Pelaga Village Research Articles

Implementation of the Lontar Wreti Sasana Teachings for Pemangku

The existence of Hinduism always upholds and respects local traditions, local culture and customs adopted by the village or local area. Traditions that are sourced from literature or lontar made by spiritualists or poets. Bali, which is rich in Hindu literature, is local and rich in sources of Hindu religious teachings from traditional texts, both in the form of prasasti, lontar, tutur, babad, pupuh and other forms. One of the lontars that are still used today, in particular, is the Lontar Wreti Sasana which is a lontar which describes how the rules of a pemangku in carrying out their obligations in society. Next, the background behind discussing further about the teachings of Lontar Wreti Sasana is wanting to introduce Lontar Wreti Sasana to the younger generation and prospective pemangku so that they are able to know that Lontar Wreti Sasana is a lontar which contains rules for being a pemangku and needs to be preserved so that it does not heredity with time. Data collection methods used are literature study, observation, interviews and documentation. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis method with data reduction steps, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results showed, 1) Lontar Wreti Sasana contains the teachings of panca yama brata and panca niyama brata. 2) Hindu religious education values ​​contained in Lontar Wreti Sasana, namely religious education values, ethical education values ​​and social values ​​(3) implementation of teachings in Lontar Wreti Sasana for pemangku in Pelaga Village that most pemangku have implemented the contents of Lontar Wreti Sasana ie not eating any food (aharalaghawa), only taking one wife after the study period (krisna brahmacari), not taking a wife who should not be his wife (agamyagamana), never telling lies and harsh words and words that hurt others (satya), has never dealt with the law (awyawahara), then is not negligent in carrying out duties (apramada). So the teachings in Lontar Wreti Sasana are gym texts for someone wreti, namely people who carry out wrata or brata, namely the promise and realization of life based on religious teachings.

Implementasi dan Pelatihan Agrowisata Virtual Tour dan Branding Pada Kelompok Tani Green Fresh Pelaga

Pelaga Village offers tourist attractions complete with their ecology. Pelaga Village has a large and diverse horticultural farm ranging from vegetables, flowers, and fruit. Pelaga Village has a Farmers Group called Pelaga Green Fresh with members spread throughout the Pelaga Village hamlets. Each member has a well-managed garden with the production of vegetable and fruit commodities. This potential makes Pelaga Village suitable as an agro-tourism location which is also one of the leading programs in the Pelaga Village RPJMDes. However, the Green Fresh Pelaga Farmer Group has not realized the potential of this agro-tourism due to a lack of knowledge and lack of information media to introduce the potential of this village. Therefore, branding and information media are needed so that the agro-tourism potential of Pelaga Village can be recognized by more people so that it can improve the welfare of the local community. In addition to using information media, the Green Fresh Pelaga Farmer Group also needs knowledge on how to brand and use this information media. This activity is carried out by creating information media in the form of a Virtual Tour which includes a garden atmosphere and agro-tourism video content. In addition, training was conducted on using the virtual tour website and socialization as well as training on Agro-tourism branding in the Pelaga village area, especially for the Pelaga Green Fresh Farmer Group. This is done to make the potential of Pelaga village more accessible and farmers understand about agro-tourism branding. Based on the results of the activity, members of the farmer groups have been able to understand the use of brands in the implementation of their products. In addition, the members of the Green Fresh farmer group also have a virtual tour website and are able to master the management of the virtual tour website.

Prediction of Black Soldier Fly Larva Sales and Production Using Linear Regression Method

The waste problem is a problem that plagues the world. Various programs and methods have been carried out in processing waste. Until now, Bali has become the area with the most waste production in Indonesia, where every day the waste produced reaches 4,281 tons or in other words 1.5 million tons per year. In early 2021, a campaign on the separation of organic and non-organic waste has been initiated in several districts/cities in the province of Bali. The next problem is that people do not know how to process organic waste other than being compost for plants. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) or black soldier fly is an order of diptera whose physical characteristics are similar to wasps. BSF itself has an average life cycle from egg to adult of 45 days. Where the main consumption of BSF itself is organic waste. In Pelaga village, Petang sub-district, Badung district, there is an effort to breed BSF. Where in this effort, it can produce no less than 100 kg of BSF larvae within 15-20 days. The problems encountered by these entrepreneurs are often difficult to predict the amount of BSF larvae production, because around the area there are quite a lot of catfish and chicken farmers who need BSF larvae as feed. The use of linear regression method can overcome these problems. The results obtained between the application of this method include the accuracy value which reaches 62.5% for prediction of sales and 32.5% for prediction of production.

The Effect of Feet Reflection Massage on Blood Pressure in Hypertension Patients at Community Health Centers II Petang

Complications of hypertension cause various health problems such as kidney damage, heart attack, stroke, glaucoma, erectile dysfunction, dementia and alzheimer's. One of the non-pharmacological treatments to avoid the long-term effects of hypertension is foot reflexology therapy. Foot reflexology therapy is a therapy that suppresses the zones and nerve points on the right and left soles of the feet. This study aims to determine the effect of foot reflexology on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. This type of research is a Quasi Experiment with a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The population in this study were all 102 people with hypertension in Pelaga village. The sample selection used was purposive sampling with a total of 36 people. Foot reflexology intervention is given 3 times a week for 20 minutes. The average difference in blood pressure before and after the foot reflexology intervention in the treatment group was 10.39 mmHg and the average difference in the control group was 0.94 mmHg. The results of the analysis used was Mann-Whitney analysis that is p-value of 0.000 (p <0.05), so it can be concluded that there is an effect of foot reflexology on blood pressure in hypertension sufferers in Community Health Center II Petang. Foot reflexology can be used as an alternative to non-pharmacological treatment programs for patients to prevent further complications from uncontrolled hypertension.

Efektivitas Instagram sebagai Media Komunikasi Pemasaran Agrowisata Bagus Agro Pelaga di Desa Pelaga, Kecamatan Petang, Kabupaten Badung

The Effectiveness of Instagram as Marketing Communication Media of Bagus Agro Pelaga, in Pelaga village, Petang Sub-district, Badung Regency
 Instagram is the most used media in marketing, one of them is to promote agrotourism. It has an impact on increasingly fierce competition for tourism industry players which requires business actors in the tourism sector to improve the quality of the media to realize sustainable tourism. The purposes of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Instagram Bagus Agro Pelaga, analyze the characteristics of Instagram users, analyze the effectiveness of Instagram as a marketing communication media, and to analyze the correlation between Instagram characteristics and the characteristics of Instagram users with effectiveness of Instagram. The data analysis method in this study used descriptive analysis and the SEM-PLS analysis technique. The results is Instagram's characteristics are classified as attractive. The characteristics of the Instagram users of Bagus Agro Pelaga are dominated by male users, the average level of education is diploma/bachelor with very low income. The effectiveness of Instagram Bagus Agro Pelaga as a marketing communication media is quite effective. The correlation between Instagram characteristics has a positive relationship and has a significant effect on the effectiveness of Instagram, while the characteristics of Instagram users have a negative relationship but have a significant effect on the effectiveness of Instagram.

The market potential and financial feasibility of cable car tourist attraction development in Pelaga, Bali, Indonesia

<span>The purpose of this work is to carry out consumer and investor behavior through a feasibility study of cable car tourist attractions in agritourism in Pelaga Village, Petang district, which focuses on studying marketing and financial perspective. This research uses observation and feasible study methods based on marketing theory, and investment financial management theory. It is highly likely by potential tourists as an attraction that can openly present natural beauty, as an environmentally-friendly tourist attraction, a unique tourist attraction in Bali, will provide public facilities, telecommunications, restaurants, and agro product market centers, proximity to the city center, availability of transportation to the location, easy access to locations, and community friendliness towards tourist arrivals. The economic aspect where analysis of market opportunities is based on estimated sales data for four types of services: cable cars, restaurants, UFO glass platform attraction, and under the park and agritourist. The findings of this study reinforce the method and theory that business-oriented development planning must go through a feasible study of at least two important aspects, namely aspects of market potential, and aspects of investment management which are expected to be profitable for investors.</span>

Pemanfaatan Internet sebagai Media Pemasaran Pondok Wisata di Desa Pelaga, Kabupaten Badung

Pelaga Village, Badung Regency is famous for its beautiful and natural view. Therefore, the community is very enthusiastic to manage homestay as a means of support. In Pelaga Tourism Village, agro-tourism development has also been carried out centered in the Kiadan environment. However, when the field survey was carried out, there were still obstacles in its management of the homestay. Therefore, training related to accommodation management is needed which will be carried out in stages to improve the community's ability to manage homestay. In 2021, the Hotel Administration Study Program has carried out community service in Pelaga Village, Badung Regency regarding the use of the internet as a marketing tools for homestay in Pelaga Village, Badung Regency.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Desain Kemasan Produk Pada UKM Sari Ne Lemon

Sari Ne Lemon in East Denpasar is an UKM that is active in lemon cultivation. The lemon plantation owned by Sari Ne Lemon is located in Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency. Although the lemon plantation is currently still in the village of Petang, the production and sales center is located in East Denpasar. Initially the results of the cultivation of lemon plantations were only in the form of lemons that had not undergone further processing. Currently, Sari Ne Lemon has developed lemon juice into packaged lemon juice. In its effort to develop lemon juice products, Sari Ne Lemon encountered difficulties in terms of packaging and marketing. The packaging owned by Sari Ne Lemon is still very simple, namely lemon juice is packaged and sold in plastic bottles. Therefore, the resulting product has not been able to compete in the industrial market. This service activity aims to find and implement solutions to the problems experienced by partners. Packaging that is only in the form of plastic bottles without labels will be changed into 2 types of packaging, namely labeled plastic bottle packaging and labeled plastic press glass packaging. With the activities of making branding and training on packaging of processed lemon juice products, it will produce products that have higher competitiveness and selling value. UKM Sari Ne Lemon has been helped by the successful development of their new product packaging through packaging design and implementation in 14 oz glass cups and small plastic bottles.

PENGUATAN PERAN POKDARWIS DAN UKM UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN PELAGA AGROTOURISM PARK BERBASIS MASYARAKAT

The goal of community service in the second year (2020) in Pelaga village is to increase the role of tourism aware groups (Pokdarwis) and small business groups (SMEs) for the development of Pelaga Agrotourism Park-based on community. Through mentoring done by the team has been successfully created preferred tour packages and promotional tools online on Youtube, Facebook and Instagram. Agricultural products as supporting tourism produced by SME groups have been successfully improved quality and performance by using the brand Pelaga Agrotourism Park. It is hoped that the use of destination branding will increase the promotion and marketing of agribusiness products and Pelaga village as an agrotourism destination. Keywords: Pelaga Agrotourism Park, village community empowerment.

Strategi Pengembangan Desa Pelaga Sebagai Destinasi Agrowisata di Kabupaten Badung

Badung Regency is more dominated by beach tourism. More than ten famous beaches in Bali are in Badung Regency. These beaches are only located in a few districts in Badung Regency. Inequality between sub-districts also occurs between areas that have tourism potential such as beaches and areas that have other tourism potential such as waterfalls or other tourism. This will create new problems for Badung Regency in the future. In fact, sub-districts that do not have coastal tourism potential have challenges as well as opportunities to develop. One of them is Petang District, Pelaga Village. This village does not have beach tourism but has other natural potentials that can be used as an attraction for tourists to come and visit Pelaga Village. These potential differences must be implemented which can then be used as opportunities for Pelaga Village. The purpose of this research is to produce a strategy to develop Pelaga Village as a tourism destination. This research is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Data obtained from primary data and secondary data. The data is then processed using data triangulation techniques to reduce the researcher's subjectivity and is also analyzed using SWOT analysis to produce a development strategy. In this study, it was found that Pelaga Village has a lot of potential for agro-tourism and can be developed such as asparagus and some hydroponic plants. . Not only that, the community's high interest in developing agro-tourism also supports the development of Pelaga Village. After assessing the potential that is owned by the opportunity, the threat from Pelaga Village came up with several development strategies for Pelaga Village, namely to further activate the community, especially farmer groups in developing their agro products. increasing the existence of the Agricultural Culture Festival in Pelaga Village, refining the missing destination components such as the availability of restaurants and inns, creating an organization that can bring together various farmer groups in Pelaga Village, in relation to the community in developing and managing the potentials of Pelaga Village.

Asosiasi Lalat Buah (Bactrocera spp.) (Diptera : Tephritidae) dan Parasitoidnya pada Tanaman Jambu Biji Kristal (Psidium guajava L.) yang Dibudidayakan di Bali

Association of Fruit Flies (Bactrocera spp.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Their Parasitoid on Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Cultivated in Bali. The study on the association of fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their parasitoid on guava (Psidium guajava L.) cultivated in Bali was conduted in order to know the abundance, attacks percentage and the species of parasitoid associated on guava, cultivated in Bali. The sampling was done intentionally by taking attacked fruit in Musi Village, Buleleng Regency; Pelaga Village, Badung Regency; and Tiga Village, Bangli Regency. The results showed that 3 species of fruit flies were found, namely B. carambolae, B. papayae and B. albistrigata. The percentage and number of adult insect emergence in Musi Village were B. papayae (50.87% ; 2772 imago), B. carambolae (35.18% ; 1803 imago) and B. albistrigata (13.94% ; 741 imago). In Pelaga Village B. carambolae (61.31% ; 2864 imago) dominates and B. papayae only 38.69% and 1801 imago. B. carambolae is also found dominant in Tiga Village (59.08% ; 2303 imago) and B. papayae only 40.92% and 1603 imago. Percentage of damage to guava is 24.27% on average. There are three species of parasitoids found that are associated with fruit flies on guava in Bali, namely Fopius arisanus, Diachasmimorpha sp. and Opius sp. The average parasitic rate is 6.76%. The highest parasitic rate is in Musi Village, Buleleng while the lowest is in Tiga Village, Bangli.

Farmers Motivation to Raising Cow on Bali Cattle Breeding Business (Case Study at Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency)

The aims of this study were to 1) analyze the motivation of farmers to raising cow on Bali cattle breeding business; 2) analyzing the influence of age, formal education, number of cattle ownership, knowledge, attitude, intensity of communication on the motivation of farmers to raising cow on Bali cattle breeding business. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain information from 20 respondents who are all members of Lila Mukti Livestock Farmers Group by census method. This study was conducted in May-June 2018 at Banjar Bukit Munduk Tiying, Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency, Bali Province. Data were analyzed descriptively and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed: 1) The motivation of farmers to raising cow on Bali cattle breeding business is strong (score 80.80% from ideal maximum score 25); 2) The effect of the independent variable to dependent variable simultaneously is 92.5%. While the remaining 7.5% is explained by other variables not included in the model. As independent variable age, number of cattle ownership, knowledge, attitude, and intensity of communication proved to have a positive and significant effect on the motivation of farmers to raising cow on Bali cattle breeding business, whereas formal education had negative and no significant effect.

THE ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGRITOURISM IN PROTECTED TERRITORY PELAGA BADUNG BALI, INDONESIA

This research is a basic research that confirms the ethics of sustainable tourism planning with the research objective of the establishment of ethics of developing agritourism in the boundaries of protected forest. The quantitative method is uses as primarily approach involving 230 respondents, and 32 informants as supplementary approach. The conclusions are the ethical development of agritourism in protected area in the case study of Pelaga Village ideally able to present open natural beauty, cultural-friendly, environmentally friendly, and conserve a unique tourist attraction, provide public facilities, telecommunication, restaurants, and market centers for agriproducts, the availability of transportation to the location, and provide public facilities

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Masyarakat Dalam Pengemasan Paket Wisata Pedesaan Di Desa Pelaga Kecamatan Petang Kabupaten Badung

In Indonesia there are various kinds of tourism activities where one of them from the alternative tourism is rural tourism. When the rural tourism began to be developed then the community must also participate to play an active role in the development of rural tourism. Therefore, the empowerment of local people in this rural tourism activity is very important.
 The focus of this research is to know the form of community empowerment, the process of community empowerment, the components of the package of rural tour packages, the forms of tour packages offered, and the distribution channel. This research method using qualitative descriptive method. The process of collecting data is done by observation, interview and literature study. The data are then grouped, described, analyzed, then summarized.
 The findings of research results from community empowerment in packing of rural tourism package include: 1) The form of empowerment of community groups in Pelaga Village is the Sadar Wisata Group, 2) The empowerment of community groups in packing of rural tour packages includes components of rural tour package, Tour packages offered, and distribution channels.
 From this research, it can be concluded that the empowerment of community groups in packing rural tourism packages related to the many potentials that have the need for socialization and counseling to Pelaga Village community groups to be directly involved in tourism activities. Sustainability of empowerment activities can be developed and improved again because the better the empowerment activities are held to eat the better the benefits obtained by the community.
 
 Keywords:Empowerment, Packaging, Tour packages

KRITERIA PENGEMBANGAN DESA PELAGA SEBAGAI DESTINASI AGROPARK DI KABUPATEN BADUNG

Pelaga Village in the Badung Regency Spatial Plan for 2013-2033 and the Tourism Development Master Plan for 2017-2025 is directed as an agro-tourism and ecotourism destination. This village has local resources for support agro-tourism development. But the fact is not utilized the potential optimally. The Agropark concept offered in this study is expected to be an agro-tourism management model that provides benefits to all parties involved. This study aims to map ping aspects of Agropark development and determine the criteria for developing Pelaga village as an Agropark destination in Badung Regency. The development criteria obtained in this study consisted of ten aspects, including: aspects of attraction, types of agricultural commodities, facilities, cooperation, attitudes and friendliness of the people, transportation and accessibility, infrastructure, disaster resilience, agro products, and other tourism objects. The ten aspects have different criteria. Keywords : Agropark; Development Criteria; Pelaga Village

Keberlanjutan Program One Village One Product melalui Manajemen Koperasi Tani Mertanadi di Desa Pelaga, Kecamatan Petang, Kabupaten Badung

Sustainability of One Village One Product (OVOP) Program Through Mertanadi Farmers Cooperative Management (In the Case of Pelaga Village, Petang Sub-District, Badung Regency)
 Indonesia's development through village development is one of the government's focus on alleviating poverty in Indonesia. Overcoming the problem of poverty, the government has launched several programs, one of which is to build Indonesia from the village. One of the programs to build Indonesia from the village is the One Village One Product (OVOP) program. It is a regional potential development approach in one region to produce one global class product by utilizing local resources. One of the successful villages in running the OVOP program is Pelaga Village located in Petang Sub-District, Badung Regency. This study aims to determine the sustainability of the OVOP program through the management of Mertanadi Farmers' Cooperative and to investigate the constraints that occur in the management of Mertanadi Farmers' Cooperative. Data collection was done by distributing questionnaires to determine the members' assessment on the sustainability of the OVOP program and using the interview guidelines to find out the management of Mertanadi Farmers' Cooperative. Then the data was analyzed by qualitative descriptive analysis method, which was presented in quantitative analysis. The results of the research showed that the sustainability of the OVOP program through the management of Mertanadi Farmers Cooperative in Pelaga Village, Petang Sub-district, Badung Regency obtained a score of 4.00 with a percentage of 80% that it can be categorized as in the successful category. Technical, social, and economic constraints need to be anticipated to maintain the sustainability of the OVOP program.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA ALTERNATIF DI DESA PELAGA KECAMATAN PETANG KABUPATEN BADUNG

Based on the Regulation of Regent of Badung Number: 47 Year 2010 concerning Determination of Destinations in Badung Tourism Village, Badung Regency has eleven regional tourist village. One of them developed a decent tourist village is Pelaga Village located at Petang District. It is substantially developed as a community based Tourism destination. Issues raised in this research are: (1) The possibilities for what that support Pelaga Village to be developed as a tourist attraction; (2) How Pelaga village community support of village development plans such as a tourist attraction; and (3) How Pelaga Village Development Strategy as a tourist attraction.The purpose of this research are: (1) To determine the potential Pelaga Village as a tourist attraction; (2) To know the local community support at Pelaga Village of village development plans as a Tourist Attraction; (3) To know the Village Development Strategy as an alternative tourism.The data used in this research is qualitative and quantitative data which a purposive sample taken. The data has been collected and analyzed by descriptive qualitative and SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate, that Pelaga Village tourist attractive destination has a decent variety of tourism potential to be developed and has met four (4) an important component in the tourism industry which is known as the four A's: Attraction (tourist attractions), Accessibility (access to reach the tourist areas) , Amenity (facilities and tourism services), and ancillary (institutional and human resources supporting tourism). In addition, the local communities are involved directly in providing of tourism support facilities and in developing Pelaga Village. In the future Pelaga Village can be developed by implementing some strategies such as strategic SWOT ; SO, ST, WO, and WT strategies. The results of this study are expected can give some positive contributions in planning, developing strategies for Pelaga Village in the future time, one day it will give a good impact on the development and economic growth and social and cultural life of local communities.

Modeling of Soil Water Availability for Agricultural Planning at Pelaga Village, Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia

Pelaga Village is located in Badung regency which has the advantage in agriculture with the cultivation of coffee plants, oranges, carrots, cabbage, and chili. The physical condition of Pelaga Village which has high rainfall, bumpy areas, and sandy-sandy ground texture causes air to air to be available for plants. Based on these questions then conducted a study to determine the comparison between the available water and water requirement for agriculture. Available water was difference field capacity and permanent wilting point method and crop water requirement was using Blaney-Criddle method. The results from this research was deficit between available air and crop water requirements. Available water was 12,12% and crop water requirement in initial stage, dev. Stage, mid-season stage, and late season stage respectively, coffee 11.28%, 24.19%, 35.49%, 29.04%; cabbage 19.58%, 19.58%, 33.10%, 27.74%: carrot 14.82%, 28.61%, 28.61%, 27.95%: Orange 14.82%, 28.61%, 28.61%, 27.23%; chili, 17.37%,17.37%, 34.80%, 30.46%. Soil management that must be done is by short-term land management by sprinkling long-term soil management by means of organic material valuation, irrigation making, and terracing making.

Identifikasi Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Petani Asparagus (Kasus pada Kelompok Tani Sayur Mertanadi di Desa Pelaga, Kabupaten Badung)

Identification of Factors Affecting Asparagus Farmer’s Income (Case On Kelompok Tani Mertanadi at Pelaga Village, Badung Regency)Asparagus is one of the horticultural products that has high sales value. MertanadiVegetables Farmer group is a group of farmers who produce asparagus in Bali. Thepurpose of this study was to determine the factors of production that have an impacton farmer’s income. Data collection for this study was conducted from May to June2016 with accidental sampling method. PLS path modeling is used to analyze theinfluence of production factors on income. Results showed some of the factors ofproduction such as chicken manure, cow manure, NPK fertilizer, and urea fertilizerhas effect on revenue. All factors of production are reflected through latent variablesfertilizers and chemicals, with t-statistics value of 5.625 at 5% significance level andalso with f2 value of 0.552 in the model. Other factors of production used as anindicator obtained did not have a significant effect on revenue. Suggestion can begiven based on this research to farmers is to optimize the use of fertilizers and drugsin the production process by taking into account the costs required. Government isexpected to support the farmers with price support policies. Further research isexpected to do research with indicators relating to cost with more indicators and alarger sample.

POTENSI DAYA TARIK WISATA AIR TERJUN NUNGNUNG SEBAGAI DAYA TARIK WISATA ALAM

Nungnung Waterfal is located in Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency. Nungnung Waterfal have several potentials that can be developed into a natural taourist attraction. It is the researchers wanted to know the potential of what is owned by NungnungWaterfall that can be developed into a tourist attraction. Types of data and data sources used are the data Qualitative, Quantitatif, primary data and secondary data. Collection data by Observasi, interviews, library, and using purpose sampling method, data analytic method using qualitative descriptive that applies the facts found in the field. Nungnung Waterfallhas the potential of natural and artificial potential that could be developed into a tourist attraction. Natural potential possessed NungnungWaterfallis landscapes, mountains, waterfalls, and forests. As for the potential of artificial owned by Nungnung Waterfallnamely supporting facilities including a gazebo for resting place for tourists and take pictures in the area of Nungnung Waterfall.