Cultural Peculiarities Research Articles

Справедливое соотношение частных и публичных интересов и пропорциональность

The issues of interaction, coordination and balancing of interests are considered. Despite many studies, this issue remains relevant and has a direct connection with the ideas of justice. The purpose of work is to consider the ratio of private and public interests as a result of the application of proportionality. The methodological basis of the study is: general and specific scientific methods, namely logical; techniques such as analysis, abstraction are used, and a system-functional approach is applied. Speaking about balance, the emphasis is on the fact that a static balance of interests clearly cannot be the optimal form of their ratio, since in certain changing circumstances it is objectively necessary to change it, shifting the emphasis, establishing the priority of one interest over another. The law cannot cover all relations with its regulation, therefore instrumental principles will contribute to the settlement, in particular the principle of proportionality, which will consider (resolve) the confrontation between private and public interests. It is noted that although the principle of proportionality, as a rule, is not directly named in normative acts, but is translated in legal interpretative acts devoted to human rights, its application is determined by the presence in them of general or special provisions that allow for the limitation of rights subject to a number of certain conditions. Proportionality is considered as: adequacy, the principle of proportional limitation of rights and freedoms; type of judicial control; concept; methodology – all this once again speaks of the multidimensionality of the scope of application, and at the level of state (national) doctrine – of the peculiarities of legal understanding and legal culture. There are several methods for determining proportionality, which vary depending on the scope of application, types of legal understanding and the specific doctrine dominant in a particular community. It is concluded that balance or proportionality (equilibrium) in the meaning of fair provision and implementation of private and public interests is associated with the issue of the specifics of the stage-by-stage application of the instrumental principle of proportionality, and any restriction of the rights of subjects at the legislative-creative level must be subject to the algorithm of proportionality , while any priority between interests will be proportional to the extent that it is recognized in a particular society, as well as how fair and democratic the discourse was. As a result, the balance of interests will be recognized as that ratio in which the priority of one of them is not excessive and does not introduce suboptimal conflict in any area of relations, there is no negative dynamics in the socio-legal, political and legal environment.

Владельцы личных библиотек и книжная культура Туркестанского края на рубеже XIX - XX веков

The article is devoted to the owners of personal libraries in the Turkestan region at the turn of the XIX – early XX centuries, who made a significant contribution to the foundation of the Turkestan Public Library and development of book culture in general. The purpose of the article is to consider peculiarities of book culture as well as the owners’ personalities, history of the formation of their personal libraries, the repertoire and the degree of their study. Information about personal libraries and their owners is pro-vided on materials from the collections of rare books and manuscripts of the National Library of Uzbeki-stan and the Fundamental Library of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author considers Russian personal libraries as an important element of the national and regional book culture of the region.

Main Features of Civic Music During the Reign of the Song Dynasty

This article examines the reign of the Song Dynasty and its influence on the development of musical art. This period was a turning point in the development of music, literature and theater in China. Thanks to the development of urban construction and economic activity, as well as the appearance of a large number of citizens representing various segments of the population, urban art also developed rapidly in this era. Civic (urban) music most vividly expresses the culture of the Song Dynasty epoch. The development of civic music has led to the fact that Chinese music has become popular, mass. This article examines the peculiarities of the musical culture of the period of the Song Dynasty. The work uses the historical method of research.

Әлихан Бөкейхан аудармаларының этномәдени ерекшеліктері

The article deals with the features of Alikhan Bokeikhan’s translations. On the basis of similarities and differences of the first translation samples of Y. Altynsarin, A. Kunanbayuly of the second half of the XIX century and A. Bokeykhan’s translations of the beginning of the XX century, 136Ш. Құрманбайұлы Turkic Studies Journal 2 (2023) 122-137continuity of traditions of translation are revealed. The general character and peculiar ethno-cultural features of the translations of the ‘son of the steppes’ are determined. By comparative analysis of the original and translated texts, the reasons for choosing the type and method of translation are revealed. The secret of creative freedom in translation, the nature of the translation experience are comprehensively revealed in accordance with the goals and objectives of the creative person that prompted him to choose translation method. The general position in the translations of Russian-language literature by A.Bokeikhan and A.Baitursynuly and translators of the beginning of the XX century, as well as their contribution to the formation of native translation studies as a special branch, as a profession and specialty are considered in close interrelation. The article analyzes and evaluates the state of the history of Kazakh translation studies at the beginning of the XX century, its periodicity based on the translations of a prominent representative of the Alash intelligentsia, Alikhan Bukeikhan, who was systematically engaged in translation activities and worked fruitfully at that time. The article concludes on the basis of the fact that the son of the steppes is not only a master of accurate translation, but also a skilled translator who rationally used the method of text presentation in his translation activities, taking into account linguoculturology and pragmatics, as well as the peculiarities of national culture and the socio-cultural level of Kazakh society of the early ХХ century

Peace through the prism of civilizations: approaches, interactions and crisesк

The term "civilization" emerged in Europe only at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, but over time, it has been used in diverse approaches that seem contradictory. Initially denoting the opposite of barbarism and a certain level of societal development, it transformed into a global concept unifying various cultures. Among the characteristics of such a global civilization, one can highlight the vector of development and prioritization of values outlined by French philosophers: freedom, rights, and justice. Scholars commonly synonymize and contrast "civilization" and "culture" in their interpretations. In seemingly different approaches by Immanuel Kant and Oswald Spengler, civilization appears as something external, constant, and mechanical against the living, dynamic culture. The approach of local civilizations, represented by scholars like N. Danilevsky, Oswald Spengler, Arnold J. Toynbee, S. F. Huntington, etc., remains popular and debatable. It reflects the peculiarities of individual cultures, their interactions, factors, and the cycle of development. The article suggests departing from the usual opposition and synthesizing the global and local approaches to civilization, where global civilization is not cultural unification but a space of cultural interactions with common, universal values. By comprehensively examining the crises faced by society at each of these levels, the interrelatedness of these levels can be traced, revealing factors influencing international security that are not apparent for local problem-solving. In the second part of the work, the context of the history of the Orthodox civilization is provided, emphasizing the importance of a thorough and comprehensive study of the formation of state civilization identity to understand local civilization and its core.

Methods project management in the field of tourism and recreation

The purpose of the proposed article is a theoretical study of project management methods in the field of tourism and recreation, which justify the need for a modern tourist enterprise to direct efforts to the development or improvement of new products or services. The methodology is based on scientific and special research methods. Methods of analysis, synthesis, systematization, classification, generalization of economic and methodical literature, scientific publications were used. Horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, trend analysis, comparative analysis, analysis of relative indicators were also used. Scientific novely. Scientific novelty. The study of the features of various approaches to project management in the field of tourism and recreation necessitated a thorough analysis of their advantages and disadvantages. The author considered key problems in management processes and identified ways to overcome them during the implementation of tourism activities by business entities. Conclusions. The article solves important problems of the tourism sphere through the effective management of projects in tourism and recreation, the appropriate choice of price and marketing policy strategies, ensuring the quality of tourism and recreation services. based on the analysis of the considered projects in the field of tourism and recreation, we emphasize that the effectiveness of the design process depends on productive management; coordinated activity of project participants; peculiarities of national culture, resources, market conditions; strategies for the sustainable development of tourism in a specific region. Project management in the field of tourism and recreation needs to take into account the peculiarities of tourist services, which consist in the instability of demand, changes in quality and storage conditions, and correctly chosen methods of project management create opportunities for increasing the competitiveness of the destination. It has been proven that the effectiveness of project management in the field of tourism and recreation largely depends on teamwork, creativity of specialists, cooperation and support at different hierarchical levels.

ЛІНГВІСТИЧНА ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА У ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯХ КИТАЙСЬКОЇ ФІЛОСОФІЇ

B a c k g r o u n d . The article is devoted to the analysis of the key directions of the study of the possible influence of the specifics of Chinese language culture on the content and nature of intellectual discourse, which is recognized as philosophical. Logic and ontology are the key areas of analysis of the possible influence of linguistic determinants on the intellectual discourse of China. Three main topics that attract the attention of researchers are the structure of judgment, the semantics of lexical units, and the specificity of the pragmatics of the Chinese language. M e t h o d s . The author applied general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and description of the works of researchers of Chinese philosophy, which justify and argue the fruitfulness of studying the peculiarities of Chinese language to explain the reasons of the fundamental difference between the problems actualized in the history of Chinese philosophy and those that formed the basis of the development of the history of philosophy in the Western world. R e s u l t s . It is generally accepted that for the worldview of representatives of Chinese culture, the world is a structural whole, consisting of elements that continuously interact in the dynamics of changes and transformations, we find a reflection of this feature in the semantics of the corresponding symbolic system. Polysemy in the Chinese language mostly reveals a complex and multi-layered "web" of associative and correlative connections between meanings, which in fact cannot be argued outside the context of the relevant cultural tradition indicating common features or similarities of the signified. The doubt about the typicality of understanding the denotations as fixed and atomized for the Chinese language culture is reasonable, even in those cases when it comes to the designation of empirically accessible objectivity. The main specific features of polysemy in the Chinese language are the complete heterogeneity of what is signified, and the lack of transparent grounds for identifying the genus-species subordination of the scope of general concepts. This can also serve as an explanation for the fact that we do not find a completely obvious and nondisputable analogue of the problem of universals of the Western model in the history of Chinese philosophy. C o n c l u s i o n s . Based on the peculiarities of the Chinese language culture, we can recognize as a reasonable a statement that the seemingly natural understanding of the essence – the subject, as something that remains the same (at least for a certain time), but it undergoes some changes through its manifestations – a predicate (properties and actions). It is not as necessary and axiomatic for Chinese thinkers as, for example, for ancient Greek philosophers. In addition, we can recognize the fact that the verb "to exist" does not fulfill the role of a necessary copula in judgments in the Chinese language, as a probable reason for the lack of fundamental problematization of the concept of "being" in the Chinese history of philosophy. In general, the context of the use of a certain word-sign in the Chinese language plays a determining role. The actualization of one or another meaning in an expression is formed not only by its integration into a certain text, but also by its purpose in accordance with the specific practice of application. Therefore, this can serve as an explanation for the absence of an original and axiomatic interpretation of truth as absolute, that is, unchanging and non-relative in the history of Chinese philosophy.

THE FUNCTIONING OF THE VOCABULARY FOR MARKING INACCURATE TIME PERIODS IN THE SPEAKERS OF THE LOWER SUPERDNIPRIAN REGION

Time phenomenon plays an extremely important role in reflecting language and cultural peculiarities of any nation. Time is an integral aspect of our world model, a characteristic of existenceduration, and an important part of people's lives, especially in the modern world, where it is becoming a valuable resource. The language picture of certain territories encodes the value content of time in different ways. Its decoding reveals the worldview of a cultural society.Time, as a component of the world’s language picture, is endowed with properties inherent in humanthinking and worldview. Awareness of time as an integral element of reality is a source of cultural coding. The temporal code of culture is represented through the names of time intervals, which are understood as cultural signs. Their study in the ethnolinguistic context helps to reveal national specificity and characterize the linguistic traditions of a particular ethnic area.Based on the material of the famous ethnographic work "The Dictionary of NyzhniaNaddniprianshchyna.(The Lower Dnieper Ukraine)Dialects" by Viktor Antonovych Chabanenko, the article analyses lexemes denoting inaccurate time intervals, one of the informative layers of dialect vocabulary, which was formed on the basis of wide and comprehensive use of allresources of the national language and became its organic part. The present study is devoted to the elucidation of the semantics, structure, lexical and word-formation meaning of these linguistic means to denote time, as well as to the identification of their potential possibilities recorded in the dictionary. The disclosure of time awarenesspeculiaritiesby Ukrainian people and the identification of time units that constitute the specificity of the lexical system of the dialects inNyzhniaNaddniprianshchyna clearly reflects the individual perception of the world by the speakers of a particular ethnolinguistic area.

"Зеленая" коммуникация: реакция потребителей на маркетинговые усилия брендов компаний ТЭК в социальных сетях

The study examines the "green" communication activity of Russian fuel and energy companies through social media communities in the context of the global energy system transformation, where environmental communication is a means of transmitting sustainability, causing understanding and meaningfulness, benefiting both the company and the environment. The relationship between companies' messages about sustainable development and their impact on the target audience, as well as their perception and intentions to purchase from energy brands in the context of the transition to a low-carbon economy was analyzed. This study examines a new vector of "green" marketing in the way it manifests itself in the social networks of fuel and energy companies, by testing the perception of the brand and the intention to make a purchase based on environmentally conscious posts. The survey was analyzed based on the responses of 217 respondents using the products and services of Russian oil and gas companies on cultural, economic, environmental and social aspects of sustainability, showing that "green" communication is more effective for brands in an environment characterized by high awareness of the needs for sustainability and the need to change certain business processes. Successful "eco" communications contribute to building trust, reputation and a positive impact on the company and its ecosystem. While this tool can bring a lot of added value, inappropriate communication can cause great damage to business reputation. The study shows that oil and gas industry companies should take into account cultural peculiarities when providing information about the company's transition to the "green" side.

Socio-Cultural Peculiarities of the Audience of Online Drama in Bahrain

Bahrain’s population is diversified, consisting of both Bahrainis and expats from many nations. Online dramas often reflect this diversity in terms of the languages used and the portrayal of cultural identities. Productions may employ a mix of Arabic and English, or they may incorporate characters from various ethnic origins. Grounded in uses and gratifications theory this research examines online dramas on web television platforms in Bahrain — one of the most ecomomically developed country of the Middle East and the Arab Gulf region with a high index of digital media consumers. Therefore, this study aims to explore social and cultural peculiarities of usage of online dramas in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Moreover, the research attempts to examine motivations of different social groups of watching online dramas on web television platforms. The paper tends to investigate gratifications achieved from watching online dramas on Netflix. For this goal Netflix platform has been chosen as a pattern of the most popular web television platforms in the above metioned region. To achieve these objectives, a cross-sectional online questionnaire was used with self-selection, and convenience non-probability sampling techniques. A total number of 306 self-selected respondents from Bahrain was investigated. The overall results showed that within the Banrainean society, which prefers to watch online dramas via the precised web television platforms, there is no difference between ritulaized and instrumental motivitations, as well as there is no a significant difference between process and content gratifications.

The Attitude of Nicholas II and his Entourage to the Ukrainian National Movement

The article analyzes the attitude of Nicholas II and his entourage, relatives and high-ranking dignitaries, to the Ukrainian national movement. The emperor did not see Ukrainian movement as a threat for Russian people unity. He recognized language and cultural peculiarities of South Western governorates’ population and knew about Ukrainian movement’s existence in Russia, but Little Russian population seemed to him to be undoubtedly Russian, so, he ignored Ukrainian national aspirations. During the World War I, the Ukrainian question escalated in relation to struggle with the Uniate church in Galicia, but the ruler of Russia eliminated from getting to bottom to this question. He solidarized with high bureaucracy and right-conservative circles, whose attitude to the Ukrainian question and the Uniate church was strictly negative.

ЛОКАЛЬНА ТА РЕГІОНАЛЬНА ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ В КУЛЬТУРНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ ПОКУТТЯ

This scientific article delves into the analysis of the intricate relationship between local and regional identity within the cultural milieu of Pokuttia. It sheds light on the processes of differentiation and identification that occur within this particular region. Notably, the understanding of the terms "local" and "regional" is contingent upon the scales of the spatial plane where these phenomena are juxtaposed within the realm of cultural geography. A pioneering interdisciplinary approach in cultural regional studies has brought forth a comprehensive examination of various cultural peculiarities specific to the Pokuttia region. These peculiarities encompass elements such as toponyms and the local language prevalent in the Pokuttian area, and their intricate interplay with other social aspects of the region's vibrant life. Through this multidisciplinary lens, a deeper understanding of the intricate tapestry of the region's cultural landscape has been attained. The essence of the discourse is the pivotal role that place assumes as the spatial foundation of local identity. Place emerges as a significant constituent imbued with its own set of symbolic, historical, and ideological attributes. It serves as a profound backdrop against which the nuances of local identity are shaped and expressed. Consequently, the profound interconnection between place and identity becomes a cornerstone for comprehending the complex dynamics within the Pokuttian cultural space. Moreover, this research affirms the inseparable link between local identity and the individual as the principal agent of spatial social reality. The individual, by infusing meaning into a particular place, distinguishes it as either "one's own" or "foreign." This dichotomy is primarily informed by a profound sense of uniqueness and a conscious choice in self-identification within the overarching global context. The interplay among place, individual, and society emerges as the fundamental constituents representing the fabric of local identity – an intricate construct encompassing both personal and collective consciousness within the broader paradigm of cultural space. The insights provided in this article offer valuable contributions to the understanding of the intricate interplay between local and regional identity within the unique cultural context of Pokuttia. Scholars and researchers in the fields of cultural studies, geography, and related disciplines will find these findings pertinent to their exploration of identity dynamics and cultural diversity in various regional contexts

Content aspects of bachelor's training in translation in german higher education institutions

The article deals with the issue of the content of bachelor's degree programmes in translation at classical and applied universities in Germany. The issue of ensuring quality training of translators has become particularly relevant in recent years in the context of Ukraine's intensive movement towards integration into the European Union. It has been established that there are differences between the programmes of different universities in terms of the courses offered, the number of credits and the content of the modules. It has been determined that the structural division of bachelor's degree programmes in translation training is common, which includes three blocks: compulsory subjects, compulsory electives, and free choice subjects. The programmes under consideration have in common the following: studying a practical course in the chosen foreign language, translation, internships (including foreign ones); writing and defending a bachelor's thesis. The programmes of universities of applied sciences are more practice-oriented than those of classical universities. The Bachelor's degree programme in Translation at the University of Leipzig is aimed at providing students with theoretical and methodological knowledge and practical skills in translation and interpreting. The programme also provides for an introduction to the cultures of the countries whose languages are studied, as well as translation technologies. The bachelor's degree programme in Translation provides for a student's academic workload of 180 credits. The structure of the bachelor's degree programme in translation at Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg is modular and consists of modules in translation and science, subject-specific and interdisciplinary additional qualifications, and a bachelor's thesis. The main part of the content of the University of Heidelberg's translation programme is aimed at developing competence in translating general and technical texts. The main part of the content of the translation programme at the University of Heidelberg is aimed at developing competence in translating texts of general and technical subjects. Students acquire the ability to apply their knowledge of the linguistic and cultural peculiarities of the languages they study; to translate in selected language pairs; and to justify their translation. At the same time, they learn to use appropriate auxiliary tools, including monolingual and multilingual reference books, specialised terminology databases, online dictionaries, CAT tools, localisation tools, and concordance software. This enables future translators to search for and process additional information on their own.There are two study options (A or B) within the Bachelor's degree programme in International Communication and Translation at the University of Hildesheim. By choosing option A, students study two foreign languages. Those who choose option B study one foreign language, and the rest of the credits are obtained through applied disciplines and modules from the compulsory elective block. In addition, the offer of disciplines is constantly expanding, mainly in the area of information technologies and intercultural communication. Translation programmes differ in their content, which is reflected in their titles: Translation, Translation Studies, International Communication and Translation, and Specialised Translation. Higher education institutions that offer bachelor's and master's degree programmes in translation have valuable years of experience in training these professionals. In addition, they are focused on meeting the needs and demands of employers, shaping the content of their programmes accordingly. Since the range of employment of domestic translators will be wider than it is today in the near future, it is worthwhile to use the experience gained in training them in Europe, particularly in the Federal Republic of Germany.

КИТАЙСЬКИЙ І ЯПОНСЬКИЙ НЕЧІТКИЙ МОВЛЕННЄВИЙ АКТ: ПОДІБНЕ ТА ВІДМІННЕ

Any language is not only a part of the culture but also its carrier. Different national languages embody their unique traditional culture and at the same time are a reflection of the national way of thinking of their speakers, national customs, social values, etc. According to the division into "high-context" and "low-context" cultures, which was proposed by Hall E. T. (1959), China and Japan appear to be the representatives of high-context culture. In a high-context culture, the main transmission of information depends on the context. A large amount of information strongly depends on the context, while only a small part of the information is conveyed with the help of lingual forms. High-context cultures emphasize indirect ways of expression. That is, in Chinese and Japanese languages, only a small part of the information is transmitted verbally, while the main part of it is provided through the context and circumstances of communication. Meanwhile under the influence of the ideology of Confucianism, the avocation of "propriety" is reflected in the demand for people's polite behavior in both China and Japan. Therefore, when interacting with people, one has to pay more attention to preserving the face of others and minimizing the threat to others' faces, in particular with the help of euphemistic and subtle language expressions. Refusal is such a speech act that threatens the face of all communication participants. Therefore, in Chinese and Japanese lingual cultures, the vague speech act of refusal is usually exercised in order to avoid expressing the intention of "rejection" directly with the help of vague and unclear expressions, so as to leave a buffer zone for both parties. On the one hand, to reduce the threat of losing face by both counterparties; on the other hand, to maintain good interpersonal relations. However, each of the two languages has its own typological and cultural characteristics, and in this article, the author sets the main goal ̶ to find out the similarities and differences between the Chinese and Japanese vague refusal speech acts based on the grammatical and cultural peculiarities of the languages in focus.

ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ КОМПАНІЙ В УМОВАХ СЬОГОДЕННЯ ТА ВПЛИВ ВІЙНИ НА ЇХ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНУ ПРИВАБЛИВІСТЬ

The article analyses the impact of the war on the activities of Ukraine's main industries. The attention focuses on those industries that suffered the largest losses in 2022-2023. Changing circumstances required rapid action to ensure the survival of companies. The strategies of most of them have undergone significant changes, putting ambitious growth projects on hold. The focus shifted to maintaining the functioning of business entities, relocating businesses, supporting staff and paying salaries. However, over time, most companies have managed to adapt to the extremely difficult conditions and operate in a full-scale war. The challenges faced by the companies helped them to rethink their business and also prompted them to take the necessary steps to enter foreign markets. By overcoming the difficulties associated with differences in consumer tastes and needs, taking into account cultural peculiarities, most businesses managed to make a breakthrough and significantly improve their performance. This study analyses the Ukrainian M&A market in 2020-2023, focusing on the impact of negative factors on the number of deals. The industries witnessing the highest level of M&A deals are highlighted and a changes that may occur after the end of the war are presented. Lack of resources, geographic expansion and increased sales volumes will drive M&A deals. Mergers and acquisitions will remain the fastest way to transform a business. Even in the most challenging environment, companies will need to combine their efforts with other market players to ensure further development and achieve sustainable competitive advantages. However, for successful growth, companies need to continuously monitor changes in the external environment and adjust the previously developed programme of measures.

The Development of the Artistic Potential of Pupils of Primary Classes by means of Slavic Choreography

The Slavic choreography plays a significant role in developing the essential directions of children’s choreography under the conditions of school and leisure activity. The examples of Slavic choreography happen to be an eff ective measure for developing the artistic potential of younger pupils by receiving the basics of folklore –scenes and ballroom dancing. The dances of Slavic choreography that are considered typical for a variety of countries which are being taught at a school age, facilitate the development of a choreographic culture, technical skills and the imagery of a dance, they create opportunities for the children to get acquainted with the traditions, the character and the national peculiarities of the dancing culture of a certain nature. The Slavic danceseducate the child in terms of intranational tolerance and intracultural mentality, develop a high culture of international relations.

SUBJECT ASPECT IN PROSPECTIVE GERMAN LANGUAGE TEACHERS INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENT WORK

The article deals with the subject aspect of the content of the formation of intercultural communicative competence of future teachers of German. The methodical, linguistic, psychological literature, the scholars’ experience in the field of the formation of foreign language skills and abilities in the context of intercultural communication are analyzed. The cultural component of the content and its relationship with teaching aids are highlighted. A communicative psychological model is substantiated, the observance of which contributes to the discourse development in the process of producing texts. The functions of texts as a starting point for the development of communicative skills and abilities in all types of speech activity are indicated. Within the framework of the subject aspect of the content, the characteristics of the discourse as a text “immersed in life” are presented. The attention is focused on the knowledge of the linguistic component, the use of which ensures the effectiveness of expressing an opinion in German. Examples of speech means in German are given and their national and cultural peculiarity in the process of creation and perception of texts of different genres and types is noted.Possible ways of modeling communicative situations in which future teachers act as potential mediators between native and German-speaking cultures are studied. Conclusions are drawn about the use of authentic texts and photo-illustrative material. It significantly expands the cultural aspect of the content of educational and methodological materials and ensures the effective formation of intercultural communicative competence. In addition, the authenticity of the educational material provides real conditions for conducting discourse, taking into account the national and cultural characteristics of the language being studied.

COMPLIANCE OF THE POST-SOVIET BALTIC STATES WITH THE INSTITUTIONAL AND VALUE REQUIREMENTS OF EU MEMBERSHIP

The compliance of the Baltic States with the EU requirements for member states is studied. Compliance is determined by the indicators of gender equality, tolerance and effectiveness of anti-corruption policy. A set of problems that hinder the consolidation of democracy in the Baltic States is identified. The gradual increase of various ethnic stereotypes and new social phobias in the communities of the Baltic States was noted. The authors attribute the problems of democracy quality and discrepancies with EU standards to the peculiarities of political culture and value orientations of the population (dominance of survival values over self-expression values). It is concluded that the Baltic States do not fully meet the EU standards at the institutional and value levels. It is argued that institutional reforms have satisfactory results in many areas, but the values of the population are modernizing very slowly towards those specifically defined by the EU.

Peculiarity of currant and perpetual repair cell culture

Perpetual raspberry is a group of raspberry varieties distinguished by their ability to bear fruit on two-year and one-year stem shoots. Black currant (Ríbes nígrum) is a deciduous shrub, family Gooseberry (Grossulariaceae), related to currants (Ribes). The article presents methods of cell selection of perpetual raspberries and currants. Crop varieties resistant to extreme natural factors, obtaining high harvest, and two harvests per year were considered. The chemical composition of the used nutrient medium, the content of micro- and macroelements, and organic substances were taken into account. The qualitative composition of callus shoots extracted from plant cells was determined. A strong relationship between the frequency of callusogenesis in black currant and the balance of phytohormones in the nutrient medium has been shown. Progress in the field of gene and cell biotechnology is directly related to the development of the basics of the cultivation of plant cells and tissues under in vitro conditions. In addition, it is of particular interest to choose a suitable nutrient medium, to establish the mode of cultivation in order to determine the species and volume of explants, the totipotency of representatives of different taxonomic groups of plants. At present, this unique ability of somatic cells is found in various cultures, most of which are annual and practically vegetative propagating plants. These are vegetable crops and ornamental plants, the list of which grows annually. The scientific novelty of the work is the possibility of obtaining somatic hybrids and transgenic plants of repair raspberry and black currant using biotechnology methods. Therefore, the study of theoretical foundations and development of applied aspects of cells and tissues of perennial plants, in particular fruit and berry and agricultural crops, their accelerated reproduction, obtaining somatic hybrids and transgenic plants are considered relevant.

Developing Students Socio-Cultural Competence By Reading English Fictional Literature

In the present study author examines the problem of development of University student’s socio-cultural competence. Learning foreign culture, value perception of the modern world, understanding the importance of the human personality and the place it takes in the cultural process are getting more and more urgent in the context of a new culturological model presuming the realization of human cultural perfection mechanisms. Sociocultural competences are becoming increasingly important and significant in terms of employability, career, competitive abilities. Acquired and developed throughout one’s lifetime, sociocultural competences create favourable conditions for successful survival and functioning in contemporary labour market. Effective teaching of methods of socialization is impossible without making an effort to conceptualize the key elements of culture in younger people’s consciousness: principles of choice of values, basics of creativity, language, ethnos, art. The paper aims at highlighting the importance of such disciplines in Learning History of Literature, Writing and Home Reading, which should be integrated into the course of Foreign Languages Speech Practice in order to develop students’ socio-cultural competence. The emphasis is put on the significance of fiction studies in preparing professionals having not only good linguistic skills but also realizing a wide range of cultural peculiarities of foreign countries. On the example of fictions by E.Hemingway, Ch.Dickens, S.Mougham, S. Fitzgerald, O.Henry, the approach to using historical facts in developing socio-cultural competence is revealed being supplemented with a number of pre-reading and post-reading activities suggested to students learning Englash as a second foreign language.