Penetration Ratio Research Articles

Cost-Benefit Analysis to Assess the Effectiveness of an External Airbag and Autonomous Emergency Braking System

One of the recent developments in safety systems is an external airbag installed on the front bumper of a vehicle and autonomous emergency braking system. In this paper, we propose a framework for a cost-benefit analysis of the external airbag and autonomous emergency braking system in order to validate its commercialization. Road traffic crash data obtained from the National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS) was used, and three different crash types related to frontal damage in vehicles were extracted to estimate the safety performance of an external airbag. An ordinal logistic regression model was applied to estimate the safety performance in terms of the reduced maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS) based on a reduction in the total delta-v following the installation of an external airbag. Given the estimated safety performance of the external airbag, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted. According to the results, the external airbag system saves 46% of occupants with MAIS 3+ injuries and prevents 40% of fatalities. Moreover, the benefit/cost ratios of the external airbag system range from 0.496 to 0.509 depending on the scenario. Lastly, sensitivity analyses were performed with important parameters, including the initial and maximum market penetration ratio and the price of the system.

Experimental investigation of mechanical behavior at the microstructure of copper-graphene thin films

Graphene reinforcements in the metal matrix cause improvement in mechanical properties. The interaction of graphene depends on the microstructure and deformation of the metal matrix. At the nano and micro scale, metal graphene composites are mainly evaluated by indirect techniques like nanoindentation, which only induces specific deformation and failure mechanisms. In this work, nanolayered copper–graphene composites are fabricated to study the impact of graphene particles’ reinforcements on the mechanical behavior during uniaxial tensile loading. The stress required for film cracking increases in the ten-layer copper films (channel cracks) by 50% and the four-layer copper films (microcracks) by 121% with graphene reinforcement. Electron microscopy reveals that the graphene particles’ presence at the interfaces causes deflections in the crack paths leading to improved mechanical performance. The graphene particles also affect the grain boundary sliding (cause of microcracks) in the four-layer samples, increasing the crack onset strain from 1.3% to 2.4%. Comparing the energy release rate ratio of deflection and penetration to the fracture toughness ratio of the copper–graphene interface and graphene particle shows that crack deflection is expected. Molecular dynamics simulations also show that the deflection of cracks is due to graphene stopping the growth of plastic zones, which leads to delaminations at the interface.

Estimation of Road Traffic State at a Multilanes Controlled Junction

We present in this paper a method for the estimation of traffic state at road junctions controlled with traffic lights. We assume mixed traffic where a proportion of vehicles are equipped with communication resources. The estimation of road traffic state uses information given by communicating vehicles. The method we propose is built upon a previously published method which was applied to estimate the traffic in the case where roads are composed of two lanes. In this paper, we consider the case where roads are composed of three lanes and we show that this solution can address the general case, where roads are composed of any number of lanes. We assume the geometry of the road junction is known, as well as its connections between incoming and outgoing lanes and roads. Using the location data provided by the communicating vehicles, first, we estimate some primary parameters including the penetration ratio of the probe vehicles, as well as the arrival rates of vehicles (equipped and non-equipped) per lane by introducing the assignment onto the lanes. Second, we give estimations of the queue length of the 3-lanes road, without and with the additional information provided by the location of the communicating vehicles in the queue. We illustrate and discuss the proposed model with numerical simulations.

Pharmacokinetics and soft-tissue distribution of tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide using microdialysis: a study in healthy subjects and patients with diabetic foot infections.

Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide is a novel oral carbapenem prodrug of tebipenem, the active moiety. We assessed tebipenem steady-state pharmacokinetics in the skin and soft tissue in healthy subjects and infected patients with diabetes using in vivo microdialysis. Six healthy subjects and six patients with an ongoing diabetic foot infection (DFI) received tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide 600 mg orally every 8 h for three doses. A microdialysis probe was inserted in the thigh of healthy subjects or by the wound margin in patients. Plasma and dialysate samples were obtained immediately prior to the third dose and sampled over 8 h. Tebipenem plasma protein binding (mean ± SD) was 50.2% ± 2.4% in healthy subjects and 53.5% ± 5.6% in infected patients. Mean ± SD tebipenem pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma for healthy subjects and infected patients were: maximum free concentration (fCmax), 3.74 ± 2.35 and 3.40 ± 2.86 mg/L, respectively; half-life, 0.88 ± 0.11 and 2.02 ± 1.32 h; fAUC0-8, 5.61 ± 1.64 and 10.01 ± 4.81 mg·h/L. Tebipenem tissue AUC0-8 was 5.99 ± 3.07 and 8.60 ± 2.88 mg·h/L for healthy subjects and patients, respectively. The interstitial concentration-time profile largely mirrored the free plasma profile within both populations, resulting in a penetration ratio of 107% in healthy subjects and 90% in infected patients. Tebipenem demonstrated excellent distribution into skin and soft tissue of healthy subjects and patients with DFI following oral administration of 600 mg of tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide.

Planting models and deficit irrigation strategies to improve radiation use efficiency, dry matter translocation and winter wheat productivity under semi-arid regions

The dry-land farming system of China relies on plastic film mulching and natural rainfall to mitigate damage caused by drought. However, the applications of deficit irrigation modes combined with the planting models can significantly increase production of wheat, dry matter translocation and radiation use efficiency (RUE) remains unidentified. Thus, in 2016–2018, we conducted field trials that implemented four deficit irrigation modes (IJF: irrigation at jointing and flowering stages; IF: irrigation at flowering stage; IJ: irrigation at jointing stage; NI: no irrigation) under two cultivation patterns (ridge furrow rainfall harvesting system (RF); traditional flat cultivation (TF)). The results indicated that the effects of RF system with deficit irrigation (IJF: 250 mm) could significantly increase the soil moisture, and thus enhanced LAI, In value, IPAR, RUE, and PAR capture ratio than that of TF-NI planting. This is due to decreased canopy light transmittance (LT), reflection and penetration ratio of PAR, as a result considerable improve the biomass translocation and grain yield. Owing to the very low soil water content after the seed-filling, the LAI, IPAR, and In value decreased during the seed-filling under water stress, ultimately affecting the dry matter translocation efficiency. While the IJF and IF treatments provided water for reproductive growth stage, therefore, the production of wheat and RUE were significantly maximum compared with IJ and NI irrigation mode. Under the RF system with IJF, IF, and IJ treatments the grain yield increased by 81.2%, 56.8%, 45.6% and 17.2%, then that of TF-NI treatment, respectively. The highest RUE (1.93 g MJ−1), dry-matter translocation (154.2%) and seed yield (81.2%) were obtained in the RF-IJF treatment compared with TF-NI. Therefore, the RF-IJF treatment significantly improved the earlier development and rapid plant growth, which is a suitable planting model for increasing soil moisture, LAI, RUE, DMT, and winter wheat production.

Preparation of combined oleophobic fibre filters with pore size gradients and their high-efficiency removal of oil mist droplets

Pore size is a key factor that influences the removal of oil mist droplets by a coalescence filter. However, the influence of the pore size distribution among different filter layers on filtration performance has not been thoroughly explored. In this work, a method for preparing glass fibre filtration media with a specific structure as well as good oleophobic properties and mechanical strength was developed by combining the wet-spinning method and immersive modification. The prepared single-layer media were combined in various three-layer structures with increasing pore size gradient, decreasing pore size gradient and uniform pore size distribution. The trends in the pressure drop and droplet penetration ratio of the resulting combined filters over time were analysed systematically. The results demonstrated that in the combined filter, the first layer material had a significant influence on the filtration process and steady-state performance. Throughout filtration, the pressure drop of the filter with a decreasing pore size gradient had layering characteristics, which was conducive to capturing droplets within different particle size intervals in different stages and thereby relieving the operational pressure on different layers. Hence, the filter with a decreasing pore size gradient had a relatively low steady-state pressure drop and the best comprehensive filtration performance for submicron droplets. However, the filter with an increasing pore size gradient had the highest separation efficiency for submicron droplets and its concentration of steady-state downstream droplets was 19% lower than that in the filter composed of three layers of minimum pore size materials. The proposed mechanism by which the filter with the increasing pore size gradient improved the coalescence filtration efficiency for submicron droplets was based on capillary theory.

ADPD: Anomaly Detection for Population Distribution in Geo-Space Using Mobile Networks Data

Real-time population mobility pattern at a specific time is an essential indication for sudden events. With the high penetration ratio of mobile phones, the mobile network could serve as a sensor network to monitor the population distribution, and user positioning without extra cost because the distribution of mobile phones is approximately the same as the population distribution. The abnormal spatial-temporal transition of the population is one of the critical indicators for sudden events. In this article, using the log data obtained from the mobile networks, we propose an AI-based framework, anomaly detection for population distribution (ADPD), to detect abnormal population distribution in geo-space. Different from the previous works, to detect anomaly of a specific grid area, the ADPD uses only the population information in the grid, which makes the ADPD more practical in the actual situation. We investigate the performance of the ADPD by running experiments based on the log data of the mobile network obtained during an actual sudden event, the 2018 Hualien Earthquake in Taiwan. Our study shows that the ADPD can identify the abnormal population transition grids nearby the grids with sudden events.

Evaluation of multi-hole diesel injectors spray under evaporating conditions: Effects of adjacent spray plumes on the macroscopic and mixture characteristics of target spray

Previously, diesel sprays of multi-hole injectors were simulated in an environment where only a single spray plume was simulated. Although boundaries were declared as symmetry, the impact of aerodynamic forces between spray plumes was always neglected. In the present work, all spray plumes of diesel injectors are simulated in a cylindrical box mesh considering external effects including umbrella angle, space between nozzle holes, and hole length to hole diameter ratio. To examine the nozzle hole size effect, two 10-hole diesel injectors with hole diameters of 0.101 and 0.133 mm are investigated under 120 MPa injection pressure. Likewise, to understand the effect of injection pressure, the 0.101 mm hole diameter injector is studied under 120 and 140 MPa rail pressures. In experiments, Laser Absorption Scattering diagnostic technique is applied to visualize the vapor phase, measure mixture concentration and characterize air entrainment. Since Diesel fuel does not absorb UV light, Tracer fuel with the composition of 97.5% of n-tridecane and 2.5% α-Methylnaphthalene is used. On the contrary, sprays are simulated in the Eulerian-Lagrangian two-phase fluid framework using KHRT Breakup and Multicomponent Evaporation models. Parameters such as injection rate and initial spray trajectory angle are measured experimentally and used as input for the spray simulation. Computational results correspond with experiments particularly in terms of Penetration and Equivalence Ratio while Spray Angle deviates.

The Competitive Position of Poland in Bio-Based Products Trade on the European Union Market

Theoretical background: The strategies for the development of the European Union presented at the beginning of the new century portrayed bioeconomy as a modern concept of ensuring the sustainable and dynamic development of EU member states and bioeconomy itself became an important area of interest to the EU authorities. At present, the development of bioeconomy is a significant element of implementing the economic development strategies of respective EU member states. Purpose of the article: This article aimed to examine the international competitive position of Poland in the bio-based products trade on the common EU market in comparison to other member states of the EU. Research methods: The competitive position in bio-based products trade was evaluated based on the following indicators: balance of trade, Poland’s share in EU exports and imports, trade coverage ratio, import penetration ratio, relative export orientation ratio, intra-industry trade intensity ratio, and export specialisation index. Groups of bio-based products identified based on an official classification of products according to CPA, version 2.1, consistent with NACE. The analysis was based on data derived from the Eurostat database for the years 2008–2017. Main findings: The surveys imply that in 2008–2017, the competitive position of Poland improved mostly in the Forestry, Wood products, Paper and paper products, and Food sector, and in particular in the Tobacco products sector, which has been in line with the bioeconomy development strategy of the European Union.

Technical and Economical Evaluation of Micro-Solar PV/Diesel Hybrid Generation System for Small Demand

This paper is intended as an investigation on a reliability of solar PV(Photovoltaic) and DG (Diesel Generator) hybrid system and the economical evaluation. In the remote area or island countries, diesel generator is a common technology for supplying power. In general, the price of diesel oil is expensive in remote areas. Therefore, introduction of the technologies which can reduce the fuel consumption for power generation is important in those area. Interconnection of solar PV with isolated diesel distribution lines is one of the options when expanding power generation facilities. However, the output of solar PV is influenced by the weather condition, it is difficult to ensure a constant output and control power amount. Using unstable input for power generation such as solar PV increases the risk of power outage due to instability of system voltage and frequency fluctuations. In this study, experiments were conducted to clarify the unstable condition using the micro-solar diesel hybrid system using solar PV (2kW), Battery Bank (24V,420Ah) and Diesel Generator (4.7kVA) and load(1500W) at Ashikaga University (AU). The experiments are conducted by two different setups, a hybrid system of solar PV and DG and the hybrid with battery bank. The results of the experiments show the frequency fluctuations becomes smaller by the hybrid system with battery bank. And the mechanical governor which attached to the DG has important function to stabilize frequency fluctuation. In the study, economic viability of the solar PV and DG hybrid system is examined by computing the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). In the calculation of the least-cost alternative system, a diesel engine powered generation system with the capacity to generate the same amount of electricity as the solar PV-DG hybrid system was used. The IRRs of the solar PV – diesel hybrid system is positive in all configuration. IRR becomes larger in the hybrid system without a battery bank and also it becomes larger with increase of the penetration ratio of solar PV. The configuration of solar PV and DG hybrid system have to be considered by the type of power demand. If the demand user requires quality power such as stabilized voltage and frequency in minimum range, battery bank have to be installed to the system. If the economical operation by saving the amount of fuel consumption is more important, battery bank does not need to be included. The system is feasible on the both aspect of technical and economical, therefore it can be introduced as reliable energy supply system for small power demand in remote areas.

Effects of full transient Injection Rate and Initial Spray Trajectory Angle profiles on the CFD simulation of evaporating diesel sprays- comparison between singlehole and multi hole injectors

This paper investigates experimental and computational diesel sprays of single hole and multi hole injectors under vaporizing conditions. Two single hole and two ten-hole injectors with the same nozzle hole size are tested with the 120 MPa injection pressure. Experiments implement Laser Absorption Scattering technique. This method utilizes two wavelengths (Visible and Ultraviolet) of light and fuel's mixture concentrations are measured by attenuations of these lights. On the other hand, sprays are simulated in the Eulerian Langrangian two-phase fluid framework where KHRT and Multicomponent models are used as droplet breakup and evaporation models respectively. Full transient profiles of Injection Rate and Initial Spray Trajectory Angle are used as input boundary conditions for the spray simulation and effects on the spray characteristics are observed. Injection rates are measured with Bosch Long Tube and Initial Spray Trajectory Angles are extracted from the near nozzle field spray images. Experiments reveal that multi-hole injectors (0.101 mm and 0.133 mm) injectors depict longer liquid and shorter vapor penetrations. However, longer simulation liquid and vapor penetrations are seen for single hole injectors due to increased initial ramp-up phase. Sprays of Multi-hole injectors are diffused radially which promote air entrainment, better mixture formation, improved combustion, and lower exhaust emissions. Overall, simulated sprays using unfiltered injection rate profile as an input parameter showed an excellent agreement with experiments. While sprays using low-pass filtered injection rates showed a clear disagreement. Parameters including Liquid Length, Vapor Penetration and Evaporation ratios were found to be influenced by the IR profile rather than ISTA. Whereas vapor equivalence ratios depend on both input parameters plus breakup model constants.

Digital payment and banking stability in emerging economy with dual banking system

Previous studies provided limited conclusions on the relationship between digital payment and financial stability, particularly in an emerging economy with a dual banking system in which Islamic banking operates in parallel with its conventional counterpart, such as Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of digitalisation on financial stability, particularly banking stability, in Indonesia. It uses Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models to investigate the relationship using monthly data during December 2013–July 2021 period. The digital payment transaction is proxied by payment penetration ratio (PPR); meanwhile financial stability is proxied by the value of Z-Score for the Indonesian banking industry. It also conducts a robustness check using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The study found a cointegrating relationship between PPR and Z-Score, suggesting that digital payment transactions have an equilibrium and long-run relationship with banking stability in Indonesia. Further examination shows a one-direction causality from digital payment to banking stability and a positive short-run relationship between the variables. Interestingly, despite being the largest Muslim country globally, the estimation result shows no significant causality between digital payment and Islamic banking stability in Indonesia. While this might be due to the small size of Islamic banking in the country, it is expected that the impact will be more significant as Islamic digital banking starts to emerge and gain strong support from society and government in the post-covid period. Overall, our findings support policies promoting a more supportive regulatory ecosystem for a resilient banking and financial system in an emerging economy with a dual banking system.

Research on Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Wind Power Generation System Based on Data Fusion

With the consume of traditional petrifaction energy origin such as coal, matelote and physical gas and the increasingly serious question of entire warming, the penetration ratio of wind power in the energy economy continues to enhance. Wind farms are generally built-in areas with strong winds, tough working environments and a high probability of equipment failure. Faults on large grid-connected wind turbines will seriously influence the safety and stability of conventional strength grids. In addition, unplanned maintenance after a breakdown of wind turbines needs a lot of manpower and corporeal resources, which greatly decrease the efficiency of wind strength production and enhance production costs. Therefore, the key to solving the above problems is to quickly and efficiently identify fan faults, which in turn enables accurate troubleshooting. In the article, the malfunction diagnosis of intelligent wind power system based on data fusion is discussed, and it is found that the GBoost algorithm has high accuracy in detecting sensor gain error, sensor offset error and sensor standard error when the Gaussian white-to-noise ratio exceeds 45 dB. In addition, DBN has different diagnostic effects for different faults with different Gaussian noises, at 45 dB and 35 dB, each type of error varies slightly, and the dotted line varies; at 25 dB, each type of error has a large difference. The difference is large, indicating that at 25 dB, this type of error is more sensitive; comparing the state estimation effect makes DLSTM have good adaptability to time series, and also shows that DLSTM considers the system to be reliable enough, and can be obtained by data fusion of the parameters of each system. What is the state of its system, and then take corresponding measures.

Optimal Dispatch of Multi-energy System Based on Carbon Trading Auxiliary Service

The energy economy, flexibility and low carbon of multi-energy system is one of the research hotspots of multi-energy system, a comprehensive energy system optimization scheduling method considering carbon trading is proposed. On the basis of considering the dynamic output of heat network equipment, an optimal dispatch model of the integrated energy system is constructed through energy coupling equipment such as cogeneration units, heat pumps, and gas turbines. Firstly, the thermal dynamics of heating pipes and heating buildings are modeled in detail. Then, taking the lowest operating cost of the integrated energy system and the lowest carbon transaction cost as the objective function, and taking the energy balance constraints and network constraints as the constraints, a day-ahead optimal scheduling scheme of the integrated energy system is proposed. Finally, the simulation results show that the multi-energy optimal scheduling method can effectively reduce the expenditure of the multi-energy system, increase the penetration ratio of wind and solar power generation, and reduce the overall carbon emissions of the system.

Validation of a novel path planner for stereotactic neurosurgical interventions-A retrospective clinical study.

The gold standard workflow for targeting structures in the brain involves manual path planning. This preoperative manual path planning is very time-intensive and laborious, especially when some outcome measures such as maximum ablation and penetration depth has to be optimised. Our novel path planner generates an optimal path which maximises the hippocampus penetration and distance from critical structures using a precomputed cost map and a reward map. The average penetration ratio for 12 cases is 88.13±23.23% for a resolution of 1° and a safety margin of 1mm. Average run time for the path planner based on 1° resolution was 1.99±0.68min. Results show that the algorithm can generate safe and clinically relevant paths with a quantitative representation of the penetration depth and is faster than the average reported time for manual path planning.

A magnetic antibody-conjugated nano-system for selective delivery of Ca(OH)2 and taxotere in ovarian cancer cells

An efficient strategy for cancer therapy is presented, in which a tumor mass is initially pretreated with calcium hydroxide, then treated with Taxotere (TXT). In this regard, an advanced delivery system based on iron oxide nanoparticles has been designed. The surface of nanoparticles was functionalized with sortilin (SORT-1, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody) that specifically encodes caov-4 ovarian cancerous cells. Plasmonic heating of the incorporated gold nanoparticles in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been exploited to control the release process of TXT. The in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments have exhibited high efficacy of a seven-day pretreatment by Ca(OH)2 plus 14 days treatment program by Ca(OH)2@Fe3O4/PVA/Au-SORT nano-therapeutics, where more penetration ratio resulted in tumor growth inhibition by ca. 78.3%. As a result, due to showing high values of the anti-tumor properties and biosafety, the presented pretreatment strategy is suggested for more effective treatment on the aged tumors.

Study on Permeability and Flame Retardancy of Coal Aerosol Atomized by Ultrasonic Wave

In order to analyze the permeability and particle size distribution of atomized aerosol in different coal particle sizes and to explore the inhibition performance of an atomized inhibitor in different atomization times and positions, the following conclusions are obtained by ultrasonic atomization device: The results of permeability experiment show that the particle size of aerosol decreases with the increase of atomization frequency. In addition, with the particle size of the coal sample decreasing from 5 cm to 0.6 cm, the penetration ratio of aerosol in coal decreases from 64.2% to 15.5% due to the interception of large particle size water mist by dense coal. The aerosol with a particle size of 2~4 μm has better permeability in crushed coal. The flame retardant experiment shows that compared with the raw coal, the aliphatic hydrocarbon of the atomized coal decreases by 75.9%, the aromatic hydrocarbon decreases by 57.5%, and the flame retardant effect is good. Meanwhile, the extension of solution atomization time will further enhance the flame retardant ability of ultrasonic atomized aerosol.

Effects of microporous layer penetration ratio and substrate carbonization temperature on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Effects of microporous layer penetration ratio and substrate carbonization temperature on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Tissue Penetration of Antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Systematic Review-Part I.

The challenging severity of some infections, especially in critically ill patients, makes the diffusion of antimicrobial drugs within tissues one of the cornerstones of chemotherapy. The knowledge of how antibacterial agents penetrate tissues may come from different sources: preclinical studies in animal models, phase I–III clinical trials and post-registration studies. However, the particular physiopathology of critically ill patients may significantly alter drug pharmacokinetics. Indeed, changes in interstitial volumes (the third space) and/or in glomerular filtration ratio may influence the achievement of bactericidal concentrations in peripheral compartments, while inflammation can alter the systemic distribution of some drugs. On the contrary, other antibacterial agents may reach high and effective concentrations thanks to the increased tissue accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils. Therefore, the present review explores the tissue distribution of beta-lactams and other antimicrobials acting on the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria in critically ill patients. A systematic search of articles was performed according to PRISMA guidelines, and tissue/plasma penetration ratios were collected. Results showed a highly variable passage of drugs within tissues, while large interindividual variability may represent a hurdle which must be overcome to achieve therapeutic concentrations in some compartments. To solve that issue, off-label dosing regimens could represent an effective solution in particular conditions.

Prediction of electron beam weld quality from weld bead surface using clustering and support vector regression

Destructive manual experiments are primarily used for quality assessment of electron beam welded components, which consume the resources and time significantly. Vision-based and other NDT-based quality monitoring in EBW is rarely reported, and consequently, more investigation is required. An inexpensive quality evaluation technique for the welded joints has been proposed using the weld bead surface attributes. These attributes have a good correlation with quality indicators like aspect ratio and mechanical properties of the joint. Here, electron beam welding of CuCrZr alloy was conducted to get varying weld profiles, and the surface weld attributes were measured. The model correlating top and bottom bead widths with the process variables was established using support vector regression. The predicted unlabelled weld attributes were employed as inputs for the unsupervised clustering algorithms, namely fuzzy C-mean clustering and density-based clustering. The clustering algorithms provided different clusters of the joints, namely poor, fair and good. FCM was found to be more precise for the clustering of welding data. Poor category of the joints was represented by that with partial penetration and lower aspect ratio, and the corresponding process variables’ combination could be avoided in the next iteration through the feedback. The fair category represented the joints with a high aspect ratio and keyhole-based profiles with moderate strength and ductility. The good category signified the weld joints having the maximum joint strength and ductility, and an acceptable aspect ratio with the conduction mode of welding. Keyhole-based weld profile could be obtained using high beam power (5.5 kW to 6.3 kW) with high welding speed (1000 mm/min and above). A combination of 0.1 mm oscillation amplitude and 900 Hz oscillation frequency was found to be the most favourable one, in this study.