Peasant Family Research Articles

Marriage and Wedding Ceremonies Among the Chechens

In the past, all the peoples of the Caucasus considered marriage and family as the greatest human values, and marriage as a moral duty of every person. Only marriage made it possible to attract the necessary working hands to an ordinary peasant family, and in the future - to increase its production potential at the expense of grown-up daughters and especially sons. Only this made it possible to conduct a full-fledged economy also because in a traditional society there was a strictly regulated inter-sex division of labor between a man who earns a living and a woman who serves him with her housework. Not the last role was played by the fact that in the conditions of such a society with its regorical patriarchal foundations, only marriage could ensure normal communication between a man and a woman, not to mention procreation. Finally, the traditions of paramilitary patriarchal-feudal life, characteristic of most peoples of the Caucasus, added another one to the main motives for marriage - to expand the circle of family ties in order to provide themselves with additional support and protection.

Time in Villages: Timekeeping and Modernization in Rural Communities in the Long Nineteenth Century in Hungary

The study explores the changing perception of time through the records of a multi-generational peasant family. By comparing several rural manuscripts from different times and places, the study traces the refinement of the way time is thought, its new meanings, and its emergence in farming and family life. The appearance of the clock plays an important role in the analysis. The clock, first as a prestige object in the household, gradually becomes a tool for the modern use of time. The replacement of calendars by newspapers in the first decades of the 20th century is also a decisive factor in the perception of time. The world expands and information about more and more distant lands is brought into peasant households. The study places important emphasis on the idea that rural households are the last base for the spread of globalization phenomena. What is already occurring at this level within each country is where the spread of the phenomenon has come to an end.

Szwermicki, Szwernicki or maybe Szwirmicki? A contribution to the biography of an exile priest, parish priest in Irkutsk in the 19th century

The article is dedicated to the historically original figure of Krzysztof Szwermicki (1814-1894), a Marian priest, an exile to Siberia in the middle of the 19th century, then for many years, a parish priest in Irkutsk, who died there. On the basis of new materials - the parish books of the parish of Dauksze (today in Lithuania) - stored in the Lithuanian Historical Archive in Vilnius, the author establishes many facts, and corrects the errors in the biography of Father Szwermicki, one of the most interesting, exceptionally positive figures of the Catholic Church in Russia. The most important findings include the following: he was born on September 6, 1814 into a peasant family, to Adam and Catherine, in the village of Warnupiany, in the parish of Dauksze near Mariampol; on September 8 he was baptized with the name Krzysztof; he had the family name of Szwirmicki, which he later changed to Szwermicki, although he was also known and described as Szwernicki. He died in Irkutsk on October 31 (according to the Julian calendar), 1894, and was buried on November 3 in the Jerusalem cemetery (the grave does not exist). In historical literature he was more often spelled: Szwernicki. The author of the text argues that he should be spelled: Krzysztof Szwermicki, or more fully: Krzysztof Szwermicki (Szwernicki).

Кадрове забезпечення Київського центрального архіву давніх актів (1921–1941) у світлі просопографії

The aim of the study is to reconstruct a collective portrait of employees of the Kyiv Central ArchiveS of Ancient Acts in 1921–1941 based on historiographical works and documents of the Central State Archives of the Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine; the methodological basis of the work consists of general scientifi c (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, systematic approach) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historicalcomparative) methods and principles of historicism, subjectivism, optimization of the volume of information. The novelty of the work. In the article, for the fi rst time, we reconstruct the prosopographic portrait of the staff of the archival institution according to educational-scientifi c, gender, social and ethnic sections in the era of NEP and Stalin’s industrialization. The turning point in the history of the institution of this period was 1934, when, as a result of a total purge of personnel, the entire archive staff changed. Conclusions. It was found out that until 1934 most of the workers were Ukrainians and Russians. However, from the mid-1930s, signifi cant changes in the ethnic composition took place: along with Ukrainians and Russians, Jews began to be a signifi cant segment of the workforce. Their share among the archive employees correlates with the percentage of Jews among the intelligentsia of the Ukrainian SSR in the 1920s and 1930s. It was found that until 1934, the majority of the archive employees had a classical pre-revolutionary education – gymnasium – university, while in the second half of the decade, the majority of positions were held by persons who graduated from Soviet secondary and higher educational institutions. Signifi cant changes also took place in the social structure of the collective of archivists. Until 1934, the lion’s share of workers were people of non-proletarian origin from noble and bourgeois families. After the «cleaning», the majority came from the families of workers, artisans, civil servants, and peasants. It was observed, that over the course of 20 years, a gradual process of feminization of the collective took place, but women worked in less prestigious and lower-paid positions. As a result of purposeful state policy, the social portrait of the archive workers underwent a radical transformation in the direction of proletarianization.

Land and economic function of the peasants’ community of the Komi region in the XVIII century

Introduction. The article studies of the history of the community and its functions, with land-economic being one of the main ones. For a number of centuries, it determined the life and world order of every peasant family, village and parish, and ultimately created a solid foundation for the development of the state, where the peasantry was the main producer of agricultural products, and agriculture was the basis of the economy. The relevance of the topic is also enhanced by the lack of research on the history of the peasant community of the Komi Region in the XVIII century. The purpose of the article is to consider the land-economic function of the peasant community of the Komi region in the era of late feudalism. To achieve it, the following items were considered: the role and place of the peasant “world” in solving land disputes and conflicts both inside the parish and outside it were studied. Materials and Methods. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, with other relevant methods such as system-structural, historical, formal-legal and others to be employed. They formed the basis for the analysis of published and unpublished documents. Results and Discussion. The study of published and unpublished documents shown that on the territory of the Komi Territory (Yarensky and Ust-Sysolsky counties), there were the black-collar and later state peasantry. At the time under study the role of the community as a land-economic organization became more complicated, which was due to a number of government measures. They led to an increase in peasant land shortage and poverty. Land redistribution, which the authorities considered as a solution, did not become widespread. Conclusion. In the XVIII century, during the settlement of land-economic relations, the community of peasants of the Komi region acquired a number of specific features. Firstly, along with the mundane land use, the individual actively developed. Secondly, by the end of the study period, the peasants’ community itself became an active participant in land operations. It rented out, entered into contracts with individuals, breeders, merchants, for the use of certain sections of the “mundane” land fund.

The Impact of Rural Labor Transfer Status Differences on Household Land Management Decisions

In the context of large-scale population mobility, this study investigated the effect of income substitution on land management decisions of peasant families. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the employees without fixed employers, the employment status of employees with fixed employers, self-employed workers and employers all increased the possibility of families choosing more socialized management modes such as farming generation and land transfer; (2) Employment identity difference plays a role in household land management decisions through income substitution effect.

Documente privind activitatea cultural-ştiinţifică a profesorului Ilie Constantinescu, colaborator al revistei „Arhivele Olteniei”

Born in a humble family of peasants from Diosti village, Country Romanaţi (today Country Dolj), Ilie Constantinescu, romanian language and history professor at Ioniţă Asan High School from Caracal, between years 1906 and 1938 , was one of the biggest collector of ethnographical and archaeological material, historical documents and coins of our country. He also activated in scientifical field, being contributor of Arhivele Olteniei review at the beginnings of this publication, during the years 1923-1924, writting papers about the history of his birthplace Dioşti and about the cultural movement in Caracal from year 1923. In this paper, we will present several documents from years 1908-1933, stored in the documentary collection of Ioniţă Asan Lyceum from National Archives – Country Service Olt, which reflect the constant preoccupation of professor Ilie Constantinescu with gathering up important archeological and historical materials: old church icons and clothes, coins from roman perioade, a roman sarcophagus-covering from stone. Also, we are presenting documents concerning the foundation and the activity of the cultural and scientific society of Ioniţă Asan High School’s students called “Olteanul Voinic”, society founded in year 1913, due to professor Ilie Constantinescu’s labours.

Dans l’absolu: de Louis XIII à Louis XIV. Par Stéphane Van Damme et Héloïse Chochois

This, the eleventh in the planned twenty-volume Histoire dessinée de la France, takes the reader on a quick tour of the French seventeenth century, with Alexandre Dumas père, Ernest Lavisse, and Pierre Goubert as guides. Each of them travels through a time-travel portal to access an aspect of the period that corresponds to his interests: Dumas explores war and the colonies, Lavisse observes royal grandeur, and Goubert encounters the difficult conditions of the common people. This premise allows the authors to foreground the role played by historians in establishing and contesting the French national narrative while complicating the commonly held view of the period as the Versailles-centred apogee of French glory; Lavisse, in particular, is disillusioned by what he finds. The unique, irreverent, and approachable format of the graphic novel suits this project of demythification well. The high rate of mortality during the period is underscored by the depiction, at the bottom of a series of pages, of the faces of a large fictional peasant family that Goubert visits; as drought and famine afflict their region, the faces are crossed off one by one. The wit of the genre also comes across in a section devoted to the hierarchy of genres endorsed by the Académie de peinture (p. 54), from best to worst. The graphic-novel section of the book closes with a brief account of slavery and the Code noir, related by a Black French sailor whose presence allows a Breton merchant to explain to Dumas that ‘même au xviie siècle, être français, ce n’est pas forcément être blanc!’ (p. 99). Lavisse and Goubert acknowledge the failure of historians to address the slave trade adequately, before moving on to a sober assessment of a century characterized by great cultural achievements but also by near-constant war; symbolically, one of the last panels depicts Versailles plunged into darkness, devoid of its solar inhabitant. The book ends with a series of densely written scholarly essays on various topics only glancingly treated in the graphic novel. A section on the Fronde partially remedies the striking lack of women in the rest of the work; a section on ‘le siècle saint’ complicates the earlier and frequent dismissal of religion as dogmatic, intolerant fantasy. Overall, the work conveys the authors’ efforts to problematize the French seventeenth century all without significantly challenging French pride and global importance. The aforementioned Breton merchant takes care to note that his wealth, unlike that of his counterparts in Nantes and Bordeaux, was not acquired from the slave trade; absolutism is described at times as a politically motivated invention of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as a near-tyrannical thirst for order and control, and as a rational, much-needed response to the trauma of the religious wars. The result is a volume that serves as an interesting perspective on the period, accessible to a wide range of readers, but one that also invites reflection on our current historiographical moment.

А.Н. МОТНЕНКО – ВРАЧ, ХИРУРГ, ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬ АРКТИКИ, РЕКТОР, ТАЛАНТЛИВЫЙ АДМИНИСТРАТОР (К 120-ЛЕТИЮ СО ДНЯ РОЖДЕНИЯ)

Anton Naumovich Motnenko (1902-1953) was a prominent Fig.in the Kuban and domestic healthcare. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the contribution of A.N. Motnenko to the development of the Arctic, practical healthcare, the formation and development of higher medical education in Kuban and the country, and his administrative and organizational abilities. The article presents new and little-known facts of A.N. Motnenko's biography and the stages of his personality formation. A native of a peasant family, graduated from a medical institute in Rostov-on-Don, graduated as a surgeon. At the age of 31, he was appointed head of the polar winter quarters and at the same time a doctor on Franz Josef Land (1933-1934), where he successfully solved administrative issues, coped with the epidemic with the flu epidemic. He was personally acquainted with the legendary Arctic explorer I.D. Papanin. At the age of 33, he became the director of the Kuban Medical Institute. The Red Army (1943-1944), ensured the work of the university during the Great Patriotic War and the evacuation. Further administrative career: Director of the Medical Institute in Rostov-on-Don (1944), Deputy People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR (1944-1949), Rector of the Odessa Medical Institute (1949-1951). All periods of A.N. Motnenko's biography reflected his outstanding personal and professional qualities. Along with personal charm, kindness to employees, he possessed Exceptional abilities as an organizer and manager, which were in demand during a difficult period in the history of our country. In the available Russian and regional sources, the issues of A.N. Motnenko's activities are presented incompletely, contain a number of inaccuracies, there is no single publication reflecting all aspects and stages of his activity, which is the novelty of this work.

Peasant family farming as an alternative to industrial agriculture: Implications for maternal and child health in Paraguay.

Peasant family farming as an alternative to industrial agriculture: Implications for maternal and child health in Paraguay.

Our Courtyard - Bai people of South West China

This documentary opens the gate to a courtyard and the lives of the Yang family as they look into the past and towards the future for guidance on how to secure a home in post-reform China. Yang used to live with his two uncles in his ancestral courtyard home until the Land Reform swept the country in the 1950's. As a result of the collectivization that ensued, his uncles were assigned `landlord´ class status, stripped of their property rights and evicted. Because he enjoyed `middle peasant´ status, Yang was allowed to stay. However, he was force to share the Yang clan courtyard with three poor peasant families, and has been living with them ever since. Today in post-Reform China's market economy, property rights have been restored and many Chinese are seeking to better their living conditions. The aging Yang now has the opportunity to buy back a portion of his family courtyard. At the same time, Yang's son dreams of building a courtyard home by the lake. This documentary opens the gate to the Yang ancestral courtyard and sheds light on the lives and emotions of the family as they look into the past and towards the future for guidance on how to secure a home in which they and the future generations of Yangs can continue to prosper.

Research Note: Characterization of peasant family poultry farming in Southern Chile

The poultry industry produces most of the meat and eggs for human consumption worldwide. However, family poultry farming still plays an important role in developing countries providing high quality animal products including eggs and poultry meat for family and local consumption. A field survey was taken to 145 family poultry farmers off the commune of Maullin, Los Lagos Region of Southern Chile, to describe their husbandry and breeding practices, and provide information for future development and conservation priorities. Egg production in these poultry systems of the Maullín commune is a family tradition, run mostly by women, provides an extra income from the sale of extra eggs and chicken meat during autumn and winter months. Flocks of 15 to 30 native, creole or indigenous hens, reach point of lay at 5 or 6 months old. Egg production with a mean rate of 40%, peaks during September. Brown eggs are the most frequent, followed by blue-greenish eggs derived from Mapuche fowl ancestry. A ratio of 10 to 20 females per rooster results in ca. 60% hatching rate from natural incubation. While males are kept for two seasons only, females are kept longer, some until old. Diet is based on locally available or self-produced grains, complemented by pasture browsing, scavenging, and kitchen waste. Sanitary management is low or none and technical knowledge derives from ancestral tradition. Investment in accommodation and feeding is low. Results provide information on these systems in non-tropical areas of developing countries where it is scarce, and highlights how these systems can respond to the challenges of future poultry production, considering both climate change and consumers demand for more wholesome, human and sustainable products.

Socioeconomic determinants of the creation of farm business by youth in north-western Benin

The high potentials of the agricultural sector in terms of income and jobs in Benin contrasts with unemployment among youth. Thus, this study investigated the socioeconomic factors determining the creation of farm business by youth in the northwest of Benin. Based on a random sample of 198 young farmers and with the criteria of labor and market dependence, a typology of the farms was made. Then, an analysis of the determinants of farm business creation was carried out by using a logistic regression model. The results showed that there are four types of farms in the study area, namely: modern farm business, family farm business, modern family farm and peasant family farm. Whereas “family farm business” is characterized by both a dominance of market dependence and a family labor, the most developed form, the “modern family farm,” is characterized by both a dominance of self-consumption and a hired labor, adopted by few. Based on the market dependence criterion only, those four farming types were re-grouped into two main types: family farm and farm business. Whereas family farm is characterized by a dominance of self-consumption, farm business is market-oriented. From this typology, it emerged that there are more farmers with basic education and basic training in agriculture, belonging to an agricultural association and having land ownership in farm businesses than in family farms. The results also showed that professional training in agriculture and land ownership positively influenced the creation of farm business, whereas, savings, number of family agricultural workers and contact with agricultural extension services negatively influenced it. This suggests that making credit more attractive and developing a new type of coaching to support young entrepreneurs would be more favorable to the emergence of farm businesses. Integrating these results could help to improve the orientation of policies and projects devoted to promoting agricultural entrepreneurship among youth in Benin. Key words: Farmers, Agri-business, Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship, Employment of youth, Farming, Determinants, Benin

Socioeconomic determinants that influence the agricultural practices of small farm families in northern Colombia

Access to agricultural services promotes agricultural production and livelihoods of smallholders in most developing countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic determinants that influence the application of agricultural practices in peasant families in northern Colombia. Categorical and numerical variables of demographic information were evaluated at 200 Agricultural Production Units (APU) in the five prioritized municipalities. With the data obtained, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. The results indicated heterogeneity in terms of farmer cooperative, socioeconomic factors and agricultural practices. The study found that education level, income from agriculture, farmer cooperative and credit were determinant factors for most of the agricultural practices that were considered. The results also indicate that non-agricultural income did not influence household well-being. It was found that extension services in the area of the study are insufficient and that farmers face difficulties in having access to credit and loans. Understanding of these factors is essential for the formulation and implementation of intervention strategies aimed at improving the quality of life of these communities, and to preserve and manage human, social, agricultural and financial capital.

СІМ’Я ТА СІМЕЙНЕ ВИХОВАННЯ В ХЕРСОНСЬКІЙ ГУБЕРНІЇ ХІХ – ПЕРШОЇ ЧВЕРТІ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ТА ЕТНОРЕГІОНАЛЬНОГО

The article reveals views on the family and family upbringing in the Kherson gubernija (XIX – first quarter of XX century), based on the historical background and traditions of the Ukrainians. The authors emphasize that the family in Ukraine in the XIX – first quarter of the XX century had a traditional background, which was characterized by the dominance of agriculture and that contributed to the formation of the first and most valuable experience – children acquired important work skills, learned basic moral norms and rules of behavior;it contributed to understanding various aspects of social life and self-assertion in it. The publication regards the family in the traditional society of the XIX – first quarter of the XX century as a social institution with an orderly mechanism of internal relations, with clearly defined responsibilities of each of its members in accordance with the sex and age distribution of labor and upbringing of children. Children’s upbringing of the XIX – first quarter of the XX century is considered as purposeful influence aimed at spiritual, social and work experience of generations, by means of which the individual was supposed to acquier the desired traits and properties in the socio-pedagogical interaction of adults and children during the time of their living together.. The upbringing of peasant children in the Kherson guberniya was influenced by the cultural, social and ethnic processes that took place in this region. The greater part of the population of Kherson guberniya, during the period under study, lived in rural areas. The peasantry formed the basis of the Kherson guberniya. The most common was a nuclear family of parents and children. At the end of the XIX century the process of separation of undivided families took place, in the relationship between parents and children the individuality of each family member was recognized. Even in the early twentieth century the concepts of family and household were identical and meant a number of close relatives who lived together and ran the same farm. The authors conclude that the upbringing of children in a peasant family of the XIX – first quarter of the XX century – was a form of education based on: the experience of the people in a number of folk forms, methods, means of education and socialization; in combination of purposeful, conscious and socially desirable actions of parents with the daily influence of family life; interaction of children and parents during the time of living together; aimed at preparing children for life in the existing social conditions, their acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for labor in the traditional society.

Entrepreneurial Literacy of Peasant Families during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case in Indonesia

Our research examines peasant families’ entrepreneurial literacy and entrepreneurial behavior. The study was conducted in rural areas of North Morowali. This location is one of the agricultural bases in the Central Sulawesi Province (Indonesia). We employ a qualitative approach with a case study. The data were gathered through observation and in-depth interviews with six peasants. The key respondents were chosen through judgment sampling. The key respondents comprised two lowland rice peasants, two cocoa peasants, and two oil palm peasants. Despite the socio-economic restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, peasant families continue to engage in agricultural entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial literacy is obtained from interaction with the internal and external environment before the COVID-19 pandemic. The entrepreneurial literacy of peasant families denotes the knowledge and understanding of cultivation systems, quality seeds and seedlings, plant pests and diseases, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural technology, post-harvest management, and market access. The low impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in rural areas is also due to its low population density compared to urban areas and limited mobility of peasants, thereby minimizing social contact, and the commodity being cultivated is a food commodity. We developed new insights into the peasants’ literacy and entrepreneurial behavior model during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Diagnosis of the peasant family farming system and its contribution to the food security of a peasant family in the San Antonio de Atenas village, Florencia, Caquetá

This paper reflects on the potential of agricultural practices that employ peasant family farming to satisfy inherent needs to enjoy a healthy, vital and prosperous life in the face of problems such as climate change, inequity, inaccessibility, poor food, among others. An investigation was carried out with a peasant family that develops agricultural activities on their rural property with the objective of identifying the contribution of peasant family agriculture to their food security. The study was carried out in the department of Caquetá, in the municipality of Florencia, Orteguaza district, San Antonio de Atenas village, La Cabaña plot, with the Farfán Muños family. For this, a qualitative interview was carried out in which the productive history, the agricultural activities that they carry out and the practices used were known; A characterization of their productive activities was carried out, emphasizing the forms of production, the benefits of good practices to produce and their accessibility to food. The results obtained show that the agricultural activities carried out by the Farfán peasant family contribute and benefit their food security and provide economic satisfaction. It was known that they have affordable access to food, most of it of good quality produced by themselves organically and have food stability in any period to satisfy their nutritional needs, it was possible to evidence the ties of family union, neighborhood solidarity and future projection.

K voprosu o pravovom statuse sovetskogo krest'yanina v 1945— 1953 gg.

This article examines the legal status of the Soviet peasant within the collective farm-state farm system and the agrarian policy of the state in the period after the end of the Great Patriotic War and before the beginning of the “Khrushchev thaw”. Attention is paid to the close relationship of the situation of the Soviet peasantry with the collective economy - the collective farm. The general characteristics of the socio-economic situation of peasants, the influence of legal status on the standard of living and the main elements of everyday life are given. The main indicators of incomes of peasant families and the level of food consumption in the first post-war years are analyzed. The role of personal subsidiary farming as a system of stimulating peasant labor is shown. The main measures of legal and social responsibility of peasants in the system of agricultural production and collective farm life are given.

Shifting Emotional Expression in Lithuanian Love Songs

The article focuses on social and cultural background of the shifts taking place in the stylistics and contents of Lithuanian love songs. Applying theoretical assumptions from the field of history of emotions, the author analyzes shifting expression of emotions in folksongs on the topic of love. The subject of the article embraces love songs that spread from the 19th to the first half of the 20th century and were shaped not only by the folklore tradition, but also by Lithuanian and foreign poetry of the time, and by popular romances. These compositions differ in terms of poetic quality, displaying both the traditional folksong elements and changing attitudes by the singers and people that are depicted in the songs, as well as a new vocabulary of emotional expression. Applying insights by Peter N. and Carol Z. Stearns (1985) regarding the society’s standards on the expression of emotions, and the concept of emotive, or emotional statement, introduced by W. Reddy (2001), the author regards the shifting expression of emotions in love songs as a reflection of emotionality spreading in written culture (primarily poetry) of the 19th century. Utterances of love-related emotions are essentially perceived as manifestations of the changing poetic vocabulary. The first chapter discusses social and cultural conditions of the changing folksongs, concentrating mostly on the notion of love and its significance in traditional Lithuanian peasant family, and the spread of literacy in the 19th century. The growth of written culture is considered a factor in introducing tropes and prototypes of emotional language that express the notion of romantic love into the sphere of folksong. The second chapter analyzes the relationship between love songs and individual poetry. Various collections of Lithuanian folksongs published in the 19th century, as well as their publications in the press testify to the process of interaction between written and oral culture gaining momentum at that time. This process was further stimulated by the increase of Lithuanian poetry composed by representatives of Lithuanian intelligentsia and literati with roots among the small noblemen and peasants; their compositions were significantly influenced by foreign poetry. Romantic lyrics also grew popular among the peasants. The third chapter explores the distinction between classical folksongs that encode communication of the young people in symbols and draw on the ritual code, and the new love songs that preserve traditional images but lose their symbolic meaning and ritual orientation. The author concludes that these new love songs employ a predominantly poetic vocabulary of emotional expression typical to written culture, their folkloric formulas mixing with new phrases yet unpolished by the tradition and straightforwardly naming certain emotions; a direct relation between “I” and “you” becomes more prominent too. She discusses samples of folksongs that directly name love and openly depict such related emotions as worry, sorrow, or anger, and loveʼs parallel with death.
 To sum up, it is stated that expressions of personal emotions increasingly become established in the new love songs. Although such expressions are frequently artistically rough and unpolished, they testify to the necessity of mastering new means of poetic expression, acutely felt by the newly literate people. Moreover, the songs also expand the semantic field of love, associating this feeling with intense emotions, overwhelming anxiety and longing, while the absence of love is conceptualized as a failing health and lost inner peace. Obviously, the stylized and frequently sentimental poetic vocabulary of emotional expression, characteristic to individual poetry affected by foreign literature and romances, presented new possibilities to discuss emotions in folksongs. These practices should be regarded mainly as “legitimization” of a new emotionally expressive rhetoric in the sphere of folkloric communication rather than a direct testimony to the experienced feelings.

Impacts of the transition from family farming to monoculture farming on the eating habits of two cities in the Valle de Tenza, Boyacá—Colombia

The Valle de Tenza region, located in the Department of Boyacá—Colombia, shows a transition situation from the family farming of various food crops to coffee farming following an agribusiness model. From this perspective, in order to understand the current scenario of food sovereignty in Guateque and Guayatá, two cities of the Valle de Tenza, this study evaluated socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural aspects based on questionnaires and semi-structured interviews applied to peasant families that practice family farming and/or coffee farming. Moreover, these same aspects were also evaluated among urban food consumers. These evaluations aimed to assess the perception of the interviewees about the availability of regional food crops and current eating habits in relation to those from a decade or more ago, in addition to investigating their knowledge about the traditional cuisine of the region. The cultivation of regional food crops used to prepare local and regional traditional dishes such as piquete, sancocho, and different amasijos based on corn and sagú (Maranta arundinacea) has been significantly reduced. The investigation revealed changes in the eating habits of the Valle de Tenza inhabitants due to the consumption of processed foods and the reduced cultivation of local traditional food crops. As a consequence of this transition to coffee production, the most representative traditional foods are being replaced by more profitable crops, including coffee and some fruits not traditionally grown in the Valle de Tenza and with more local and regional acceptance. This reduction can affect food availability and change the gastronomic and cultural identity of the Valle de Tenza population, among other aspects related to food sovereignty.