Peasant Farmers Research Articles

Some legal issues regulating the rational use of agricultural land in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article was prepared within the framework of the grant project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan No AP14870596 «Problems of legal regulation of the rational use and protection of pasture ecosystems».Kazakhstan ranks sixth in the world in terms of pasture resources. As you know, more than 40 percent of the population lives in rural areas. Many of them would have nothing to spare if their own animals were neither their main income nor their living wage. However, the shortage of pastures has become a big problem for rural residents in recent years. In the 2021 Head of State Address, special attention was paid to this issue. At that time, Kassym-Zhomart Kemelovich paid special attention to the issues of providing pasture lands for personal subsidiary plots.The Address stipulates that, according to the Land Code, agricultural land will not be provided to foreigners, as well as priority provision of pasture for livestock in household plots of the population and an increase in the volume of land required for the procurement of feed, and is also instructed to ensure openness in the land sector and access to the land cadastral information and create a unified national database on the land fund and real estate.The Tax Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan does not provide benefits for enterprises processing agricultural products and agriculture. Processors purchase 90% of raw materials from peasant farms, and they are exempt from value added tax. At the same time, 50% of the price of finished products is the cost of raw materials. As a result, processing enterprises cannot credit value added tax that is subject to offset. All this today does not stimulate the competitiveness of enterprises processing agricultural products.One of the main problems of enterprises processing agricultural raw materials is the low competi-tiveness of domestic products. As you know, the basis of competition for any product is its quality and price. The high level of prices for the products of Kazakhstani processing enterprises is due to an increase in interest rates on bank loans, prices for transport services, as well as the current taxation system, espe-cially the value added tax.The level of tax revenue from agriculture is low and it is focused only on agricultural processing. Compared to other industries, taxes from agriculture are minimal.Taxes are the main source of financing the political and economic activities of the state, since 90 percent of state budget revenues come from tax revenues. Today, in order for taxation and tax structure to help the whole world become competitive, it is necessary to stimulate efficiency and stability, and for this it is necessary to have a tax policy, to effectively, expediently implement tax regulation.

Soil Quality Indicators in Peasant Agroecosystems in Paraíba State, Brazil

Background and Research Aims: Soil quality (SQ) is the basis for the Sustainability of Peasant Farming Systems (PFS). We hypothesized that different land uses modify soil quality through changes that can be analyzed by determining the Soil Quality Index (SQI). Methods: Soil samples were collected from the 0-20 cm layer in five subsystems of peasant agroecosystems located in the municipalities of Solânea (A), Casserengue (B), and Serraria (C). SQI was calculated using non-linear scoring, while a principal component analysis was performed using all data (bulk and particle density, total porosity, particle size, pH, macronutrients, and soil organic carbon) to determine a Minimum Data Set (MDS). Results: The MDS composed of P available, Ca+2, Al+3, sand, silt, H+Al, base saturation (BS%), and the aluminum saturation (AS%) indicate that these parameters can serve as indicators for soil quality assessment in peasant agroecosystems. Sand and silt are related to pedogenic processes and parent material, while the remaining indicators reflect management practices. Land conversion from forest to cropland decreased nutrient availability and soil organic matter in agroecosystems A (Arenosol) and B (Luvisol) and increased the cation exchange capacity in agroecosystem C (Lixisol). Conclusions: All agroecosystems showed low SQI values, highlighting the need to expand conservation practices in the studied agricultural subsystems, especially regarding the increase of soil organic matter. Our results contribute to improving the use and management of soils and the vulnerability assessment in peasant farming, an essential requirement for the sustainability of agroecosystems. Implications for Conservation: Our results also demonstrated that agroforestry practices can significantly increase soil quality and soil carbon sequestration, a viable alternative for maintaining organic matter in areas susceptible to degradation.

Water consumption of spring and winter wheat on chernozem soils of the Volgograd region

Scientific and practical research was carried out with the aim of establishing new approaches to the cultivation of durum varieties of spring wheat and winter wheat, the main task when starting the experiments was to obtain a wheat yield at the existing level, while offering alternatives to the classic mineral nutrition, which allows not only to obtain the planned harvest wheat but preserve the natural fertility of the soil. No less important is the fact that the experiment was carried out in a risky farming area. In this regard, it is necessary to know how the water consumption of winter and spring durum wheat develops. We used pre-sowing treatment of seed material with modern biofertilizers. But the root mass of durum wheat has a distinctive feature from the root mass of soft wheat. The root mass of durum wheat contains mycorrhiza, which interacts better with soil microflora. Together with biofertilizers, a more favorable water regime is created, which has a positive effect on yields. Along with zoned varieties, modern wheat varieties with higher plasticity and adaptability to arid conditions were studied. The experiment was carried out in 2020…2023. in the Volgograd region, on the peasant farm “Eliseev A.N” in the Mikhailovsky district, located in the southern black soil zone. The objects of testing in the experiment were varieties of durum spring wheat: Donskaya Elegiya, Krasnokutka 13 and winter durum wheat: Agat Donskoy and Aksinit with pre-sowing treatment with biofertilizers. The experiment showed that the lowest water consumption indicators were in the variants without seed treatment and they varied between varieties from 259.5 mm (Krasnokutka 13 variety) to 521.0 mm (Aksinit variety). The maximum values were observed in the variant with seed treatment with biofertilizer Gumi 20 and they amounted to 263.2 mm for the Krasnokutka 13 variety, and 265.7 mm for the Aksinit variety, respectively.

Introduction of innovative technologies for the effective use of permanent plants in the conditions of the chuy region

In this article, we analyze the possibilities and prospects for digitalization of farms in the Chui region in perennial plantations, using the example of intensive gardening that has become popular in recent years using MS Access programs suitable for gardeners. We will discuss the combination of this topical topic and, also often discussed, an innovative direction in the agricultural sector, intensive horticulture: the digitalization of intensive horticulture and its prospects in our country. In the process of studying the problem, theoretical methods of scientific research were used. It is abstract and generalized. The main result of the study is the process of creating and planning a database for the MS Access program that facilitates the activities of gardeners in perennial plantations in the Chui region. Conclusions and main scientific novelties – analysis of the MS Access database, creation and schematic analysis of databases to facilitate the work of gardeners in the peasant farm “Islambek” of the Sokuluk district of the Chui region.

Dependence of the uniformity of feed mixing in the feed mixing device of the granulation line on the number of paddle shaft revolutions and mixing time

Today, 87 percent of the number of cattle, as well as 90 percent of the number of sheep and goats in Uzbekistan are cared for by farmers. 85-90 percent of the number of livestock in our Republic belongs to peasant farms, and the preparation of feed for the livestock kept in these peasant farms should be implemented using best practices and modern technologies in developed countries, increasing the competitiveness and economic efficiency of the livestock sector is important. Based on the aforementioned information, a small-sized granulation line and a feed mixing device were created that are comparable to large-sized devices in terms of work quality and meet small livestock and poultry farms in terms of size, productivity, and energy consumption. The homogeneity of the feed mixing ratio in relation to the device’s paddle shaft rotation count and mixing duration was investigated through experimentation. The results of the trials showed that when the feed mixer paddle rotor was turning at a speed of 50 revolutions per minute and the mixing period was set for five minutes, the optimal mixing quality of ground wheat grain, ground maize grain, ground rice, and wheat bran for the manufacturing of granular feed was reached.

Крестьянское коневодство Российской империи во второй половине XIX — начале XX века: историографический аспект

This study is an attempt at a historiographical analysis of research works into the history of peasant horse breeding in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century. The work delineates historiographical periods, identifies the focal points covered in the literature and outlines avenues for future exploration. Monographs, dissertations and research articles reporting findings on peasant horse breeding served as sources of the study. Pre-Soviet, Soviet and modern historiographical periods are distinguished. Although the first works on the issue appeared in the pre-Soviet period, most were opinion pieces. In the Soviet period, the Marxist-Leninist ideology prompted historians to delve into the peasant economy. Yet, horse breeding by peasant farms was considered only in passing in works whose geographical scope extended to the entire territory of European Russia or groups of several regions. Modern historiography of the issue features studies emphasising the regional features of peasant horse breeding in provinces of the Russian Empire in the s period. However, the state of the peasant horse breeding economy in many provinces of Russia has received little scholarly attention in the country, alongside comparative analysis of peasant horse breeding across regions or exploration of how central departments, zemstvos and public organisations contributed to the modernisation of the industry.

ОСОБИСТІ СЕЛЯНСЬКІ ГОСПОДАРСТВА ЯК ОСНОВА РОЗВИТКУ СІМЕЙНОГО ФЕРМЕРСТВА

The transformation for the development of the domestic agricultural complex has led to the formation of a market-oriented economic system, where individual peasant farms, particularly households, play a significant role in the production of agricultural goods and the development of rural areas in Ukraine. However, the structure of production indicates a noteworthy contribution of enterprises to agriculture, with a shifting percentage distribution over time. Despite the decline in the number and share of households in overall agricultural production, they remain crucial for cultivating specific crops like potatoes and horticultural produce. The economic potential of household farms serves as a vital component of the investment base, contributing to the overall economy. Over the years, the dynamics of agricultural production indices reveal that enterprises are more responsive to environmental changes compared to households. The negative impact of 2022 on all categories of farms is evident in a sharp decline in the production index, potentially due to a drastic reduction in output by enterprises. The strategic importance of households as potential family farms for ensuring food security can be analyzed through the indices of agricultural production. Despite the reduction in the number of personal peasant farms, their existence and activity are essential for sustaining family farming, selfemployment in rural areas, and additional income generation. The data also highlight the need for further research and development of strategies to support agricultural development in Ukraine. The economic resources of household farms, housing a significant percentage of the rural population, contribute substantially to the investment base. Addressing the challenges and risks faced by households, especially in a changing environment, requires attention from governmental authorities. In the short to medium term, the forecast suggests low investment activity, emphasizing the need for improved production and marketing infrastructure in rural areas to stimulate the growth of family farming and small agricultural businesses.

Development and implementation of an innovative business model to enhance the efficiency of wheat cultivation processes in peasant farms

Development and implementation of an innovative business model to enhance the efficiency of wheat cultivation processes in peasant farms

Statistical research automation for farm’s differentiation

Agriculture is a priority sector of the Russian economy, ensuring the country's food security. Three categories of producers are engaged in the agricultural production: agricultural organizations, peasant farms (PFs) and personal subsidiary farms. The share of peasant farms in the structure of gross agricultural output for all categories of farms increased from 2% in 1998 to 14% in 2019, the volume of their production almost doubled. Their support and development will solve the problems of not only food, but also geopolitical security, by fixing the population in countryside and developing rural areas. An important task for agricultural policy aimed at the balanced development of agriculture is to study the differentiation of farms within the selected categories, and the use of information technologies will significantly reduce the time for processing the data. Within the framework of the paper, an approach has been developed to automate the statistical study of the differentiation of peasant farms using two programming languages: Python and R. The data of the reporting form 1-KFH “Information on the production activities of heads of peasant farms - individual entrepreneurs”. As a result, the indicators of variation for the regions of Russia were obtained and visualized, a grouping and cartogram of regions by the level of income of peasant farms per unit of land area was built.

Economic analysis of permanent plants by categories of farms of the Kyrgyz Republic

The article gives an assessment of the current state of agricultural crops and perennial plantations in terms of qualitative and quantitative indicators, as well as a correct statistical analysis by category of farms in the Kyrgyz Republic. The purpose of the article is to study the analytical support of the process of managing perennial plantations, in particular, to identify the methodological features of the analysis of perennial plantations. Development of a system of analytical indicators to assess the process of reproduction in the field of perennial plantations, as well as statistical analysis of arable land of agricultural crops and perennial plantations by category of farms of the Kyrgyz Republic. In the future, the horticulture sector, especially fruit and berry crops in all regions, is more favorable for the development of the economy of the republic. The efficiency of the use of agricultural land and the development of perennial plantations, fruit and berry crops are considered. This suggests that the bulk of agricultural land is privately owned, and peasant (farmer) households aim to use their private land for perennial plantings to produce the most cost-effective and efficient crops.

Management of land relations and their impact on production in agriculture of the Kyrgyz Republic

The modern development of land and production relations in agriculture are becoming a priority, since the agricultural sector can take a leading position in transforming the country’s economy. The study is aimed at clarifying the problems of theoretical and practically oriented foundations for the formation of land relations management and their impact on the production component of the industry. Theoretical positions and conclusions are formulated within the framework of the concept of sustainable development of the country's economy, which determines the further direction of the formation and management of land relations that actively influence agricultural production. This study showed the possibilities of managing the main resource of agricultural production and its role in the further distribution by categories of farms, thereby highlighting peasant (farm) farms as the main farms in the creation of gross agricultural output. Based on the study, it is recommended to improve the system of managing land relations, including strengthening the legislative framework, creating a unified agricultural information system for monitoring land, developing a program for the use and management of land areas that, for one reason or another, are not used in crop rotation and tend to decline.

Innovative method for determining the activity of gonadotropic raw materials in the production of the biological preparation of PMS

The article presents the results of research work to determine the activity of gonadotropic raw materials in the production of the biological preparation of pregnant mare serum (PMS)from mares of the Kazakh breed of horses of the “Zhabe” type of the peasant farm “Sultanbai Ata” of the Turkestan region. An innovative method has been developed based on determining the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) content using ELISA, which provides optimal pregnancy periods for mares to obtain gonadotropic raw materials: 50, 60 and 70 days for mares-producersof 3-10 years of age in terms of FSH content. Existing technologies for determining the pregnancy of mares and assessing the activity of gonadotropic hormones in technical and moral aspects are outdated, since diagnostics require a lot of time and the use of laboratory white mice as biological tests is considered ineffective, labor-intensive processes, as well as inappropriate on ethical issues. An express test method has been developed for determining the activity of the gonadotropic hormone PMS in a given donor herd based on the content of the FSH level in the preparation, which makes it possible to subsequently determine the activity in mouse units, bypassing the traditional, labor-intensive, outdated method.

РОЛЬ БДЖІЛЬНИЦТВА В ДОСЯГНЕННІ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТА СІЛЬСЬКИХ ТЕРИТОРІЙ

The improvement of the economic performance of agricultural enterprises should not be accompanied by the deterioration of the quality of the environment and cause social tension among the employees of the enterprise and the population living in the surrounding area. Therefore, the problem arose of finding such directions of development of agricultural enterprises that would simultaneously contribute to the improvement of financial and economic indicators of their activity, as well as ensure the sustainable development of both the enterprises themselves and the sustainable development of the surrounding rural areas. The article examines the positive value of the agricultural sector, in particular: production of products, creation of jobs, provision of foreign exchange revenues to the state budget, the possibility of providing services of unity with nature. However, it was noted that the agricultural industry has negative consequences of its activity, in particular: the deterioration of the quality of the soil, the increase in the level of plowing, the excessive use of chemical plant protection agents leads to an increase in the level of soil pollution, the death of representatives of the fauna, as well as an increase in the level of human illness. It is proposed to restore and develop the beekeeping industry in order to reorient the activities of the agrarian industry on the principles of sustainable development. Both existing agricultural enterprises and small peasant farms can be engaged in bee breeding. For agricultural enterprises, beekeeping is a direction of diversification that can bring additional income. For rural residents, beekeeping is a way to provide themselves with a workplace and to earn from the sale of beekeeping products and the provision of pollination services to agricultural enterprises, which will be able to sell their products as organic at higher prices. However, starting a beekeeping business requires significant investments, which are not at the disposal of small peasant farms. Therefore, they are suggested to join cooperatives. This will make it possible to carry out laboratory analysis, form large batches of honey and sell it at a higher price. The cooperative can also pack and process honey with possible independent export. In general, the development of the beekeeping industry will contribute to increasing the level of employment in rural areas and improving the ecological situation, which corresponds to the principles of sustainable development.

Hemp (cannabis sativa l.) Is an effective carbon-depositing crop

The article presents the results of a quantitative assessment of carbon deposition by sowing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Field studies were conducted in Khabibrakhmanov Peasant Farm Enterprise (Republic of Bashkortostan), the carbon content in plant biomass was determined by the CN 802 analyzer. It was found that cannabis crops form 7.87 t/ha aboveground biomass at the end of the growing season, including stems – 6.40 t/ha (81.3% of the aboveground mass), inflorescences – 0.77 t/ha (9.8% of the aboveground mass), seeds - 0.70 t/ha (8.9% of the aboveground mass), and roots - 1.02 t/ha. Of the total biomass, 8.19 t/ha is preserved. Sowing captures a relatively large amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (14.78 t/ha) and, accordingly, carbon (4.03 t/ha). The effectiveness of cannabis in terms of decarbonization mainly consists in the conservation of a significant amount of accumulated carbon (91%) for a long time into long-term products and into the soil. The cultivation of hemp in carbon farms is recommended to reduce the carbon footprint and sell carbon units.

Correlation and regression assessment of the main factors influence on the change in the level of the net profitability of sales

Ensuring the positive dynamics of the agricultural organizations development taking into account their specifics is an extremely difficult process. It is due to the seasonal nature of the activity and significant dependence on external factors. In this regard, it requires high efficiency of management personnel, which is expressed in the quality of the development strategy being designed, the ability to analyze the current results achieved in their correlation, based on the results of the analysis, to make adjustments to the development strategy and current activities. To solve these problems, a system of indicators is important, which will make it possible to draw objective conclusions on the analysis of the relevant subject of research. In the proposed article, the author uses the correlation method to analyze and study the impact on the profitability of sales of such indicators as labor productivity, return on capital of production assets, turnover of working capital, labor capital ratio, current liquidity ratio, investments per 1 hectare of agricultural land. For the first time, the object of the study was twenty peasant farms in the region. As a result of the analysis, a forecast of the level of management efficiency dependence of on selected factors was made, calculated on the database of the studied enterprises in the region. The use of the systematic analysis of correlations will make it possible to make adjustments to current activities and thus ensure its positive dynamics and achieve the ultimate goal of ensuring financial stability.

Vigilância do vírus influenza A em suínos domésticos no Cazaquistão 2018-2021

ABSTRACT: This study described the results of a surveillance program monitoring circulation of influenza A viruses among domestic pigs (Sus domesticus) in Kazakhstan during 2018-2021. PCR data derived from 2,513 samples (nasopharyngeal swabs) collected from swine on large pig complexes and peasant farms located in different regions of Kazakhstan revealed that about 5% of samples were positive for influenza A virus RNA. This result suggested low levels of influenza A virus circulation in Kazakhstan. Subtyping of a set of samples revealed that the main strains circulating in 2018-2019 were A/H1N1 and A/H3N2.Surveillance conducted in 2020-2021 identified only A/H1N1 viruses in swine. The PCR data were confirmed by isolation of six strains: five influenza A/H1N1 viruses and one A/H3N2 virus.

Farm typology analysis in Russian regions with different small entrepreneurship development level

Based on the results of cluster analysis, the article identifies four types of peasant farms: small, medium, large and very large, in the highest (Rostov Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan) and lowest (Perm Krai and Smolensk Oblast) groups of Russian regions by the level of development of peasant farms. The number of clusters by regions was determined by the "elbow" method and the "silhouettes" coefficient. In each of the studied regions the effect of scale of production can be traced, larger farms are also more efficient. The groups identified by the cluster analysis method in the regions with the same level of development of peasant farms differ significantly in size, but at the same time they are similar in the regions from different groups (Rostov Oblast and Perm Krai). As a result, when developing a typology of peasant farms, it is proposed to ignore regional peculiarities and to establish uniform criteria for their classification for the entire territory of the Russian Federation, for example, based on the income of peasant farms, as it is done in the USA and the EU.

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬЮ В АГРОТУРИСТСКИХ РЕГИОНАХ РОССИИ

The purpose of the study is to develop the state management of security in the social sphere of the regions of the Russian Federation, in which agricultural enterprises operate in the field of agrotourism. The paper investigates the concepts of rural tourism (agrotourism) and social security. Rural tourism (agrotourism) is a set of different types of activities in rural areas for the purpose of health improvement, recreation and gaining new experience and knowledge. Social security is a set of various factors and conditions that ensure the preservation and development of the social sphere, its safe interaction with the external and internal environment. The relevance of the study is proved by the formation of internal development on the territory of the state, which affects the increase in the socio-economic potential of subjects. The study used data from the information agency «Integrum» and the collection «Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. Based on scientific literature, the state of rural tourism development was analyzed, as well as the methodologies for assessing the social security of the region (the methodology of N. V. Kocheryagina was taken as a basis).The period of the study is 2016–2020. In the course of the study, the analysis was carried out by the organizational and legal form of enterprises in different regions of the Russian Federation in the agricultural industry. Peasant farms operate in almost all subjects of the Russian Federation, which indicates the popularity of this organizational-legal form. Subsequently, we selected the subjects with the largest number of registered enterprises by the studied organizational-legal forms. Thus, eight regions were selected for which social security was analyzed. The study of social security revealed threats in various spheres of the social system of the region. We can note such threats as natural population decline, decrease in migration flow, low wages and pensions of the population, decrease in the number of students in higher and specialized secondary education programs, decrease in employment of the population. The state policy for the development of rural tourism (agrotourism) can help neutralize the identified threats.

“Nosotros en la tierrita tenemos esperanza”: defensa del territorio contra la minería en Ixtacamaxtitlán, PueblaV

Mexico occupies first place in mining exploration in Latin America, a situation that has caused alarm among native peoples because the implementation of extractive projects threatens their vital space. The objective of this paper is to analyze the actions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of the Ixtaca Project in Ixtacamaxtitlán, Puebla, as well as the strategies of territorial defense undertaken by the communities to stop its expansion. Data was gathered through one survey, one workshop and various interviews conducted in three communities affected by the project. Results discuss three actions of CSR: 1) job offers; 2) investment in community infrastructure; 3) support for social events. Three main defense strategies were identified: 1) collective agreements refusing to sell water to the company; 2) legal litigations in favor of the right to be consulted as native peoples; 3) the strengthening of peasant agriculture thanks to the defense of the ejido, the conservation of irrigation water and the support received from the federal program Sembrando Vida. The paper concludes that, despite the negative impacts of RCS actions, these strategies have proven effective because mining concessions have been cancelled and some families have returned to agriculture.

Good food or industrial food: Discourses of the rural idyll and alternative food networks

Notions of the rural as idyllic and redolent of a simpler and more rooted past have long been challenged in the rural studies literature. Recent research has renewed interest in social representations of the rural idyll, yet there remains little discussion of the linkages between this cultural representation and alternative food networks, and specifically the role of policymakers and businesses in supporting and promoting such food networks. Drawing on research with local food businesses and policymakers, I explore their imaginaries of idyllic ruralities, to expose how they fold these ideas into their actions, perceptions, and practices. Research respondents in East Yorkshire and the Abruzzo frequently compared these rural areas with ‘elsewheres’ which were seen to perform ‘better’ for alternative and local food systems, and focused on specific ideas, materials and practices that represented the rural idyll to them. My work shows how ideals like the rural idyll employ essentialised perspectives based on traditional peasant agriculture, which work to obfuscate and even vilify industrial agriculture, and that such binary thinking is unhelpful in reconceptualizing food system transformation.