Pearled Barley Research Articles

Effects of glucanase inclusion in a de-hulled barley diet on the growth performance and nutrient digestion of broiler chickens

A trial was conducted to evaluate the substitution of process de-hulled barley (or pearled barley) for maize in a traditional maize-soy diet and the inclusion of β-glucanase on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. The experiment was a randomized design with a 3×2 factorial arrangement with three levels of de-hulled barley substitution and two levels of enzyme inclusion in the diet. De-hulled barley replaced 0, 400 or 800 g maize/kg with versus without β-glucanase inclusion in iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric experimental diets. Results showed that increasing amounts of barley substitution increased feed intake in the broiler chickens, hence significantly increased the live-weight gain both in the grower and finisher period ( P<0.05). The barley inclusion, however, did not significantly influence the feed conversion of the broilers. Inclusion of β-glucanase did not show improvement in the growth performance of the broilers ( P>0.05). Barley substitution in the broiler diet did not significantly influence the digesta viscosity in the duodenum ( P>0.05), however, a significant increase in the relative weight of the jejunum and caecum was evident in growing broilers and in the ileum weight in the finisher. Barley substitution also depressed dry matter and crude fat digestibility ( P<0.05) in the starting and finishing periods. Enzyme inclusion significantly decreased the relative weight of the GI tracts except for the caecum in the grower and the crop, gizzard and jejunum in finisher broilers. Enzyme inclusion significantly improved fat digestion in grower diet ( P<0.05). Enzyme inclusion also significantly increased the total VFA concentration in the finisher ( P<0.05). It appears that de-hulled barley substitute for maize increased feed intake, hence increased live-weight gains for the broiler chickens and decreased dry matter and fat digestibility in the grower. Inclusion of β-glucanase decreased the relative weight of the GI tract, increased fat digestion in growers and total VFA content in the caecum of finishing broiler chickens.

Genotypic variation in polyphenol content of barley grain

The polyphenol content in pearl barley, which is highly correlated to a browning reaction after heat treatment, was investigated using 1,347 cultivated barley varieties (H. vulgare) and two wild accessions (H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum) collected from different areas of the world. The polyphenol content in the cultivated barley shows a wide variation ranging from 0.19 to 0.75 mg/g with a nearly normal frequency distribution. The polyphenol content in the hulless varieties from Japan and Korea was low. On the other hand, the polyphenol content in wild barley was about two times higher than the average value recorded in cultivated barley. Based on HPLC analysis, five lowest-polyphenol content local varieties do not represent proanthocyanidin-free mutants.

Pearling of Hull-less Barley: Product Composition and Gel Color of Pearled Barley Flours As Affected by the Degree of Pearling

Barley grains from two hull-less varieties, Phoenix and Candle, were pearled to various degrees (10-80%). The composition (starch, protein, beta-glucan, lipid, and ash) of pearled grain (PG) and pearling flour (PF) was determined. Effect of pearling on Hunter L, a, and b color parameters of uncooked and cooked (gel) barley flour (milled from PG) was investigated over a 3 day storage at 4 degrees C.

Trichothecene production and pathogenicity of Fusarium tumidum, a candidate bioherbicide for gorse and broom in New Zealand

The relationship between trichothecene production and pathogenicity was investigated for 29 isolates of Fusarium tumidum , a potential bioherbicide for gorse ( Ulex europaeus ) and broom ( Cytisus scoparius ) in New Zealand. All isolates originally derived from broom produced high levels of T-2 tetraol derivatives when grown on ground maize kernels and pearl barley grains, compared with isolates from gorse. Low amounts of scirpentriol derivatives were also produced by both groups of isolates. No nivalenol and deoxynivalenol derivatives were detected in any of the culture extracts. A subset of isolates cultured on gorse and broom tissue produced only small amounts of T-2 tetraol derivatives relative to the amounts produced in grain cultures. Overall, isolates from broom were more aggressive towards both hosts than isolates from gorse, but the pathogenicity of isolates was not correlated with their capacity to produce large amounts of T-2 tetraol derivatives in culture. Two isolates from gorse were highly aggressive towards both weeds. These isolates offer prospects for the development of a safe bioherbicide that could target two major weeds in New Zealand, as trichothecenes were not detected from them at the higher concentrations.

Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Pythium ultimum in solid-state cultivation

The oleaginous fungus Pythium ultimum was cultivated on various solid substrates in order to achieve fungal oil enriched in the polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Cultivation parameters, such as incubation temperature and time, substrate composition, and moisture were optimized, so as to obtain as much as 3.5 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 2.6 mg arachidonic acid/g of wet substrate consisting of 28.5% pearled barley, 5.75% spent malt grains, 5.75% linseed oil, and 60% nutrient solution.

INFRARED HEATING of HULLESS and PEARLED BARLEY

Whole hulless and pearled barley were subjected to infrared heating (micronization) at moisture contents between 12.2% and 26.5% and surface temperatures of 105C to 150C. Infrared heat processing markedly affected the functional, structural and physical properties of the grains. Both micronizing temperature and initial grain moisture content had pronounced effects on these characteristics. the characteristics evaluated are bulk and particle densities, water absorption of whole kernel when soaked for 4 h and 24 h, flour water hydration capacity, protein solubility at pH of 2.0 to 12.0 and flour thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry. Infrared heating did not change the chemical constituents (starch, protein, total dietary fiber, ash and fat) of hulless and pearled barley.

Effect of barley incorporation in bread on its quality and glycemic responses in diabetics

Barley has emerged as a new source of dietary fibre with promising evidence of health benefits, viz. both hypoglycemic and cholesterolemic effects in vivo. In the present study, incorporation of both pearled and whole barley at varying levels (5 to 25%) on the quality characteristics of bread-including physical, rheological and sensory attributes were determined. Further, glycemic responses to, as well as satiety scores of barley containing breads were evaluated in diabetic (NIDDM) subjects. On the basis of key attributes, (viz. loaf volume, texture, taste and flavour), breads having 10% whole barley (WB) flour, or 15% pearled barley (PB) flour were found to be acceptable. Both WB and PB bread resulted in significantly lower postprandial blood glucose than standard white bread. Two hours after the test meal, both the experimental breads showed a higher satiety score than did the white bread. The results reveal that by incorporation of barley at suitable levels, it is possible to formulate breads that would cater to the therapeutic needs of various targeted population such as diabetics and persons suffering from coronary heart diseases or other disorders with impaired carbohydrate/lipid metabolism.

Slugging characteristics of group d particles in fluidized beds

AbstractPressure fluctuations within a bed of Type D particles (coarse sand, long grain rice, red spring wheat, 10 mm glass beads, pearl barley and whole peas) were measured at various bed heights. Analysis of the pressure fluctuation profiles leads to correlations that predict the minimum slugging velocity and slugging frequency, within experimental ranges. Results reveal that past correlations have little success in predicting the slugging characteristics for large particles. Particle shape plays an important role on the type of slug formed and therefore on the values of slugging frequency and minimum slugging velocity. Large particles with low sphericity formed wall slugs with high slugging frequencies and required the greatest amount of excess air to achieve slugging.

Biological activity of polyketide pigments produced by the fungus Monascus

The biological activity of the pigment extracts from Monascus purpureus included their antibiotic action not only against bacteria but also against some species of yeasts and filamentous fungi, as well as embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. These activities depended on the presence of the orange component (monascorubrin and rubropunctatin). The formation of these compounds was influenced by the composition of the culture medium and by cultivation of the fungus: when amino acids, peptides or proteins were available during cultivation, as in the case of solid‐state cultivation on rice, wheat or pearl barley or submerged cultivation with an organic nitrogen source, the bioactive compounds were converted into inactive complexes and, to a lesser extent, into purple pigments (monascorubramine and rubropunctamine) which retained some biological activity. The toxicity of the orange pigments may reside in the same reaction as their detoxication, i.e. in their binding to cellular NH‐groups.

The nutritive value and chemical composition of energy-rich by-products for ruminants

The nutritive value and chemical composition of 29 energy-rich by-products are reported. These comprised two samples of imported dried citrus pulp, one of UK-produced dried citrus pulp, eight of locust bean meal, two of maize gluten feed, one of pearled barley offal, eight of rice bran, two of soya bean hulls, four of molassed sugar beet feed and one of unmolassed sugar beet feed. The crude protein (CP) content of the feedstuffs ranged from 44 to 217 g kg −1 dry matter (DM), the lowest value being for locust bean meal and the highest for maize gluten feed. Total carbohydrates, calculated as the sum of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and starch contents, accounted for approximately 510–859 g kg −1 DM for all the feed types studied, and the highest value was found for rice bran, owing to a high starch content (219 g kg −1 DM). The digestible organic matter in the DM (DOMD) contents measured in vivo were all within the range 686–838 g kg −1, with the exception of rice bran and locust bean meal, which had much lower digestibilities (512 g kg −1 and 623 g kg −1, respectively). The metabolisable energy (ME) content of the feedstuffs varied over a relatively wide range (8.2–13.2 MJ kg −1 DM), the lowest value being for rice bran and the highest for UK-produced dried citrus pulp. The ME content of all the feedstuffs studied was predicted from a relationship with neutral detergent amylase-cellulase (NCD, g kg −1 DM) and acid ether extract (AEE, g kg −1 DM) as independent variables: ME = 0.0142NCD + 0.0262 AEE, rsd = 1.19.

Effect of Sodium on Seed Choice by Deer Mice, White-Footed Mice, and Hispid Cotton Rats

Effect of sodium content on seed use was tested for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), white-footed mice (P. leucopus), and hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) using sodium-enriched pearled barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare). Each trial included the choice of four types of barley seeds [ 1.6 (control), 4.8, 7.1, and 16.8 mg sodium/g seed]. Seed use by deer mice and whitefooted mice differed with sodium concentration but was not affected by locality (eastern versus central Kansas) or gender. In contrast, seed use by cotton rats was not influenced by sodium content and, although seed use differed between males and females (females tested were larger than the males), relative use of seed types was not affected by gender. Average sodium concentration of seeds used did not differ with locality or gender for either deer mice or white-footed mice, or among deer mice (6.6 mg/g), white-footed mice (5.6 mg/g), and cotton rats (6.2 mg/g). Mammalian herbivores, including ungulates (Dalke et al., 1965; Hebert and Cowan, 1971), lagomorphs (Smith, Latherland, and Myers, 1978), and arvicoline rodents (Christian, 1989; Hansson, 1990), periodically use mineral licks or eat sodium-rich materials. Laboratory tests also have shown a positive effect of sodium on food choice by small herbivorous rodents (Batzli, 1986). Further, use of sodium-soaked wooden pegs presented to free-living fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) and woodchucks (Marmota monax) demonstrated a positive sodium response by both of these sciurid rodents (Weeks and Kirkpatrick, 1978). We tested use of NaCl-rich foods by free-living deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), white-footed mice (P. leucopus), and hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Because one cannot determine which small, free-living species of rodent has fed on test materials placed in natural environments, we used a chamber, essentially a large live trap, in which test foods were SCorresponding author. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.163 on Wed, 21 Sep 2016 04:39:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 144 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE available to trapped rodents. Our objectives were to test for an effect of sodium content on food use by these small rodents and possible interspecific differences in food choice related to sodium content. We expected rodents to eat sodium-enriched seeds but not to maximize sodium intake by eating only our highest sodium-enriched seeds (a concentration several times greater than natural seeds). We also expected a greater sodium content in ingested seeds for the cotton rat, a herbivore, than deer mice and white-footed mice,

Long-term survival of microorganisms in frozen material from early Antarctic base camps at McMurdo Sound

Plate counts were made of bacteria surviving in materials from Shackleton's and Scott's camps from the first decade of this century. Several millions of bacteria per g of material were detected in samples of pony dung and lesser numbers in dried peas, pearl barley, chaff and straw. No coliforms had survived in the dung: apparent positives in the presumptive coliform counts proved to be sporing Bacillus spp. when tested in a confirmatory coliform test. Subsamples of the colonies growing on agar plates all proved to be either Bacillus spp. producing endospores or actinomycetes (Micromonospora spp.) with single spores along the hyphae.

Validation of an in vitro assay for predicting the amount of starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of humans

The aim of the present study was to validate an in vitro assay for quantifying resistant starch (RS) in foods against an in vivo model. The amount of starch escaping digestion in the small intestine of ileostomates was compared with that observed by using the in vitro assay. Subjects with ileostomies were fed five foods containing different types and amounts of RS (baked beans, pearl barley, cornflakes, and whole and ground rice). The total amount of starch escaping digestion and recovered in the effluent (ranging from 5.7% in baked beans to 0.7% in ground rice) was compared with results obtained by using the in vitro assay with an incubation time of 6 h. The assay was found to be a good qualitative predictor (r = 0.90, P < 0.05), but a poor quantitative predictor of RS amounts. Increasing the duration of incubation with alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase to 15 h resulted in a very close agreement between results from the in vitro technique and the in vivo model. These data indicate that for a variety of foods the in vitro assay produced an excellent estimate of starch escaping digestion in the small intestine of humans.

Decontamination ofFusarium mycotoxins, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone, in barley by the polishing process

Korean dehusked and unhusked barley naturally contaminated withFusarium mycotoxins were polished using a Satake Grain Testing Mill. The pearled barley and bran fractions with different degrees of polishing were analyzed for nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector, and for zearalenone (ZEN) by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. NIV was detected in all the pearled barley fractions, but DON and ZEN were not detected in ≥27 % pearled barley fractions from dehusked barley and ≥36% pearled barley fractions from unhusked barley. However, for all degrees of polishing, NIV, DON, and ZEN were detected in bran fractions. The levels of NIV, DON, and ZEN in the bran fractions increased several fold over the original barley. Polishing was effective in removing DON and ZEN from the naturally contaminated barley, but not NIV.

Rumen degradability In sacco of physically and chemically treated oat and barley grain

AbstractThe effects on rumen degradation of chemical and physical treatment of oats and barley were investigated by use of the in‐sacco technique. Whole oats (75% DM) were treated with 0, 30 and 50 g NaOH, 30 g NH3 or urea per kg DM. Three different strengths of NaOH (11, 22.5 and 45% w/v) were tested at the 30 g kg−1 DM level. Oat hulls and crushed, shelled‐crushed and shelled‐whole oats were also tested, with or without addition of NaOH. Whole barley was subjected to a pearling treatment, removing 7, 11 and 18% of the DM, mainly hulls. A part of the pearled barley was also steeped in cold water for 8 h. All pearled samples were reconstituted before in‐sacco incubations. Barley was also ‘clipped’ into pieces or crushed manually, using a hammer. All samples were incubated for variable amounts of time up to 24 h (48 h for oat hulls). Oat samples were analysed for DM, NDF, ADF and lignin and barley samples for DM, NDF and starch. To compare the effects on rumen pH and ammonia‐N, two rumen fistulated cows were fed 50% hay and either 50% whole NaOH‐treated oats (30 g NaOH kg−1 DM) or crushed oats.In‐sacco results showed that whole oats treated with 3 or 5% NaOH had 24 h DM degradation of 61% and 68%, respectively, compared with 7% for the untreated oats. Extra water additions with the NaOH had no significant effect. Shelled oats were degraded more (85%) at 24 h than whole oats treated with NaOH (max 68%). NH3 (30%) or urea (22%). Alkali treatment had no additional effect on the shelled oats. Crushing gave the most rapid degradation for both whole and shelled oats. However, treatment with NaOH after crushing reduced degradation. Only 10% DM of the hulls were degraded at 48 h, but treatment with 5% NaOH increased this value to 55%.In the rumen study, mean rumen pH was similar for both diets, but pH variation was smaller and ammonia level consistently higher after feeding NaOH‐treated oats.Increasing the pearling intensity of the barley improved starch disappearance at 24 h from 45% to 83%. Steeping further enhanced disappearance by an average of 10 percentage units. Clipping gave a degradation very similar to the highest pearling intensity.

Numerical evaluation of the grain quality of pearled barley by image analysis methods.

肉眼観察によっている食用大麦の精麦品質の評価方法を客観化するために,画像解析法による数量化を試みた.そのために,M.G.染色法によって染色された精麦粒の胚乳部(桃色)とそれ以外の縦溝,果種皮,糊粉層,胚芽部(青～黒色)とを区分し,全粒面積に対する青～黒色に染色される部分の割合を精麦程度評価の尺度とした.染色部位の区分は,画像解析法によって画像の濃淡を計測して行った.画像解析法による計測条件として,背景(白)から精麦粒を抽出する濃度値範囲を0-150,胚乳部以外の青～黒色に染色される部分を抽出する濃度値範囲を0-50,一画面上に取り込む粒数を60粒とすれば適切であることがわかった.この条件で,精麦程度評価基準サンプルの画像解析法による評価を行った結果,基準サンプルの階級と画像解析法による評価とはよく対応し,精麦程度を数量的に評価することが可能であることがわかった.さらに既に肉眼判定済みのサンプルについて画像解析法による評価を試みた結果,肉眼判定は必ずしも基準サンプルに忠実に基づいたものではないことがわかった.

The mechanism of action of barley toxin: a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein with RNA N-glycosidase activity.

In a previous report (Endo, Y. and Tsurugi, K. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8128-8130) it was shown that the RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin A-chain was responsible for the ability of this protein to inactivate eukaryotic ribosomes. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a similar mechanism was used by a ribosome-inactivating protein from pearled barley (barley toxin). Rat liver ribosomes were incubated either with ricin A-chain or barley toxin, and the rRNA was extracted and treated with acidic aniline to hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds rendered susceptible by removal of a purine or pyrimidine base. Evaluation of the rRNA by polyacrylamide/agarose electrophoresis disclosed two 28 S rRNA-derived fragments which differed in size from those generated by untreated (control) ribosomes. Sequencing of the smaller of these fragments confirmed that - as is the case for ricin A-chain - the aniline-sensitive site in barley toxin-treated ribosomes was between A and G in 28 S rRNA. We conclude that barley toxin inactivates ribosomes via a mechanism identical to that of ricin A-chain: enzymatic hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond at A of 28 S rRNA.

ヨクイニンを原料とする食酢中の抗腫よう活性

ヨクイニンを原料とする食酢中の抗腫よう活性

The effect of a raffinose diet and cooked legumes on various processes in the large bowel in the rat

Changes of pH, enzyme activity and microflora in the large bowel of the rat after feeding them various diets containing raffinose and leguminous seeds (soybean, peas and beans) have been studied. Feeding a 12% raffinose-containing diet as well as cooked leguminous seeds lowered pH. However, similar decrease of pH was observed after some other diets (for example, milk powder or raw pearl barley). Remarkable alpha-galactosidase activity in the large bowel of rats after legume diet has been observed whereas it was not noted in the small bowel. The source of alpha-galactosidase are probably bacteria of the large intestine content (Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus, Escherichia coli). No relationship between the isolated microflora and kind of a diet was observed.

Effect of Fungal Fermentation and Other Treatments on Nutritional Value of Waxy Barley Fed to Chicks

Unpearled and pearled waxy nude barley was subjected to water treatment, cooking, fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus, or beta-glucanase treatment. Grain products were incorporated into 23% protein diets and fed to broiler chicks, with a corn-soy diet as control. Fermentation of barley improved body weight gains over chicks fed untreated barley and controls, although not significantly so in two of three trials. Water or beta-glucanase treatment did not produce significantly different weight gains over untreated barley or control diets, although feed gain ratios tended to be improved. Excreta of chicks fed untreated barley were greater in total quantity and wetness over corn-soybean meal fed controls, while fermentation of barley resulted in feces weight and wetness similar to controls. Greater overall growth response was observed in chicks fed unpearled barley over those fed pearled barley. Fermentation appeared to improve performance more than beta-glucanase treatment.