Peasant Economy Research Articles

Socio-Economic Development Village Novie Verkhissy in the 1920s–1930s

Introduction. Socio-economic development of one of the villages of Mordovia in the 1920s–1930s emerges the scientific interest, since the development of rural areas remains one of the priorities of the regional policy. The New Economic Policy created conditions for the development of the peasant economy by introducing a tax in kind, allowing free trade and leasing land. The study of collectivization raises questions about the effectiveness of collective forms of management, which does not lose relevance in modern conditions of a variety of forms of ownership and the search for effective ways to develop agriculture. Materials and Methods. Materials used: archival documents, periodical publications and memoirs of the inhabitants of the village Novye Verkhissy. The methods that have been applied are narrative; the method of deduction combined with the method of induction; idiographic method. Results. During the famine in 1921–1922 in Novye Verkhissy, as a result of drought and devastation during the Civil War and “military communism”, sown areas decreased, crop yields decreased, and livestock breeding suffered. Famine of 1924–1925 after a drought and crop failure, was overcome by issuing irrevocable grain loans to the population and creating a public plowing and seed fund. In the early 1930s the collective farm “Red Mordovia” was created in the village. Advances in hemp production in the second half of the 1930s brought the collective farm to a leading position in the Insar district. A school, a library, a kindergarten, a People’s House worked in Novye Verkhissy, mail was delivered to the village, local self-government solved the social and cultural problems of the village. Discussion and Conclusion. Among the problems discussed in the literature of the socio-economic development of the countryside in the 1920s–1930s: the problem of the extent of the famine of 1921–1922 and the famine of 1924–1925; the problem of the effectiveness of the NEP for the development of the countryside; the problem of the damage caused by mass collectivization. Socio-economic development of village Novye Verkhissy in the 1920s–1930s corresponded to the patterns prevailing in Mordovia and in the country during this period. The New Economic Policy allowed the village of Mordovia to recover by 1928. During the years of collectivization, on the one hand, there was a partial mechanization of peasant labor, its productivity increased, the infrastructure of the village developed, and the market for agricultural products expanded. On the other hand, dispossession took place, hard work prevailed in the village, famine in the early 1930s claimed many lives. In the socio-cultural sphere of the village in the 1920s–1930s progress was observed: schools and libraries were built, public self-government was developed.

Agriculture of China: Brief Description of the Current State

In the light of the current world events, questions of how agriculture is developed in the country, how well the country is provided with everything necessary to support the vital activity of the population, to maintain the branches of the national economy closely related to the agro-industrial complex, are more urgent than ever. In this article, we will touch on the topic of agricultural development in China — in a state that is geographically closed to us, that maintains friendly relations with us and, despite foreign policy developments, continues to carry out both foreign trade relations and cooperation with Russia in many areas of the economy. Previously, agriculture of China was a small-scale peasant economy with a relatively small scale production and low production and labor efficiency. After the reform of the openness of the economy, China has made a great progress in agriculture. All this shows that the modern development of China’s agriculture is very important for the country’s economy and is a vital topic for research. In the current study we analyzed the current state and identifed the prospects of agriculture in China.

Industrialisation in a small grain economy during the First Globalisation: Bulgaria c. 1870–1910

AbstractIn Bulgaria the share of secondary production in GDP remained constantly low between c. 1870–1910. To explain the country's exceptionally weak growth, we use endogenous and unified growth theory. Gerschenkron and Palairet blame a self‐sufficiency‐oriented peasant economy for rising labour and raw material costs in industry, which destroyed the competitiveness of Bulgarian manufacturing and prevented industrialisation. We refute the existence of any long‐lasting cost increases in industry after 1878. Quite the opposite was true: the expansion of Bulgaria's secondary sector was restricted by detrimental changes on the demand side, for which peasants were not responsible. Recent research claims that, around 1910, Bulgarian textile production was significantly lower than in 1870. Our study brings to light new data and information that clearly disproves this view. Until around 1910, a booming modern manufacturing sector more than replaced the country's proto‐industries’ textile outputs, which had plummeted dramatically during the early years of the newly founded Bulgarian state. However, as the rise of modern manufacturing in textile production coincided with the decline of the entire large sector of traditional manufacturing, secondary production as a whole stagnated.

Understanding the Peasant Economy Through the Lens of Mobility: a Swedish Parish in the Early Modern Period

Abstract Based on a study of a Swedish parish from the seventeenth century to the early 1800s, this article discusses the role of migration in the peasant economy. It argues that migration was a fundamental feature of the reproduction process among peasants, and that the mobility of some enabled the unchanging positions of others. Migration was a solution to the dilemma created by the dual features of peasant economies: the equivalence of the household and the production unit and the obligation to pay rent. Mobility created adaptability and resilience in peasant communities, but its selective character speaks to its link to wealth distribution, class relations and the struggle for resources.

Non-Agricultural Crafts in the Peasant Farms of the Northwestern Provinces of Russia in the Second Half of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

This article presents the results of a study of nonagricultural crafts of peasants in the postreform period in the northwestern region of the Russian Empire, which included the Novgorod, Pskov, and St. Petersburg provinces. A general description of the craft activities of peasants during the period of rapid formation and development of bourgeois relations in the country’s economy in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries is given. The objects of study are the most significant local crafts of peasants and the otkhodnichestvo (the temporary departure of peasants from their permanent residences in villages to earn money in regions where industry and agriculture were well developed) of farmers. The factors that determined the dynamics of the development of crafts, the place of craft income in the budget of the peasant economy, the evolution and direction of the otkhodnichestvo, and the influence of crafts on the socioeconomic situation of the northwestern countryside are studied. This approach makes it possible to identify both general trends and features of the development of peasant local and seasonal crafts in the northwestern countryside over a long period of time, as well as determine the local specifics of the transformation of crafts. This article is written based on an extensive corpus of both published and archival materials, a significant part of which was introduced in scientific publications for the first time.

Dynamic Linkage between Aging, Mechanizations and Carbon Emissions from Agricultural Production.

The trend of aging is intensifying and has become a prominent population phenomenon worldwide. The aging population has an important impact on carbon emissions, but at present, there is little research on its ecological consequences, especially the relationship with agricultural carbon emissions. For a long time, China has been dominated by a scattered small-scale peasant economy. Currently, the aging population also means that the agricultural labor force will gradually become scarce, and the agricultural production will face reform. This article is intended to find the long-term impact of aging and mechanization on agricultural carbon emissions and construct a more comprehensive policy framework for sustainable development, hoping to contribute to environmental and ecological protection. The research sample in this article is from 2000 to 2019, covering 30 provinces (cities, autonomous regions) in China. We adopted methods and models including Fully Modified General Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic General Least Squares (DOLS), Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model, etc., and used the Granger causality test to determine the causal relationship between variables. Results show that aging is the Granger cause of agricultural carbon emissions and agricultural mechanization. Agricultural carbon emissions and agricultural mechanization have a bidirectional causal relationship. In the short term, agricultural mechanization and aging both have made a great contribution to carbon dioxide emissions from agricultural production. However, in the long term, the impact of aging on agricultural mechanization is significantly negative. Therefore, it is generally beneficial to improve the environmental problems of agricultural production. Our research focuses on the latest background of population trends and global climate issues and finally provides suggestions and a theoretical basis for the formulation of government agricultural policies according to the research conclusions.

Mercado ganadero y estratificación social en el medio rural catalán (siglo XIV)

The article looks at the place of livestock rearing in the Catalonian peasant economy during the fourteenth century. The results are derived from the analysis of 126 notarial ledgers dating from 1328 to 1371 and pertaining to various towns in the Les Gavarres region of northeast Catalonia. A case study of the town of Cassà de la Selva highlights the role of a flexible and widely used animal-lease contract known as the comanda. The peasant serfs who inhabited the region chose which markets to attend in their search for the best offers and there was geographical specialization in the type of domestic animals that were kept. The article also highlights the participation of peasants and other local specialized trade agents, and the role of the mas – peasant farm – in the animal market. The author discovered that a small group of local actors from the most powerful farms, along with a group of families from the urban center, supplied the rest with animals. In some cases, these actors became full professionals and contributed to social polarization within the community. An example of this was the cattle dealer Bonanat Alagot, who monopolized the trade of draft animals in his area of influence during the fourteenth century.

Neo-structuralist bargain and authoritarianism in Nicaragua

ABSTRACT This paper examines the relations between the FSLN government in Nicaragua and the social actors that have mobilized against it, especially Indigenous, campesino and Afro-descendant activisms during the second Ortega administration. These relationships are interpreted from the perspective on a ‘neostructuralist bargain’ which allowed the FSLN, since 2007, to embrace neoliberal policies under an environment of relative social cohesion and economic growth. That bargain came to an end in 2018 when the government – facing a political crisis – resorted to the use of force and authoritarian practices to contain the mounting social discontent. The limited realization of Indigenous and Afro-descendant rights and the ongoing transformation of agrarian structures that marginalizes peasant economies, coupled with the FSLN’s promotion of extractive forms of capitalist accumulation, all tested the bases of the bargain, while also revealed unprecedented articulations of collective agency by subaltern actors.

From Dualistic Opposition to Dyadic Integration: Toward a New Political Economy of Chinese Practice

This article argues for the construction of a new political economy based on Chinese practices. It begins with an explanation of the research approach of starting from practice, and from a distinctive mode of thinking that is akin to that of medicine, rather than Newtonian physics and mathematical logic. Then it discusses the present-day Chinese practices of combining socialism with market economy, state enterprises with private enterprises, the peasant economy with an industrial economy, and the party-state with the economy—all distinctive realities about the new Chinese political-economic system. The foil for the discussion is the long-standing hegemonic ideology and worldview of Anglo-American classical and neoclassical liberal economics and law. This article suggests that we employ China’s traditional dyadic integration worldview, evident in today’s practices, to arrive at a new integrative cosmological view that rises above both. To a considerable extent, this article is also a reinterpretation of classical Marxist political economy. What the article advocates may be termed a “participatory socialist market economy,” to be distinguished from a bureaucratized and controlling socialist planned economy. This is a system that is still very much in the process of formation, its particular content and characteristics yet to be clarified and specified through a sustained period of searching through practice.

Volostnaya administraciya i mestnoe samoupravlenie v sovremennoj kitajskoj derevne: samoupravlenie i sobstvennost' v konce XX — nachale XXI v.

This is the third and final article on administration and self-government in the lowest administrative unit of China - rural municipality (xiang). The current triad of powers of a rural municipality (xiang), a conference of fellow villagers (cunmin huiyi) and a rural collective economic organization (nongcun jiti jingji zuzhi) is discussed. It is shown that the activity of self-government of committees of fellow villagers depends on the activity of collective economic organizations in the village. The common traditional features in the self-organization of the rural population in China and Taiwan are noted. Legislative measures aimed at preserving an independent (self-sustained) peasant economy are pointed out; this category of peasantry certainly acquires traits of a separate social estate. The new trends of rural self-government are compared with the same in organization of municipal associations in Taiwan and street offices and street work commissions in urban China.

THE ROLE AND THE PLACE OF PEASANT INDUSTRY IN THE LIFE OF A COMPLEX PEASANT ECONOMY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY (on the example of Seltinskaya Volost of Malmyzhsky Uyezd of Vyatka Governorate)

The importance of peasant industry in the vital activity of a complex peasant economy, the basis of which was arable farming, is shown on the example of Seltinsky volost of Malmyzhsky Uyezd of Vyatka governorate. The integral branches were animal husbandry and extra-agrarian occupations, among which the main burden was borne by extractive and processing works. The role of natural-geographical, socio-economic conditions, legal norms, trade relations, the creative potential of the people in the process of forming and functioning of a sustainable, balanced, integrated peasant economy is considered. A favourable location of the volost along the Siberian tract with access to the Kama and Vyatka trade river routes contributed to the development of a periodic market sphere (bazaar, torzhok, fair), to peasant economy involvement in the system of a single national market. The zemstvo population censuses made it possible to show a relatively high level of peasants’ provision with land plots, as well as draft, horned cattle and small livestock. Different levels of ethnic groups’ economic situation are noted. There was economic differentiation in the village; the vast majority was occupied by the well-to-do and middle class of the peasantry. To serve the numerous village needs, 90 types of crafts were functioning, which were represented by a wide range of manufactured products. The semi-natural character of peasant economy determined the diversity of its economic forms: domestic industry, handicrafts, small-scale production, capitalist cooperation. Another important role of crafts in the social medium life should be noted – it is an opportunity to realize an ethnic group’s creative potential, improving production technology, honing artistic skills. Household items, traditional clothing indicate a high level and variety of folk art. People’s memory has preserved the names of the best volost masters, who contributed to further development of national folk art. The study of life activity of the peasant population in a single volost at an interdisciplinary level in a fairly new research direction “the history of everyday life”, involvement of a wide comprehensive database, including published zemstvo statistics, fundamental zemstvo studies, archival documents, materials of ethnographic expeditions enable to deeper investigate the structure of a peasant economy, interaction, interdependence of its individual branches, the important role of crafts in a village economy, as well as legality and necessity of production small forms functioning in any historical epoch.

Informal economic practices as a mechanism of adaptation of migrants in the south of Western Siberia in the late 19th — early 20th centuries

During the process of development of remote regions of Russian Empire, the state played the most important role, legislatively regulating the resettlement process and penal colonization. Despite the efforts of the state, in-formal economic practices became the means of adaptation of migrants to the new climatic and social circum-stances they were exposed to as a result of migration. The variety of the practices was most vividly manifested during the years of large-scale peasant resettlements to Siberia at the turn of the 19th — 20th c. This phenomenon was reflected in the reports, essays and travel diaries of officials, which supervised the land management matters of the resettlement, which made possible the comparison of informal economic practices in different climatic zones — the taiga and the steppe. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of the informal economy by T. Shanina, which considers the informal practices as a universal restorative mechanism that makes it possible to “soften” the most acute social and economic contradictions. That mechanism provides survival in such condi-tions when other social mechanisms fail. The resettlement households of the taiga regions were characterized by primitive methods of deforestation and felling for sale to the steppe districts, which prompted chances in the na-ture of urmans. As a consequence of the informal economic behavior of late settlers in the areas with abundant forests, the building density of homesteads became high, which resulted in that even newly formed settlements appeared as solid wooden walls. Such dense building development contradicted the directives of the resettlement officials, which appealed to the building statute regulations. In the southern steppe regions of Western Siberia, the settlers used land holdings on the basis of a seizure right using shifting cultivation system and seeding the fields mainly with wheat without applying crop rotation. In the settlements located at the bitter-salt lakes, hydraulic engi-neering works were carried out. However, the late settlers ignored such improvements; they denied the suitability of the filters, did not monitor their condition, and even contributed to the pollution of the water reservoirs arranged for drinking. The adaptive result of the informal practices is the increased stability of the peasant economy. De-pending on the yields, the new settlers was able to transfer the center of economic operations to and survive diffi-cult times. The development of promysels saved peasant families from hunger and financial collapse, yet contrib-uted to the spread of non-progressive, backward forms of land and resource use, which were based on extensive agriculture and a predatory attitude towards nature.

LOGGING CRAFTS OF UDMURT PEASANTS IN VYATKA PROVINCE DURING THE MODERNIZATION PERIOD (SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY)

The article considers logging crafts of Udmurt peasants of Vyatka province as an independent type of craft activity in interaction with other elements of the peasant economy in the second half of the 19th century. Logging and wood-chopping trades were the most attractive for Udmurt peasants, because of their proximity to the familiar world, sacred ideas about spatial differentiation, ethnic and linguistic comfort. Therefore, they were the most traditional and massive for the peasantry of Udmurtia. The analysis of their development in the Russian modernization dynamics of the second half of the 19 century allows us to answer the questions of the coexistence of traditions and innovations in the Russian province. The dominant influence of the natural factor on the territorial division of labor, the choice of one or another type of non-agricultural occupations of the population is shown. The unique combination of huge woodlands and a dense network of floating rivers with access to the Kama and Vyatka determined not only the preservation of logging and wood-cutting industries in the second half of the 19 century, but also the growth of wood production. The constant growth of the market demand for wood, combined with the preserved methods of logging and timber transportation, showed the high adaptive capabilities of these traditional crafts during the studied period. The abolition of serfdom, the elimination of the institution of indispensable workers, the active penetration of market mechanisms into traditional foundations laid the grounds for the process of gradual transformation of logging into one of the elements of the emerging capitalist economy.

Beyond Agency: The African Peasantry, the State, and Tobacco in Southern Rhodesia (Colonial Zimbabwe), 1900–80

AbstractThis paper examines African peasant tobacco production in Southern Rhodesia from 1900 to 1980, from the cusp of colonialism to its end. It analyses shifting state policy towards African tobacco producers, the concomitant impact on peasant economies, accumulation patterns and the rural physical landscape and peasant responses. It focuses on the changing agricultural commodity value chains, cash crop asymmetries, and global market forces to explain colonial responses to peasant production and peasant agency. We argue that the symbolic value of each agricultural commodity, in entrenching the hierarchy of power relations and the institutionalisation of white control, mediated colonial responses to peasant production and concomitantly ‘peasant agency’. We use this case study to highlight the structural constraints on ‘agency’ and to explore how cash crop asymmetries helped structure agrarian encounters and power relations in colonial Africa. The paper uses archival sources from the National Archives of Zimbabwe, newspapers, and journals from the Tobacco Research Board (TRB).

Farms and Their Role in Economic Development

The article discusses the essence of the peasant and farm economy, the stages of development and the differences between them. The purpose of the farms is mentioned - to bring products to market. It is also noted that the Department of Statistics should pay more attention to the issue of keeping farm records. The main attention is paid to the deepening of peasant farming and the creation of large farms based on concentration, which should take into account the experience of advanced developed countries. Moreover, it is also noted that the achievement of this goal is impossible without the support and assistance of the state. The proposals are being made to create classical cooperatives and farms in Georgia, to pay more attention to justifying priorities in the economy, in particular, to the development of areas in which capital investments will quickly give effect. On the basis of the analysis carried out at the end of the work, conclusions and proposals are given. Keywords: Farming, peasant farming, agriculture, farm.

Peasant farms of Western Siberia on the way to commodity-market relations: factor analysis of data from the Tomsk Provincial Agricultural Census of 1901

The article considers the application of factor analysis in the study of peasant farms of the Oyashinsky volost of the Tomsk province on the materials of the Tomsk provincial agricultural Census of 1901. The analysis of the primary materials of the agricultural census of 1901 was carried out on the basis of factor analysis, namely, the method of main components, which provides "compression" of information, explaining the many available features through a small number of generalized factors, which allowed us to consider the internal structure of the peasant economy of the agricultural and livestock specialization of the Oyashinsky parish, and also compare the results obtained with the results of factor analysis According to the census of 1901, the analysis of the socio-economic structure of peasant farms of agricultural and livestock specialization of the transition zone showed that the entrepreneurial way of life was leading in all peasant farms, but the general small-scale farms reduced the level of their involvement in capitalist relations. Peasant agricultural farms and livestock specialization of the transition zone of the Tomsk province at the beginning of the XX century never joined the developed capitalist relations. The materials of the 1901 census make it possible to analyze in detail the influence of various factors on the state of the peasant economy of Siberia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. These materials are suitable as a mass source for studying the peasantry of Siberia and for local research.

Формирование организационно-экономического механизма диверсификации деятельности фермерских хозяйств

Abstract. The main problem of farms is their low profitability; the development of various activities, including non-agricultural ones, contributes to the solution of this issue. It is important to study the possibilities for the development of this process and develop a mechanism to systematically provide information on this issue. The purpose of this study is to develop the foundations for the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for diversifying the activities of peasant (farm) economy (P(F)E) in the North-West of the Russian Federation. Methods. During the study, the methods of questioning and interviewing, a systematic approach, modeling and analysis of socio-economic processes, and a calculation and analytical method were used. Results. A diagram of the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the diversification of P(F)E activities has been developed, reflecting the internal and external conditions necessary both for starting the diversification process and for its successful functioning, as well as corrective actions that contribute to the efficiency of the diversified farming. This scheme can be used in training both novice farmers and to improve the qualifications of heads and members of existing P(F)E, as well as by authorities at all levels in the development of policies for the development of rural areas. This will allow maintaining the population of rural areas, as well as using its potential for increasing food security in both the region and the country, will increase the attractiveness of rural areas for agritourism, including the interregional and international level. Scientific novelty. A systematization of various approaches of scientists to the classification of types of diversification in agricultural production was made, which helped to deepen the study of the features of the process of diversification in farms of the Leningrad region. On the basis of a survey of farmers, the reasons were identified, both constraining and contributing to the development of diversification. The definitions of diversification in P(F)E and the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of diversification of activities in P(F)E are given and a scheme of this mechanism is proposed.

Economía campesina y sustitución voluntaria de cultivos de uso ilícito, municipio de Briceño (Antioquia)

The armed conflict, the crisis of the agrarian model and the expansion of illicit crops in Colombia has produced a reconfiguration of the territory, reflected in the peasant economy and the transformation of productive practices in rural areas. Such is the case of the town of Pueblo Nuevo, municipality of Briceño (Antioquia), which suffered the expansion of the armed conflict scenarios that affected its peasant economy, displaced in the search for an activity that guaranteed a minimum of wealth, undergoing transformations violent in economic, social and cultural relations.   In this sense, the research sought to understand how the peasant economy has developed within the framework of the Havana Peace Agreement, specifically the process of substitution of crops for illicit use in Pueblo Nuevo and its relationship with the social construction of the territory in the period 2016-2019. This was approached from the peasant economy and deepened the main Latin American interpretative categories where their evolution, permanence and configuration of particular rural contexts are shown, which link illicit crops as an alternative to traditional productive processes. This context, the persistence of traditional production systems in the contemporary world is recognized as an alternative for the reconfiguration of rural territories, the search for peace, and the collective affirmation of peasants in Pueblo Nuevo as subjects with deep roots in their territory. and forms of production, as with memory processes as a consequence of experiencing the conflict.

Cooperage as an Occupation of Novgorod’s Peasants in the Post-reform Years

It is common knowledge that harsh climate, the predominance of poor soils, a short growing season, and low crop yield in Novgorod Governorate did not allow peasants to provide themselves with everything they needed only through agricultural labour. Therefore, the Novgorod peasants were forced to look for additional sources of income: leaving the village to work or engaging in different occupations. In particular, cooperage was widely popular in the peasant economy, which was determined by the availability of the necessary raw materials in the form of extensive forests in all the counties of the governorate. The article examines the state of cooperage as an occupation among the peasants of Novgorod Governorate in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century based on archival and published sources and literature. Primarily, attention is given to the analysis of the role of the occupation within the peasant economy. The stable nature of production of coopers’ goods was due to the widespread nature of nail-making and fishing industries among peasants, as well as due to an increase in the number of creameries in landowners’ estates. Thus, various products of coopers were used — mainly as containers. There is no doubt that the steady demand for coopers’ products from the local rural population played a significant role in the formation and development of the cooperage industry. The paper gives a brief description of the tools used by peasant coopers and notes the emergence of an artel as a form of occupational organization. The article shows peasants’ growing dependence on raw materials from landowners and timber producers due to the sharp decrease in allotted timber because of the intensive felling of trees by peasants. With the decline in allotted timber, coopers increasingly bought wood harvested in neighboring state-owned, appanage, or landowner forests. As a result, the raw material dependence of the workers engaged in the cooperage trade on the owners of the forest and the buyers of their products grew. The paper concludes that at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries cooperage in Novgorod Governorate still held a meaningful place in the peasant household economy, acquiring an increasingly pronounced commercial character.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПУТИ РЕШЕНИЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ КФХ ПО РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БУРЯТИЯ

Peasant farming is one of the active small forms of farming in rural areas of the Republic of Buryatia. Small business in agriculture plays an important role in the Republic of Buryatia. Small entrepreneurship in rural areas makes a certain contribution to the integrated development of rural areas. The concepts of "peasant (farmer) economy" by different authors are given. Farmers tend to produce a large number of marketable products using both their own and leased means of production and employing not only family members, but also workers. The purpose of the study is to finance the peasant (farmer) economy of the Republic of Buryatia. In the course of the research, such tasks as the consideration of the concept of "peasant (farmer) economy", the study of forms of grant support for the development of small forms of management in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Buryatia were solved. The analysis of the financing of farms in these regions and the effectiveness of the use of state support for farms is carried out. As part of the activities of the state program for the development of agriculture and regulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets, small farms have the opportunity to receive grant support, subsidies and use preferential loans. Currently, various forms of grant support are provided for the development of small businesses: "support for novice farmers", "development of family farms", "agrostartap". An assessment of the effectiveness of implementation is given: according to the results of 2021, the largest number of recipients of the grant "development of family farms", as well as recipients of a grant for the development of material and technical agricultural consumer cooperatives were recorded; the implementation of the State program On the example of LLC "Buyan" of the Kyakhtinsky district of the Republic of Buryatia, which is one of the largest farms in the Republic. The problems of the development of farms in the Republic of Buryatia are revealed. An effective system of state support for small entrepreneurship in rural areas is of great importance not only for the development of small forms of management, but also for the integrated development of rural areas of the country as a whole. The development of small-scale farming in rural areas contributes to the creation of new jobs.