefit gap is explained by women's fewer years of employment and lower salaries.

UK state pension deferral incentives and sustainability

ABSTRACTPay-as-you-go state pension schemes such as that operated in the United Kingdom face growing pressures from the rising old-age dependency ratio and improvements to life expectancies. Alongside compulsory increases in the statutory retirement age, governments have used incentives to encourage workers to postpone voluntarily their exit from employment, deferring their Basic State Pension in exchange for the additional financial reward of an enhanced pension at a later point in time. The impact of pension deferral upon the sustainability of the state pension system is dependent on the interplay of short-term savings from payment delay and increased subsequent longer-term payments to pension recipients. This article presents a model that simulates the financial effect of deferral uptake on the National Insurance Fund over a 40-year projection under alternative scenarios, including current and revised post-2016 deferral incentives. The findings indicate that the recent change in enhancement rate from 10.4 per cent to 5.8 per cent will significantly impact on state pension sustainability while still providing an incentive to defer. We estimate that any reduction below 4 per cent would result in zero uptake of the deferral option, based on a rational financial choice.

The health implications of social pensions: Evidence from China's new rural pension scheme

This paper estimates the causal effect of income on health outcomes of the elderly and investigates underlying mechanisms by exploiting an income change induced by the launch of China's New Rural Pension scheme (NRPS). Using this policy experiment, we address the endogeneity of pension income by applying a fixed-effect model with instrumental variable correction. The results reveal that pension enrollment and income from the NRPS both have had a significant beneficial impact on objective measures of physical health and cognitive function of the rural elderly. Pension recipients respond to the newly acquired pension income in multiple ways: improved nutrition intake, better accessibility to health care, increased informal care, increased leisure activities, and better self-perceived relative economic situation. These in turn act as channels from pension income to health outcomes of the Chinese rural elderly.

Influencing Factors on Life Satisfaction after Retirement: A Comparison of Public Pension versus Specific Corporate Pension Recipients

Influencing Factors on Life Satisfaction after Retirement: A Comparison of Public Pension versus Specific Corporate Pension Recipients