Pearson's Statistic Research Articles

Assessment of variability in lignan and fatty acid content in the germplasm of Sesamum indicum L.

Information on the variability available in lignan and fatty acid content in the oilseed crop of Sesamum indicum has been limited. This article presents and discusses the composition, quantity, and variability available for the two traits in the sesame germplasm that are grown in diverse agro climatic regions of India. HPLC and GC analysis of sesame seeds harvested over a period of three crop seasons revealed a considerable amount of variability in lignan and fatty acids. The antioxidant lignans sesamol, sesamin and sesamolin were observed to be in the range of 0.16-3.24, 2.10-5.98 and 1.52-3.76mg/g of seed, respectively. Similarly oleic and linoleic acids, respectively, have ranged from 34.71 to 45.61% and 38.49 to 49.60%. The black sesame seeds were found rich in sesamin, sesamolin, total lignan content and oleic acid and are thus identified nutritionally and pharmaceutically more important than white and brown seeds. Pearson statistics showed a strong correlation between the components within a particular trait and also some correlation was found between the traits. The study revealed promising cultivars for use in sesame breeding aimed at improving lignan and fatty acid contents, and can be thus directly used in human foods, nutrition, health and welfare.

Proteomes of Paired Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma: Relation to Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Older Adults.

The systems-level relationship between the proteomes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma has not been comprehensively described so far. Recently developed shotgun proteomic workflows allow for deeper characterization of the proteomes from body fluids in much larger sample size. We deployed state-of-the-art mass spectrometry-based proteomics in paired CSF and plasma samples volunteered by 120 elders with and without cognitive impairment to comprehensively characterize and examine compartmental proteome differences and relationships between both body fluids. We further assessed the influence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and tested the hypothesis that BBB breakdown can be identified from CSF and plasma proteome alterations in nondemented elders. We quantified 790 proteins in CSF and 422 proteins in plasma, and 255 of the proteins were identified in both compartments. Pearson's statistics determined 28 proteins with associated levels between CSF and plasma. BBB integrity as defined with the CSF/serum albumin index influenced 76 CSF/plasma protein ratios. In least absolute shrinkage and selection operator models, CSF and plasma proteins improved identification of BBB impairment. In conclusion, we provide here a first comprehensive draft map of interacting human CSF and plasma proteomes, in view of their complex and dynamic compositions, and influence of the BBB.

Voxel-wise correlation of positron emission tomography/computed tomography with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and histology of the prostate using a sophisticated registration framework.

To develop a registration framework for correlating positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) images with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and histology of the prostate, thereby enabling voxel-wise analysis of imaging parameters. In this prospective proof-of-concept study, nine patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy underwent mpMRI and PET/CT imaging before surgery. One had PET imaging using 18 F-fluoromethylcholine, five using 68 Ga-labelled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-HBED-CC (PMSA-11), and three using a trial 68 Ga-labelled THP-PSMA tracer. PET/CT data were co-registered with mpMRI via the CT scan and an invivo three-dimensional T2-weighted (T2w) MRI, and then co-registered with ground truth histology data using exvivo MRI of the prostate specimen. Maximum and mean standardised uptake values (SUVmax and SUVmean ) were extracted from PET data using tumour annotations from histology, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to compare between tumour- and benign-voxel values. Correlation analysis was performed between mpMRI and PET SUV tumour voxel values using Pearson's correlation coefficient and R2 statistics. PET/CT data from all nine patients were successfully registered with mpMRI and histology data. SUVmax and SUVmean ranged from 2.21 to 12.11 and 1.08 to 4.21, respectively. All patients showed the PET SUV values in benign and tumour voxels were from statistically different distributions. Correlation analysis showed no consistent trend between the T2w or apparent diffusion coefficient values and PET SUV. However, parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI including the maximum enhancement, volume transfer constant (Ktrans ), and the initial area under the contrast agent concentration curve for the first 60s after injection (iAUGC60), showed consistent positive correlations with PET SUV. Furthermore, R2* values from blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI showed consistent negative correlations with PET SUV-voxel values. We have developed a novel framework for registering and correlating PET/CT data at a voxel-level with mpMRI and histology. Despite registration uncertainties, perfusion and oxygenation parameters from DCE MRI and BOLD imaging showed correlations with PET SUV. Further analysis will be performed on a larger patient cohort to quantify these proof-of-concept findings. Improved understanding of the correlation between mpMRI and PET will provide supportive information for focal therapy planning of the prostate.

Employee Self-Esteem and Workplace Spontaneity in the Nigerian Hospitality Sector

The need to further explore the understanding of human behaviour as a strategic means of facilitating functional workplace outcomes has been stressed. This study therefore scientifically examined the empirical relationship between employee self-esteem and workplace spontaneity in the Nigerian hospitality sector. The cross-sectional survey design was deployed hence, the questionnaire instrument was primarily used to generate data from a sample of 286 participants. The data were analyzed descriptively using mean scores and standard deviation. Inferential analysis was also done using the Pearson Statistic and regression. The results indicates a positive and significant relationship between employee self-esteem and workplace spontaneity. It was also found that assertiveness has greater impact with s=0.638 and t=3.913 on work place spontaneity. The study concluded based on the findings that employee self-esteem correlates with workplace spontaneity and it was therefore recommended amongst others that managers and other employees should build capacity in terms of psycho-social element, that ensures assertiveness.

Assessment of Nonuniform Batch Distribution in Blast Furnace

In industry, nonuniform distribution of the material and energy resources significantly affects the stability of production processes and impairs product quality. In particular, in blast furnaces, nonuniform distribution of the batch components and the gas temperature significantly affects furnace performance. A literature review shows that the nonuniformity is usually assessed by means of various coefficients taking account of the variability in the material and energy resources in the course of production. The variation coefficient introduced by Pearson in 1895 is most commonly used. The relation between the square of the variation coefficient V2 and X2 = [n(N–1)/N]V2 is established. According to this relation, the random quantity V2 has a χ2k distribution with k degrees of freedom: k = N–1. Here n = n1 + n2 + … + nN; ni is the ith measurement (\(i = \overline {1,N} \) ); and N is the total number of measurements. The proposed method of assessing the nonuniformity is based on the statistics χ2k and X2, as proposed by Pearson in 1901 and 1904, respectively. Here X0 is intended for verification of hypothesis H0: that the empirical and statistical distributions agree. The azimuthal nonuniformity of the distribution of materials and gases in the blast furnace is based on the consistency of the Pearson statistics χ2k and X2. The quantile factor q is employed if the calculations of X2 do not employ the frequency of the measured quantities but, by analogy, the magnitudes of the physical quantities. In this method, after correction, X2 is used to assess the deviation p from a uniform distribution (the nonuniformity factor): p = p(χ2k), p ∈ (0; 1–α); χ2k= X2co-qX2. If X2 and χ2k are to be consistent for measurements of physical quantities (the temperature or pressure) or of materials (friable materials, gases), X2 must be corrected so that qX2max ≈ χ2k(α), X2max ⊂ (X21, …,X2M), where M is the number of experiments for which X2 is determined; χ2k(α) is the upper α quantile of χ2k; q is the quantile factor introduced for correction of X2; X2max is the limiting value of X2max permissible in determining the nonuniformity measure. The method is tested in estimating the relative nonuniformity of the batch components and the distribution of the azimuthal temperature for 2014- and 1370-m3 blast furnaces at OAO Magnitogorskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat. The influence of the sequence in which the batch components are selected in the bunker of the nonconical furnace-charging system on the azimuthal nonuniformity of the materials and the smelting characteristics is analyzed.

SOIL ATTRIBUTES AND WHEAT PERFORMANCE IN A GEOREFERENCED SEED PRODUCTION FIELD

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to study the linear correlations and spatial distribution between soil attributes and productivity and physiological quality of wheat seeds. Soil samples were collected at georeferenced points in an area of 41 ha with a rectangular grid of 100 × 100 m to determine soil fertility. Grain productivity, number of ears m-2, protein content, and physiological seed quality were assessed. The results were submitted to Pearson's correlation analysis, descriptive statistics, and geostatistics. Phosphorus content presented a high spatial variability, with a coefficient of variation of 97.79%. Protein content, number of ears, and SMP index presented low values of coefficient of variation, indicating their low spatial variability. Physiological seed quality was not correlated with soil attributes. Wheat productivity showed a strong correlation between calcium and soil organic matter contents, as verified by analyzing the spatial distribution maps. The analysis of the spatial distribution maps of soil nutrients is a tool that can contribute to farmers’ decision making in the management of crop fertilization aiming at increasing productivity.

Goodness-of-fit testing of a count time series’ marginal distribution

Popular goodness-of-fit tests like the famous Pearson test compare the estimated probability mass function with the corresponding hypothetical one. If the resulting divergence value is too large, then the null hypothesis is rejected. If applied to i. i. d. data, the required critical values can be computed according to well-known asymptotic approximations, e. g., according to an appropriate \(\chi ^2\)-distribution in case of the Pearson statistic. In this article, an approach is presented of how to derive an asymptotic approximation if being concerned with time series of autocorrelated counts. Solutions are presented for the case of a fully specified null model as well as for the case where parameters have to be estimated. The proposed approaches are exemplified for (among others) different types of CLAR(1) models, INAR(p) models, discrete ARMA models and Hidden-Markov models.

PENGARUH USIA KEHAMILAN TERHADAP GANGGUAN TIDUR PADA IBU HAMIL DI PBM ERNA PENIWATI DESA BALONG KECAMATAN BALONG PONOROGO

Pregnancy is a valuable thing, but also one of the great stresses for a woman both physically and mentally. Physical comfort disorders at each stage of gestational age vary due to interrupt the rest of pregnant women. This sleep disorder causes hypertension, exhaustion and disrupt activity. Interview results, 7 out of 10 pregnant women said experiencing sleep disorders. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of gestational age on sleep disturbance.The research type is analytic with cross-sectional approach. Research location in PMB Erna Peniwati Desa Balong Kabupaten Ponorogo. The study was conducted on May 15 to June 10, 2018. Determination of the sample using a simple random sampling technique of 40. Dependent variable is sleep disturbance, while the independent variable is the age of pregnancy. Data collection techniques using questionnaires. Data analysis using Pearson test with the help of computer program SPSS 22,0 for windows.The results showed that from 40 respondents, half of which were 20 (50%) of pregnant women TM 3 had moderate sleep disorder and almost half that is as many as 12 (30%) pregnant women TM 2 had mild sleep disorder. Result of calculation using Pearson statistic test with significant level 0,01 that is p = 0,000 <α 0,01 meaning Ho rejected and H1 accepted, so there is influence between pregnancy age with sleep disorder in pregnant woman in PMB Erna Peniwati with correlation coefficient 0,572 indicating closeness strong influence.Different pregnancy rates affect sleep disturbance in each pregnant woman especially in the 3rd trimester pregnant women. It is expected to place the research to provide a solution for pregnant women so as to reduce the perceived sleep disturbance and respondents are expected to have a good way of dealing with sleep disorders for their health and the fetus and preparation for labor.

Statistical Justification of Pearson's Criterion for Testing a Complex Hypothesis on the Uniform Distribution

The paper is studying the justification of the Pearson criterion for checking the hypothesis on the uniform distribution of the general totality. If the distribution parameters are unknown, then estimates of the theoretical frequencies are used [1, 2, 3]. In this case the quantile of the chi-square distribution with the number of degrees of freedom, reduced by the number of parameters evaluated, is used to determine the upper threshold of the main hypothesis acceptance [7]. However, in the case of a uniform law, the application of Pearson's criterion does not extend to complex hypotheses, since the likelihood function does not allow differentiation with respect to parameters, which is used in the proof of the theorem mentioned [7, 10, 11].A statistical experiment is proposed in order to study the distribution of Pearson statistics for samples from a uniform law. The essence of the experiment is that at first a statistically significant number of one-type samples from a given uniform distribution is modeled, then for each sample Pearson statistics are calculated, and then the law of distribution of the totality of these statistics is studied. Modeling and processing of samples were performed in the Mathcad 15 package using the built-in random number generator and array processing facilities.In all the experiments carried out, the hypothesis that the Pearson statistics conform to the chi-square law was unambiguously accepted (confidence level 0.95). It is also statistically proved that the number of degrees of freedom in the case of a complex hypothesis need not be corrected. That is, the maximum likelihood estimates of the uniform law parameters implicitly used in calculating Pearson statistics do not affect the number of degrees of freedom, which is thus determined by the number of grouping intervals only.

Tests for Comparing Time‐Invariant and Time‐Varying Spectra Based on the Pearson Statistic

Two tests are proposed in this paper for comparing spectra of two univariate time series. One is a Pearson‐like statistic based only on periodograms of the compared time series and applicable for testing the equality of two time‐invariant spectra of two independent or dependent time series, with an asymptotic chi‐squared distribution under the null hypothesis. The other is based on the maximum of the Pearson‐like statistics. Not only does this test, again, depend only on periodograms but also approximately equals the maximum of a chi‐squared distribution of the same degrees of freedom under the null. It can be used to test the equality of spectra of two locally stationary time series regardless of whether they are dependent or independent. Multiple simulation examples show that both statistics achieve good performance. The proposed approach is illustrated by an application to longitudinal vibration data from a container ship.

The Tale of Cochran's Rule: My Contingency Table has so Many Expected Values Smaller than 5, What Am I to Do?

ABSTRACTIn an informal way, some dilemmas in connection with hypothesis testing in contingency tables are discussed. The body of the article concerns the numerical evaluation of Cochran's Rule about the minimum expected value in r × c contingency tables with fixed margins when testing independence with Pearson's X2 statistic using the χ2 distribution.

P433 Faecal calprotectin is correlated to endoscopic disease activity at Week 16 in IBD patients on vedolizumab therapy

A reliable correlation between faecal calprotectin (FCP) and endoscopic response after initiation of VDZ would help to objectify response to VDZ. We aimed to assess the correlation between FCP and endoscopic findings 16 weeks after initiation of VDZ. Prospective inclusion of adult patients with CD, UC and IBD unclassified (IBDU) who started VDZ between October 2014 and August 2017 with FCP data at baseline and 16 weeks. Endoscopic disease activity was assessed at baseline and at Week 16. Endoscopic remission was defined as SES-CD <4 or Rutgeerts score ≤1 for CD patients and endoscopic MAYO score ≤1 for IBDU and UC patients. Endoscopic response was defined as SES-CD reduction ≥50%, Rutgeerts reduction of ≥1 and MAYO score reduction of ≥1. Endoscopic scores were categorised in no mild–moderate or severe inflammation. Correlation analysis was done with Pearson statistics. The study population comprised 26 CD, 14 UC and 5 IBDU patients, 40% males with a median age of 41 years (IQR 36–54). In total 42 of 45 (93%) patients received previous anti-TNFα therapy, of whom 71% were anti-TNFα refractory. The start of VDZ was combined with corticosteroid induction therapy in 27 of 45 (60%) patients. The median FCP levels decreased from 956 µg/g (IQR 347–1800) at baseline to 291 µg/g (IQR 108–1196) at Week 16 (p = 0.012). A total of 22 of 45 (49%) patients were in endoscopic remission and 27 of 45 (60%) reached endoscopic response at Week 16, with no significant differences between CD and UC. FCP at Week 16 is positively correlated to Week 16 endoscopic findings (r = 0.46, p = 0.001). The correlation was observed for both subpopulations of CD r = 0.45 (p = 0.02) and UC patients r = 0.52 (p = 0.02). Repeated measures test showed a decrease in FCP is positively correlated to a decrease in severity of inflammation r = 0.76 (p = 0.011). In separate analysis for CD and UC, this correlation was only significant in UC r = 0.58 (p = 0.04). Using ROC statistics, a cut-off value of 50% decrease in FCP indicated endoscopic remission with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 70% (AUC = 0.75) PPV = 69% and NPV = 79%. Vice versa, an absolute cut-off value of FCP ≥ 270 indicates endoscopic no remission with PPV of 68% and NPV of 70%. FCP levels correlate significantly with mucosal disease activity in a tertiary IBD population treated with VDZ for 16 weeks. A 50% decrease in FCP as compared with baseline or FCP ≥ 270 after 16 weeks of VDZ treatment are reasonably reliable markers of endoscopic remission.

The Relation of Social Happiness and Adjustment with Vandalistic Behaviour of the Children and Young Adults in the Families under Supervision of Welfare Office

Introduction: Vandalism is a new social phenomenon known as a type of sick morale and tendency to destroy intentionally and knowingly, the public properties and installations. Aim: This study was conducted to examine the relation of social happiness and adjustment with vandalistic behaviours of the children and young adults in the families under the supervision of welfare office. Materials and Methods: A descriptive and correlative study was done on 150 children and young adults of the families under the supervision of welfare office in Bandar Lengeh city, Iran. They were selected by census method. The data were collected by vandalistic behaviours questionnaire. Oxford happiness questionnaire, and Bell adjustment inventory. Then, the data were analysed by Pearson statistic and regression tests. Results: The findings indicated that social happiness and the adjustment had a significant and inverse relation with vandalistic behaviours appearance (p-value<0.05). Also, the statistic regression test indicated that the variables: social adjustment (Beta=-0.268) and happiness (Beta=-0.397) predict vandalistic behaviours appearance. Conclusion: Social happiness and adjustment may decrease the vandalistic behaviours appearance in the young people.

Convergence of the sequence of the Pearson statistics values to the normalized square of the Bessel process

Abstract It is shown that, with suitable time change, the finite-dimensional distributions of the process formed by successive values of the Pearson statistics for an expanding sample converge to finite-dimensional distributions of the stationary random process, namely, the normalized square of the Bessel process. The results obtained earlier on the limit joint distributions of the Pearson statistics are used to derive explicit formulas for the density of joint distributions of the Bessel process.

A novel luminol-based enhanced chemiluminescence antioxidant capacity microplate assay for use in different biological matrices

IntroductionReactive oxygen species (ROS) are normal metabolic products of living cells. However, a decrease of the defense mechanisms against the effects of ROS or increased ROS production maybe one important causative factor of cellular damage. A non-enzymatic scavenger system is considered to be responsible for the maintenance of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as a protection against oxidative injuries that exist in all higher plants and in mammals as well. MethodsIn our work, we optimized and validated a luminol-peroxidase-4-iodophenol-H2O2 enhanced chemiluminescence-based (ECL) TAC measurement technique. BSA was applied in the reagent to prevent peroxidase from auto-oxidation. The ECL method was suitable for plant extracts and for human blood serum as well. Our TAC technique was adapted to microplates and compared to ORAC assay using plant extracts. Results and discussionThe ECL method is fast (10min) with an interassay precision of <10% as CV. TAC values of ethanolic extracts of 10 plant species did correlate (ECL vs ORAC assay data: r=0.84, 95% confidence interval, CI=0.78–0.89, P<0.001) but with systematic bias. Analysis of serum samples obtained from septic and control patients showed significantly higher TAC values in the patient group compared to those of controls (p<0.01). Moreover, we could discriminate between surviving and non-surviving patients, based on their TAC values (p<0.01). Pearson's statistics showed the strongest positive correlation with serum uric acid (r=0.73). Besides the routine laboratory parameters, our novel TAC method might give complementary information on the severity of systemic inflammation.

Decomposition of cumulative chi-squared statistics, with some new tools for their interpretation

It is well known that the Pearson statistic $$\chi ^{2}$$ can perform poorly in studying the association between ordinal categorical variables. Taguchi’s and Hirotsu’s statistics have been introduced in the literature as simple alternatives to Pearson’s chi-squared test for contingency tables with ordered categorical variables. The aim of this paper is to shed new light on these statistics, stressing their interpretations and characteristics, providing in this way new and different interpretations of these statistics. Moreover, a theoretical scheme is developed showing the links between the different proposals and classes of cumulative chi-squared statistical tests, starting from a unifying index of heterogeneity, unalikeability and variability measures. Users of statistics may find it attractive to understand well the different proposals. Some decompositions of both statistics are also highlighted. This paper presents a case study of optimizing the polysilicon deposition process in a very large-scale integrated circuit, to identify the optimal combination of factor levels. It is obtained by means of the information coming from a correspondence analysis based on Taguchi’s statistic and regression models for binary dependent variables. A new optimal combination of factor levels is obtained, different from many others proposed in the literature for this data.

Investigating the Behaviors of M2 and RMSEA2 in Fitting a Unidimensional Model to Multidimensional Data.

It has been widely known that the Type I error rates of goodness-of-fit tests using full information test statistics, such as Pearson's test statistic χ2 and the likelihood ratio test statistic G2, are problematic when data are sparse. Under such conditions, the limited information goodness-of-fit test statistic M2 is recommended in model fit assessment for models with binary response data. A simulation study was conducted to investigate the power and Type I error rate of M2 in fitting unidimensional models to many different types of multidimensional data. As an additional interest, the behavior of RMSEA2 was also examined, which is the root mean square error approximation (RMSEA) based on M2. Findings from the current study showed that M2 and RMSEA2 are sensitive in detecting the misfits due to varying slope parameters, the bifactor structure, and the partially (or completely) simple structure for multidimensional data, but not the misfits due to the within-item multidimensional structures.

Fatal acute poisonings in Australian children (2003-13).

Fatal poisonings in children comprise a small proportion of cases investigated by an Australian coroner; however, they present a major opportunity for death prevention. This study aimed to examine fatal child poisonings in Australia to (1) estimate the rate of acute poisoning deaths in children; (2) describe the key characteristics of the cohort; and (3) describe the outcomes of coronial recommendations made as a death prevention measure. Retrospective case series. The National Coronial Information System (NCIS), a database of cases reported to an Australian coroner. Ninety poisoning deaths reported to an Australian coroner between January 2003 and December 2013 involving children (≤16years of age). Logistic regression, Pearson's correlation coefficient and descriptive statistics were used to examine the significance of associations. The primary outcome measures were poisoning type and cause of death. Covariates included age and mental illness. There were marginally more males (52.2%) [confidence interval (CI)=44.4-45.6] in the cohort and most occurred in the 13-16-year age group (58.9%) (CI=7.5-12.5). Deaths were typically unintentional (61.1%) (CI=17.9-27.1) and occurred in the home (68.9%) (CI=6.8-15.7). The most common form of poisoning was due to opioids (24.4%), followed by carbon monoxide (20%) and volatile substances (18.9%) (CI=18.5-19.6). Males had slightly higher odds of dying from prescription opioids compared with females [odds ratio (OR)=1.9, CI=0.7-5.1], but this was not statistically significant. A recommendation was made by a coroner in 12 cases, 10 of which related to poisons (including drugs). Of these, eight recommendations were implemented. In Australia between 2003 and 2013 there were on average eight acute poisoning deaths in children each year, most commonly involving prescription opioids and adolescents. There has been a downward trend in mortality since 2003. These cases generated more than twice as many recommendations for public safety compared with other Australian coroners' cases.

Evaluation of cognitive impairment in elderly population with hypertension from a low-resource setting: Agreement and bias between screening tools.

IntroductionThe evaluation of cognitive impairment in adulthood merits attention in societies in transition and especially in people with chronic diseases. Screening tools available for clinical practice and epidemiological studies have been designed in high-income but not in resource-constrained settings. The aim of this study was to assess the agreement and bias of three common tools used for screening of cognitive impairment in people with hypertension: the modified Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Leganés Cognitive Test (LCT).MethodsA cross-sectional study enrolling participants with hypertension from a semi-urban area in Peru was performed. The three screening tools for cognitive impairment were applied on three consecutive days. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was calculated for each test. Pearson's correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman plots, and Kappa statistics were used to assess agreement and bias between screening tools.ResultsWe evaluated 139 participants, mean age 76.5 years (SD ± 6.9), 56.1% females. Cognitive impairment was found in 28.1% of individuals using LCT, 63.3% using MMSE, and 100% using MoCA. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.501 between LCT and MoCA, to 0.698 between MMSE and MoCA. Bland-Altman plots confirmed bias between screening tests. The agreement between MMSE and LCT was 60.4%, between MMSE and MoCA was 63.3%, and between MoCA and LCT was 28.1%.ConclusionsThree of the most commonly used screening tests to evaluate cognitive impairment showed major discrepancies in a resource-constrained setting, signaling towards a sorely need to develop and validate appropriate tools.

Role of ECAâÂÂs (Extra Curricular Activities) in Personality Development: A Case Study of University Students

By following the entire categories of ECA’s, our targeted respondents were university students. Our D.V was “Personality” and I.V’s were “ECA’s and “Educational Performance” We’ve found that more participation in ECA’s can make the students as a shining stars, build up their leadership qualities, make them future leaders and improve their sportsmanship. Our hypotheses also retrospective that Extracurricular Activities can develop the personality (Big Fives). Our targeted audience were university students (N=941) who belongs to different departments of five dissimilar universities, as well as Arid Agricultural University Rawalpindi, B.Z. University Multan, COMSATS IIT Vehari, GC University Faisalabad and NCBA and E-Layyah campus. Most of the respondent was interested in the cricket, bivariate correlation and the Results of our research study are robust because (Significant level) Sig. (I-tailed) among D.V and I.V were significant and strongly positive to each other. We’ve used the five point likert scale to check the personality traits and then analyzed the descriptive statistics, likewise Regression coefficient, Pearson (r), R2, ANOVA, Standard Deviation, Durbin-Watson and Residuals Statistics. Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.8.