Pendant La Research Articles

Évolution des erreurs techniques et de quelques variables physiologiques pendant la course d'orientation

Lors de la compétition de course d'orientation (CO), l'accumulation des erreurs techniques (ET) peut représenter un handicap important à l'arrivée. Dix compétiteurs nationaux masculins ont effectué une course d'orientation dans les conditions de la compétition sur un circuit constitué de quatre boucles qui se recoupaient en un point central. La nature, le nombre et le moment auquel survenaient les ET ont été comptabilisés à partir des relevés cartographiques et des temps de course de chaque sujet. Parallèlement les facteurs de la capacité physique des sujets (vitesse de course, fréquence cardiaque, lactatémie et glycémie) ont été évalués à chaque passage au point central des boucles. Nos résultats ont montré que les ET étaient plus fréquentes dans le premier quart d'heure de CO et à la fin de la course. Bien qu'il soit difficile de mettre en parallèle des facteurs objectifs de la capacité physique et les éléments décisionnels liés au comportement des sujets, notre étude a confirmé que le nombre d'ET (reflet de la dégradation de la performance mentale), était lié à la vitesse d'installation de la diminution des capacités physiques; dans ces conditions le rôle joué par un échauffement insuffisant et/ou une recharge énergétique inappropriée pendant la course est évoqué. During orienteering, the accumulation of technical errors (TE) can be an important factor of handicap at the arrival. In the same conditions of championships, ten voluntary national runners (age: 29.2 ± 3 years, height: 176.8 ± 3.5 cm, body mass: 65.0 ±6.8) participed to the study. Firstly in laboratory the subjects performed a treadmill test in order to study their physical capacity (aerobic fitness and oxygen consumption). The initial speed (12 km·h −1 ) increased by 1 km·h −1 every 4 minutes. During the last minute of each step a blood sample (50 μ l) was taken on a finger for lactate analyze (Kontron). Two days later the subjects participed in an orienteering race (OR) of four loops (Bi 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 4 ) stepping in a central point; the first and third loops (B 1 , B3) were technical orienteering while the second and the fourth (B 2 , B 4 ) were rough orienteering. During the race the heart rate (HR) was recorded by means of a Sport Tester PE 4 000. The nature, the number and the moment of TE were determined with the help of the map area of each subject and time keeping. During OR the subject's physical capacity (running speed, HR, lactates, carbohydrate) was evaluated when the runners arrived at the crossing point of the loops. The results give some evidence that the anaerobic threshold quickly is reached during technical orienteering (B 1 ) and stay at a level hihger than 4 mmoles.l −1 during the whole field test, suggesting that the energy expenditure was very high. It is difficult to compare the physical capacity and the psychological behavior of the subjects during OR yet two distinctive critical pediods have been observed for TE in OR (B 3 , B 4 ); nevertheless our study confirms that the number of TE (which is a picture of the mental performance) is linked to the decrease of the physical capacity. Indeed the increase of HR (HRmax-HRmin) during OR stabilized in the first three loops (B 1 , B 2 , B 3 ) at 25 beats, min −1 , then the increase of HR was about 31 beats.min −1 in B4. This increase of HR (HRmax-HRmin), is due to the muscular fatigue, the subjects must have some rest and they run slowly because the carbohydrates decrease, excepted for the best runners. Thus the consequences of an insufficient warm-up in the first quarter of the race and/or supply of energetics substrates during the whole OR has been brought to attention.

Techniques de récupération du sang drainé pendant la période postopératoire

Techniques de récupération du sang drainé pendant la période postopératoire

“O, why was I born with a different face ?” Corps physique et corps politique pendant la révolution française

“O, why was I born with a different face ?” Corps physique et corps politique pendant la révolution française

Attentional effects on Necker cube adaptation.

Abstract If subjects adapt to an unambiguous version of a Necker cube, a subsequent ambiguous cube tends to be seen in the opposing perspective. The present experiment shows that this adaptation effect depends on whether the adapting cube is attended. During the adaptation phase, subjects saw two superimposed cubes of opposite perspective and different sizes and colors centered on fixation. Subjects detected color changes in line segments that defined either the small or large cube. The perception of the subsequent ambiguous cube depended on which of the adapting cubes was task relevant. This attentional effect showed a strong asymmetry. When subjects attended to the small adapting cube, an aftereffect appropriate to the perspective of the cube was found, but when the large adapting cube was attended, no aftereffect was present. This asymmetry may relate to constraints on the spatial distribution of attention.Resume Si les sujets s'adaptent a une version non ambigu d'un cube de Necker, ils ont tendance a voir le cube ambigu qui suit dans la perspective opposee. La presente experience montre que cet effet d'adaptation depend de l'attention que pre@tent les sujets au cube d'adaptation. Pendant la phase d'adaptation, les sujets ont vu deux cubes superposes qui etaient presentes dans des perspectives opposees et dont la taille et la couleur variaient; ces cubes etaient centres sur un point de fixation. Les sujets detectaient les changements de couleur dans les segments de ligne qui definissaient le petit cube ou le grand cube. La perception du cube ambigu subsequent etait fonction du cube d'adaptation qui se rapportait a la ta@che. Cet effet attentionnel se caracterisait par une forte asymetrie. Lorsque les sujets pre@taient attention au petit cube d'adaptation, un arriere - effet approprie a la perspective du cube se produisait, mais non dans le cas du grand cube. Cette asymetrie peut e@tre reliee aux contraintes qui interviennent dans la distribution spatiale de l'attention. Several studies indicate that attention can affect the perception of the Necker cube. Pelton and Solley (1968) and Hochberg and Peterson (1987) have shown that subjects can change the rate of reversals through instructions, while Kawabata (1986) reports that the interpretation of the cube depends on which local feature of the cube is attended. Shulman (1992) recently published results indicating that adaptation of the Schroder staircase, a reversible perspective figure, depends on whether the adapting staircase is attended. During the adaptation phase, subjects saw two superimposed unambiguous staircases in opposing perspective. Attention was directed to one or the other staircase by asking subjects to detect colour changes during the adaptation phase in the relevant staircase. Perception of the ambiguous test staircase depended on which of the adapting staircases was attended.Von Grunau, Wiggin and Reed(1984) have shown that perception of the Necker cube can be biased by prior adaptation to unambiguous cubes. Since much of the prior work on attention and reversible perspective figures has been conducted with the Necker cube, it seemed worthwhile to show that Shulman's results (1992) generalize to that figure.Experiment 1METHODSubjects12 naive observers participated in Experiment 1.Apparatus and StimuliStimuli were displayed on a colour monitor controlled by an Amiga 1000 microcomputer.A fixation cross was displayed at all times. The adapting and test stimuli are displayed in Figure 1. The adapting cube could be either large or small. When two adapting cubes were presented simultaneously, one was large, the other small, and the two cubes were superimposed and centered on a common fixation point. The cubes were made of different sizes and colours so they could be readily discriminated during blocks in which both were simultaneously presented. The length of each side of the small cube was 1.5 degrees, the large cube 4. …

Commerce et finance en Méditerranée au moyen-âge , and: Structure et évolution du capitalisme européen XVI e - XVII e siecles (review)

Reviews 177 The first and third sections of the book offer a range of essays on the changing uses of the classics and satire in French political debate and on a variety of popular revolts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (including the well known summary of the Mousnier-Porshnev polemic.) Here the emphasis is on different contexts, on localism and a certain quality of paradox rather than the easy answers of 'class conflict' or 'absolutist centralization'. 'The ideas expressed at moments of crisis', writes Salmon, 'are by no means irrelevant to the interpretation of historical process. W h e n seen in their socid context they attest to the powerful but unpredictable ways in which human volition has shaped the past'. These essays on the ideological articulation of some of the crises in siexteenth- and seventeenth-century France and Europe offer a glimpse of just how intricate and fascinating the consequent formulations can be. Alastair MacLachlan Department of History University of Sydney Sayous, A. E., Commerce et finance en Mediterranee au moyen-age, London, Variorum, 1988; pp. x, 338; R.R.P. £34.00; Idem, Structure et evolution du capitalisme europeen XVI e - XVII e siecles, London, Variorum, 1989; pp. xxiv, 294; R.R.P. £34.00. Andre' Sayous was one of the most intriguing characters amongst scholars of the medieval and early m o d e m European economy in the 1920s and 1930s. B o m at Nice in 1873, he studied at Paris and then went to Berlin in 1896 for his doctorate, where he fell under the influence of Adolphe Wagner and Gustav Schmoller. H e then began a career as a businessman and economic journalist In the mid 1920's he returned to historical scholarship and published prolificdly until he disappeared early in the Second World War. The list of his publications is bewildering. Between 1925 and 1941 he published one book and 99 (sic!) articles, many of which involved extensive primary research. His studies all stemmed from an essential interest in the historical nature of capitalism but ranged widely over medieval Mediterranean economic history, particularly that of Genoa, Marseilles and Barcelona, the economic history of the Spanish Americas, monetary and banking history, maritime history, the law of contract, the development of the bourgeoisie, Muslim North Africa, and the debate on the nature of capitalism. To all of these subjects he brought a penetrating intellect and idiosyncratic persondity. Many of his studies were pioneering works in their fields and have since generated further enquiry by many historians. To the debate on the nature of capitdism he contributed a powerful opposition to Weber and Sombart based 178 Reviews on a perception of the essential nature of capitalism lying in business techniques. The first of these two volumes is divided into four sections containing: (1) three articles on commercial techniques at Barcelona from the 13th to 15th centuries; (2) three articles on the business life of 13th-century Marseilles (unfortunately not the best one on the Marseillese trade with Syria); (3) two articles on the economic life of Siena and Venice and; (4) two articles on the movement of capitd between France and the Holy Land during the Sixth Crusade and on the operations of Italian bankers at the Champagne fairs. The article, 'Les mandats de Saint Louis sur son Tresor et le mouvement international des capitaux pendant la Septieme Croisade (1248-1254)' (Review historique, 217 (1931), 254-304) is still the seminal work in its field. The second volume is divided into three sections containing: (1) three articles on commercial relations between Spain and the Americas; (2) three articles on monetary exchanges in the Spanish Americas and; (3) five articles on various types of capitalism from twelfth-century Genoa to 16th-century Augsburg and 17th-century Amsterdam. Naturally enough considering the passage of time and the enormous growth of scholarship since Sayous' death, some of his work has stood the test of time better than other of it. The work on Marseilles in particular has now been virtudly eclipsed. That on Barcelona has survived better. The various studies of medieval Genoa, Venice, and other Italian towns are now useful only in limited ways. O n...

A Note on Colonel W. M. Leake

In AS XXXVII (1987) 23–35 J. M. Wagstaff writes interestingly of “Colonel Leake and the Classical Topography of Asia Minor”.Leake succeeded in identifying a large number of ancient sites in Asia Minor. Dr. Wagstaff is well aware of this and naturally enough does not make it his business to list them all. However, in view of current B.I.A.A. work at Oenoanda and Balbura in the Cibyratis, it seems worth pointing out, as a footnote to his article, that Leake was the first to identify both cities, although he never visited either of them. He identified them on the basis of epigraphical evidence collected in October 1841 by Richard Hoskyn, Master of H.M.S. Beacon, and the naturalist Edward Forbes, and his “Remarks on Mr. Hoskyn's Paper”, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society XII (1842) 162–9, may be added to Dr. Wagstaff's list of publications of the man whom Louis Robert justly described as “l'incarnation de la géographie du monde hellénique pendant la première partie du XIXe siècle”.

Etude des interactions entre levures et bactéries lactiques dans le moût de raisin

<p style="text-align: justify;">Les interactions entre levures et bactéries lactiques sont déterminées par la nature des souches en présence, leur population et la constitution chimique du moût et du vin. Normalement, pendant la fermentation, les bactéries lactiques sont inhibées par les produits du métabolisme levurien. Mais dans certaines conditions, la croissance précoce des bactéries provoque une chute de la viabilité des levures et, par conséquent, un ralentissement ou un arrêt de la dégradation des sucres. Tous les mécanismes mis en jeu ne sont pas connus.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">ln wine-making, lactic acid bacteria succeed to yeasts to promote the malolactic fermentation (MLF), after the completion of the alcoholic fermentation. Yeasts are better adapted than bacteria to growth in grape must. So their development easily starts and the alcoholic fermentation triggers soon after the harvest. In the same time, the natural bacterial inoculum decreases, due to an antagonism between these two microorganisms. ln addition to ethanol, fatty acids synthesized by actively growing yeasts exert their toxic effect against lactic acid bacteria. At the end of the alcoholic fermentation, the remaining bacterial population (10<sup>4</sup> to 10<sup>3</sup> cell.p.ml) begins growing. It is mainly constitued by <em>Leuconostoc oenos</em> more resistant than lactobacilli. At that time, autolysis products from decline phase yeasts act as bacterial growth factors. Then, when the bacterial population is large enough (about 10<sup>6</sup> cell.p.ml) MLF happens. So, normally, MLF follows alcoholic fermentation within a few days. But in some conditions, the interactions between yeasts and bacteria do not work in this way. If the weather is particularly hot and dry during the last weeks of the maturation, the pH of the must may be high and generally sulfiting is lowered as there are no rotten grapes. Growing conditions are better than usually for bacteria that, in such a case, compete with yeasts. The bacterial population reach a sufficient level that can actually increase the yeast decline rate. Hydrolase activities of bacteria against yeast cell walls may occur. That leads to a fermentation stuck. These antagonism effects between yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in fermenting must control the wine-making process. Their extent vary with must composition even with both yeast and bacteria strains. Further research is needed to clear up involved machanisms.</p>

Preface: Fabrication of Components of the Creys-Malville Plant

The Creys-Malville plant construction is now almost complete. Functional testing is well under way; loading and criticality are scheduled for 1985. A stage has been reached where first conclusions can be drawn from the Superphenix design and construction experience. It is this vast reservoir of unique practical knowhow that was the subject of the recent meeting in Paris, ''Experience acquise pendant la fabrication des composants du surgenerateur de Creys-Malville,'' December 16, 1982, organized by the Societe Francaise d'Energie Nucleaire, Kerntechnische Gesellschaft, and the Societa Nucleare Italiana. Superphenix is the world's first commercial size breeder. The scale-up from its predecessor, Phenix, represents a considerable engineering achievement, accomplished within just ten years and encompassing an immense technological stride forward. Design studies were performed using computer calculations and experimental research methods unthought of ten years ago. Hitherto unexplored aspects were investigated, in particular, in the fields of fatigue-creep damage assessment, seismic analyses, and identification and prevention of sodium water reaction hazards. New methods and procedures were elaborated, and highly specialized engineering teams were gradually formed and are presently ready to inaugurate the next step in fast breeder development.

Chemical Dissolution of Lead Blast Furnace Accretions with Soda Ash in the Presence of Carbon—I. Experimental

Non-fusible accretions which form on the walls and in the crucible of the lead blast furnace during the smelting of zinciferous lead sinter adversely affect the operation and necessitate periodic shutdown of the furnace. The present investigation is concerned with the development of a chemical procedure to reduce the accretions without discontinuing the smelting operation. Accretion specimens taken from the lead blast furnace were tested for their reactivity towards a mixture of soda ash plus coke. In the temperature range of 850–1070°C, investigated here, it was observed that the accretion becomes reduced to zinc vapour leaving behind a residue of condensed lead phase. The rate of dissolution increases markedly with temperature and at 1000°C a duration of about 20 min is all that is required to dissolve four-fifths of the original accretion. More reactive varieties of coke reduced the accretion in a shorter duration. Résumé Pendant la fonte des agglomérés de plomb zincifères, les garnis non fondant qui se forment dans le creuset des hauts fourneaux entraînent l'extinction periodique de ces derniers. Cette étude a pour but de développer un procédé chimique permettant de réduire la quantité de garnis sans entraîner l'extinction des hauts fourneaux. Des specimens de garnis prélevés dans des hauts fourneaux à plomb ont été étudiés pour leur réactivité envers un mélange de soude et de coke. Entre les température de 800° et 1070°C, ces garnis sont réduits à l'état de vapeur de zinc et d'un résidu contenant une phase condensée de plomb. Les vitesses de dissolution croissent en fonction de la température.

A Graphic Model of the Effects of Sectoral Technical Change: The Case of Japan, 1880–1970

This paper estimates the effects of technical change on sectoral output growth and resource transfers in Japan over the period 1880–1970. It provides a graphic model to explain the process by which agricultural resources are pushed and pulled to the non‐agricultural sector by agricultural and non‐agricultural technical change.Cet article évalue les effets des changements techniques dans l'accroissement de la production par secteurs et les transferts de ressources au Japon pendant la periode 1880–1970. Ilfournit une representation graphique afin d'expliquer le processus selon lequel les ressources agricoles sont poussées et tirees vers le secteur non‐agricole par des changemenls techniques à la fois dans le domaine agricole et non‐agricole.SummaryThis paper combined growth accounting with a two‐sector model to measure the effects of agricultural and non‐agricultural technical change on sectoral resource use and output growth in Japan over the period 1880–1970. The growth accounting results of the model can be summarized as follows. Regarding agricultural output growth in Japan, the contribution of agricultural technical change ranged from a high of 91 percent in the first decade studied (1880–90) to a low of 73 percent in the third decade studied (1900–10). These estimates are less than those of conventional growth accounting. The contribution of non‐agricultural technical change, although small, was negative, given that it draws resources from the agricultural to the non‐agricultural sector.Regarding non‐agricultural output growth, the contribution of non‐agricultural technical change ranged from ‐13 percent (1910–20) to 56 percent (1890–1900). These estimates are higher than those of conventional growth accounting. The contribution of agricultural technology was small, but unlike the contribution of non‐agricultural technical change to agricultural output growth, it was positive, given that it pushes resources from the agricultural to the non‐agricultural sector.A graphic version of the two‐sector growth accounting model was provided to explain the process by which sectoral technical change affects demand factors and causes intersectoral resource flows. Agricultural technical change increased demand and output in the non‐agricultural sector while non‐agricultural technical change decreased demand and output in the agricultural sector. This asymmetry in the cross‐effects of agricultural and non‐agricultural technical change arose from the relatively low price and income elasticities for agricultural products. The result was a shift in labor and capital from the agricultural to non‐agricultural sector. Finally, some policy implications suggested by the results were noted.

The Decline of Military Values: The Theme of the Deserter in Eighteenth-Century French Literature

The Decline of Military Values: The Theme of the Deserter in Eighteenth-Century French Literature ADRIENNE D. HYTIER The Prince de Ligne once said, "Il y a bien peu de soldats qui dans le cours de leur terme n'aient pas eu envie de deserter. Ils me l'avouent tres souvent,"1 and he adds that it is "une chose impossible" not to have desert­ ers in ones army. The fact is that desertion has always been an important military problem. It was prevalent in the French Revolution and under Napoleon; it was rampant in the American Revolution and during the Civil War, and, as is well known, it was considerable in all the armies of the eighteenth century. "La vraie plaie des armees d autrefois c est la deser­ tion,"2 wrote Leon Mention in LArmee de I'Ancien Regime. Colonel Reboul , in his volume on the French army in the eighteenth century, called it "la principale plaie de ce temps."3 Ludovic Jablonski, in LArmee frangaise a travers les ages, declared, "L'armee etait . . . rongee par un mal terrible: la desertion . . . etait un mal endemique dans les armees du 18e siecle."4 Capitaine Bacquet, in L'Infanterie au XVIIIe siecle, deplored the "deser­ tion chronique, mal incurable qui mine l'armee."5 Contemporaries were fully conscious of the problem, as is well shown by Eleazar de Mauvillon, who discussed repeatedly the "frequente desertion"6 of French soldiers in his Lettres frangoises et germaniques. Exactly how extensive a problem is, however, hard to tell. Statistics are usually lacking and those which are available are often unreliable. Keep­ ing this in mind, a few specific examples are revealing. In the milice de­ 147 148 / H Y T I E R tachment going to Italy in 1705, it is known that, between March 17 and May 19, out of 13,929 men 3,071 deserted.7 A memorandum sent to Choiseul estimated that, between 1748 and 1757, the French army lost 90,000 men through desertion. Deserters constituted "l'elite des corps etrangers des armees espagnoles, italiennes, piemontaises, allemandes et hollandaises ."8 Andre Corvisier, in his monumental study of the French army during the first two-thirds of the eighteenth century, estimated that "un homme sur quatre ou cinq aurait deserte pendant la periode 1716-1763 et au moins un homme sur quatre pendant la guerre de succession d'Espagne ."9 This is a conservative estimate, which, for all practical purposes, can be adopted. In order to understand the problem of desertion in the eighteenth cen­ tury, it might be well to remember the system of recruitment.10 In the first place, there was no real conscription anywhere. The closest to a citizen army was the French milice, but only peasants served in it and they were selected by drawing lots. If they got the "mauvais numero" and they had a little money, they could always buy a replacement. Service in the milice was dreaded and abominated. The Cahiers de doleances in 1789 are full of complaints about it. The regular army was theoretically made of volun­ teers. In peacetime, particularly during economic crises, most were prob­ ably really volunteers, often from the dregs of society, and, in any case, without family or social ties. During prosperous years and in wartime, volunteers were scarce, so trickery and even violence were used to per­ suade the men to join. The "fours" in which they were locked up have re­ mained famous. The officer corps was an entirely separate class. Its members were all volunteers, most of them noble or bourgeois "vivant noblement" and most of them had bought their commissions. Rising through the ranks was extremely rare. Officers, like their men, changed camp, although the word desertion was hardly ever applied to them. There were a few spec­ tacular cases like the Comte de Bonneval, who first served France, quar­ relled with the War Minister, joined the Austrian forces in wartime, served with Prince Eugene, quarrelled with the Austrians, fled, became a Moslem, reorganized the Turkish army and became a three-tail Pasha. The numbers of such cases, however, are even harder to estimate than those of the soldiers. Peasants impressed into...

Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:GREAT BRITAINC. Phythian‐Adams. Desolation of a City: Coventry and the Urban Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.Felicity Heal. Of Prelates and Princes. A Study of the Economic and Social Position of the Tudor Episcopate.David Cressy. Literacy and the Social Order. Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England.Frances J. Shaw. The Northern and Western Islands of Scotland: Their Economy and Society in the Seventeenth Century.Arthur H. John and Glanmor Williams (Eds.). Glamorgan County History. Vol. V. Industrial Glamorgan from 1700 to 1970.David Cannadine. Lords and Landlords: The Aristocracy and the Towns, 1774–1967.Susanna Wade Martins. A Great Estate at Work: The Holkham Estate and its Inhabitants in the Nineteenth Century.George J. Barnsby. Social Conditions in the Black Country, 1800–1900.Norman McCord. Strikes.C. G. Powell. An Economic History of the British Building Industry, 1815–1979.T. R. Gourvish. Railways and the British Economy, 1830–1914.F. C. Mather (Ed.). Chartism and Society. An Anthology of Documents.P. L. Cottrell. Industrial Finance, 1830–1914. The Finance and Organization of English Manufacturing Industry.Ian Levitt and Christopher Smout. The State of the Scottish Working Class in 1843: A Statistical and Spatial Enquiry Based on the Data from the Poor Law Commission Report of 1844.Angela V. John. By the Sweat of their Brow: Women Workers at Victorian Coal Mines.Charles More. Skill and the English Working Class, 1870–1914.A. E. Dingle. The Campaign for Prohibition in Victorian England: The United Kingdom Alliance, 1872–1895.G. R. Hawke. Economics for Historians.Raphael Samuel (Ed.). People's History and Socialist Theory.BariŠA Krekić. Dubrovnik, Italy and the Balkans in the late Middle Ages.Myron P. Gutmann. War and Rural Life in the Early Modern Low CountriesJuan Sanz Sampelayo. Granada en el Siglo XVIII.Pierre Caspard. La Fabrique‐Neuve de Cortaillod: entreprise et profit pendant la Revolution industrielle, 1752–1854.J. M. Diefendorf. Businessmen and Politics in the Rhineland, 1789–1834.Christof Dipper. Die Bauernbefreiung in Deutschland, 1790–1850.David Alexander and Rosemary Ommer (Eds.). Volumes Not Values: Canadian Sailing Ships and World Trade.Marco Palacios. Coffee in Colombia, 1850–1970: An Economic, Social and Political History.Sherman Cochran. Big Business in China: Sino‐Foreign Rivalry in the Cigarette Industry, 1890–1930.Michael Stephen Smith. Tariff Reform in France, 1860–1900. The Politics of Economic Interest.A. D. Chandler, Jr. and H. Daems (Eds.). Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise.Carl‐Ludwig Holtfrerich. Die deutsche Inflation, 1914–1923: Ursachen und Folgen in internationaler Perspektive.Rajat K. Ray. Industrialization in India: Growth and Conflict in the Private Corporate Sector, 1914–47.

Phytoplankton structure and dynamics of the Romanian coastal waters of the Black Sea 1972–1977 in relation to eutrophication and decreasing salinity : Bodenu, Nicolae, Anca Roban and Mioara Usurelu, 1978. Elements concernant la structure et la dynamique du phytoplancton du littoral roumain de la Mer Noire pendant la periode 1972–1977. Cercetari mar. 1978(11): 61–76. Institut Roumain de Recherches Marines, Constanta,

Phytoplankton structure and dynamics of the Romanian coastal waters of the Black Sea 1972–1977 in relation to eutrophication and decreasing salinity : Bodenu, Nicolae, Anca Roban and Mioara Usurelu, 1978. Elements concernant la structure et la dynamique du phytoplancton du littoral roumain de la Mer Noire pendant la periode 1972–1977. Cercetari mar. 1978(11): 61–76. Institut Roumain de Recherches Marines, Constanta,

The Royalist Press in the Reign of Terror

The revolutionary journee of August 10, 1792, which toppled the French monarchy, also marked the end of the royalist newspapers that had defended the king's cause against the rising tide of republicanism. Leading royalist journalists who had not previously fled the country were either killed or arrested, and the victorious revolutionaries banned all further royalist propaganda.' Neither the imprisonment and subsequent execution of the king nor the repressive measures against journalists, however, prevented the reappearance of a royalist press shortly after the September massacres, and some of the papers founded in this period survived well into 1794. Previous historians of the revolutionary press have taken this very survival as proof of these publications' insignificance. Alma Soderhjelm, whose Le Re'gime de la presse pendant la Revolution fran aise remains fundamental for this subject, claimed that these journals took no part in the fight, the way the aristocratic papers had before August 10, they were neither frank nor outspoken like those papers, they stayed on the sidelines, trying to mask and disguise their opinions as much as possible, and avoid attracting attention.2 Indeed, some formerly monarchist publications did restrict themselves to a monotonous diet of officially approved news until thermidor allowed them to show their true colors again. But there were

Stability of a shallow circular tunnel in cohesionless soil

This Paper investigates theoretically and experimentally the stability of a circular tunnel in a cohesionless soil with support conditions similar to those found during construction. The experimental investigation consisted of small-scale model tests in the laboratory and on the Cambridge University large-diameter centrifuge. All the model tests were carried out in plane strain using Leighton Buzzard sand and tests with and without surcharge loading are reported. The theoretical studies are based on the upper and lower bound theorems and predictions of collapse pressures from these theoretical solutions are shown to bracket closely the values observed in the model tests. Cette étude examine théoriquement et expérimentalement la stabilité d'un tunnel circulaire dans un sol pulvérulent soutenu dans des conditions semblables à celles trouvées pendant la construction. L'étude expérimentale consista en essais sur modéle à petite échelle en laboratoire et sur la centifugeuse à grand diamètre de l'Université de Cambridge. Tous les essais sur modèle furent mis à exécution sous déformation plane en utilisant du sable de Leighton Buzzard, et l'on rend compte des essais avec et sans surcharge additionelle. Les études théoriques sont basées sur les théorèmes limites supérieures et inférieures et on montre que des prévisions de pressions de rupture à partir de ces solutions sont encadrées étroitement par les valeurs observées en essais sur modèles.

Strains developed in two rockfill dams during construction

The movements of discrete points within the rockfill shoulders of two large embankment dams have been measured during construction. From these measured movements the strains developed in the rockfill during construction have been calculated. The results are presented in the form of trajectories of major principal strain and contours of major, minor and ratio of minor to major, principal strain. Incremental and cumulative strains are presented for different stages of construction. The development of strains during construction in the two embankments gives an insight into the behaviour of two types of embankment dam construction. Les mouvements de points discontinus dans la base de remblai rocheux de deux grands barrages ont été mesurés pendant la construction. À partir de ces mouvements mesurés, on a calculé les déformations dans les remblais rocheux pendant la construction. Les résultats sont présentés sous forme de trajectoires de contrainte principale majeure et de l'enveloppe des contraintes principale majeure, mineure et le rapport de mineure à majeure. Des déformations partielles et cumulatives sont présentées pour des phases différentes de la construction. L'évolution des déformations des deux remblais pendant la construction, donne un aperçu du comportement de deux types de construction de barrages en remblai rocheux.

Hydride formation in Zr-1.15 wt% Cr-0.1 wt% Fe during corrosion in water and steam

AbstractThe precipitation of zirconium hydride in an alloy of nominal composition Zr-1.15 wt%Cr-0.1 wt% Fe during corrosion in both 773K steam and 573K water has been studied using, primarily, thin-foil electron microscopy. In 773K steam a globular form of the f.c.c. δ-hydride is formed which has the following orientation relationship with the a-zirconium matrix.(111)δ//(101¯0)α′[11¯0]δ//[112¯0]α The hydride formed at 573K also has the δ-structure but forms as thick needles or plates. The morphology of the hydride is controlled at 773K by the need to reduce the surface area to a minimum. The hydride in all samples was evenly distributed. This is considered to be indicative of some form of supersaturation which is produced by thermal cycling. Resume La precipitation d'hydrure de zirconium pendant la corrosion D'alliages de ce metal contenant des pourcentages en poids de 1.15% de Cr et 0.1% de Fe a ete etudiee a l'aide du microscope electronique a feuille mince. Pour la corrosion qui se produit dans la vape...

The Dilemma of the American Historian of Modern France Reconsidered

France.' In it I pointed out that American scholars had yet to produce a book on modern French history recognized by our French peers, the academic historians, as a major contribution to French historical literature comparable to the great French works such as Georges Lefebvre's Les Paysans de Nord pendant la Revolution franfaise or Ernest Labrousse's La Crise de l'egcononzie frangaise a la fin de l'ancien regime et au debut de la Revolution franfaise, books that almost completely renewed their subjects and altered the ways in which the histories of these subjects had been conceived. I reported further that between 1920 and 1957 the Revue historique had noted in reviews, bibliographical notices, or bibliographical articles 120 books on modern French history by Americans. Only twenty of these received separate, fulllength reviews, and but seven of the latter were judged to make original and significant contributions to modern French history. Eight others mentioned more briefly were also accorded favorable recognition. Nearly half of these fifteen blessed by the Revue historique's approval were doctoral dissertations, the products of the year or so of archival research in France that has been part of the training for most American doctoral students in our field. Considering the books of mature American scholars the French gave their approval particularly to books on diplomatic history, not strictly on French history alone, such as William L. Langer's European Alliances and Align-

Role of magnesium in effects of epinephrine on heart contraction and metabolism

ARTICLESRole of magnesium in effects of epinephrine on heart contraction and metabolismBM Paddle, and N HaugaardBM Paddle, and N HaugaardPublished Online:01 Oct 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.221.4.1178MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByMagnesium deficiency and cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypassThe Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Vol. 64, No. 2Myocardial magnesium transport: effect of gramicidin S and epinephrineLife Sciences, Vol. 55, No. 23L’utilisation du sulfate de magnésium pendant la chirurgie du phéochromocytome: à propos de deux casCanadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 40, No. 6Role of Calcium in Heart Function and MetabolismInteractions between Mg and Blood PressurePurification and characterization of a Ca2+-dependent ATPase from rat heart sarcolemma.Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 257, No. 23Circulatory shock associated with magnesium depletionIntensive Care Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 3PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVATION IN RAT BRAIN CORTICAL SLICES BY ELEVATED CONCENTRATIONS OF EXTERNAL POTASSIUM IONSJournal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 28, No. 5Opposing actions of calcium and magnesium ions on the metabolic effects of epinephrine in rat heartBiochemical Pharmacology, Vol. 25, No. 17Myocardial high energy phosphates as influenced by catecholamines and pressure loadPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 349, No. 4Action of Ultrasonicated Epinephrine: Potentiation of Isometric Contraction in Isolated Papillary Muscle from Dog Quiescent HeartJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 62, No. 5Action of a serum protein on muscular contractionPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 338, No. 2The Effect of Epinephrine, Glucagon, and the Nutritional State on the Oxidation of Branched Chain Amino Acids and Pyruvate by Isolated Hearts and Diaphragms of the RatJournal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 248, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 221Issue 4October 1971Pages 1178-1184 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1971 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.221.4.1178PubMed5165101History Published online 1 October 1971 Published in print 1 October 1971 Metrics

Effect of physical training in adolescent boys.

Effect of physical training in adolescent boys.