Pearl Shells Research Articles

Diplomacy in the Villages

Abstract The aim of the article is to analyse how colonial diplomacy worked on a local level in a supposedly ‘marginal’ area, in an early modern setting. The VOC created a comprehensive diplomatic network which also involved the people of the Aru Islands in Southeastern Maluku, who were approached by the VOC after 1623 and who exported a range of valuable sea and forest products, such as birds of paradise, lorises, turtle-shell, pearl shells, trepang, and sagu. The efforts to create stable alliances with the villages were complicated by several factors, including the dualism between the Ulisiwa-Ulilima moieties; the rivalry between the VOC-influenced western and the fiercely autonomous eastern villages; the existence of pela alliances with other Malukan groups; and practical difficulties in maintaining VOC commercial monopolies. The article discusses the inception of diplomatic relations; the violent conflict that arose in the early phase of VOC domination; and the efforts to maintain stability using local negotiatory practices, which finally broke down in the 1780s.

Study, Investigation and Interpretation (The first four verses of Surat Al-Baqarah) Written by: Al-Fadil Al-Yamani in his Book (Pearl Shells in Al-Kashaf Intricacies' Solution)

قامت فكرة البحث على دراسة وتحقيق أول أربع آيات من سورة البقرة وكان الهدف الرئيس من البحث هو حل عقد وإشكالات في تفسير الكشاف، أما منهج الدراسة وطبيعتها فقد كان المنهج الوصفي للحياة الشخصية والعلمية للمؤلف، والمنهج الاستقرائي بالحصول على المخطوط ونسخه، وبيان مصادر المؤلف ومراجعه، وتمثلت محاور البحث الرئيسية في مقدمة ومبحثين وخاتمة، واستنتجت من ذلك بأن الفاضل اليمني قد أجاب في حاشيته على الكشاف عن كثير من الإشكالات، وردَّ على بعض الحواشي رداً علمياً يدل على مدى اطلاعه وغزارة علمه، وهو يدلل على ذلك من كلام العرب والشواهد الشعرية.

Korkai Novel’s Pearl Fishery

During the Sangam period, the people who lived in the Neythal region had fishing as their main occupation, however, those who lived near the seas rich in pearl shells were also involved in Pearl Fishery. It is detailed in the Sangam texts that two thousand years ago, the profession of Pearl Fishery was seen in ancient Tamil Nadu. The city of Korkai had the distinction of being the capital of the Pandya kingdom as it flourished in Pearl Fishery. The Paratavars, who had long had the right to Pearl Fishery, were invaded and subdued by the Mohammedans who usurped their right. In medieval history, the right to Pearl Fishery the Paratavars was completely usurped by foreign domination. Pearling is not an all-time business. You have to wait for the pearl growing season. The Paratavars refer to the giving of pearls by the term oyster. Silam is divided into profits and means funds from the sea. Produce of a single dive at a pearl fishery is the most important people involved in the pearling industry. Paratavars use mantras to avoid danger from ferocious sharks while kissing. These sorcerers are named sea lumps. It is known that pearls are divided into three types and these pearls are harvested in winter.

Characteristics of Calcium Oxide from Pearl Shells (Pinctada Maxima) based on Calcination Te

Pearl clam shell waste can be decomposed as a result of CaO compounds. CaO is a compound that can be applied in various fields such as biomaterials, electronics, agricultural industries, and others, for example as a source of biological calcium which plays a role in the growth and survival of shrimp, lobsters, and fish. This study aims to examine the effect of Calcination Temperature on calcium oxide (CaO) characteristics of pearl clam shells (Pinctada Maxima). The procedures carried out in this study include the preparation of pearl clam shells (pinctada maxima), the formation of Calcium Oxide (CaO) using the calcination method which is then continued with the characterization of the test sample. The CaO characteristics studied include CaO characteristics such as CaO compound content, powder size, powder density, bulk density and porosity. The results of measuring the CaO characteristics of pearl clam shells with variations in calcination temperature get an increase in calcination temperature resulting in the CaO yield value tending to decrease with an increase in CaO levels. Bulk density is not particularly affected by calcination temperature, but powder density tends to increase with temperature increase, whereas, porosity and particle size have smaller values. Interestingly, the values of density and porosity are inversely proportional which is closely related to empty cavities or pores formed as a result of differences in calcination temperature.

Pinctada Maxima Pearl Shells as a Promising Bone Graft Material in the World of Dentistry

BACKGROUND: Pinctada maxima pearl shell contains inorganic and organic materials that have a bone-like basic structure that facilitates bone remodeling. AIM: This study aimed to describe the effectiveness of Pinctada maxima pearl shells as bone graft material in the world of dentistry using an animal model. METHODS: Research uses Pinctada maxima pearl shell that was processed into hydroxyapatite Pinctada maxima (HPM) powder. Chemical and surface characteristics of HPM were performed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Thirty male guinea pigs were randomly assigned into three groups: Negative control (NC), positive control, and HPM. After 14–21 days of observation, guinea pigs were sacrificed. Bone formation was seen through immunohistochemical examination of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) expression. Data were analyzed through Shapiro wills and analysis of variance with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: There was a high expression of OPG and BMP2 on days 14–21 in the HPM group when compared to the NC group with a significance level of 5%. CONCLUSION: HPM powder can be used as a promising bone graft material in the world of dentistry.

The Effect of Drying Time of Pearl Shells (Pinctada penguin) on Nutrition and Mineral Quality in the Strait of Buton

Pearl shells were one of the mineral sources for ruminant and non-ruminant animal feed. Several studies on pearl shells present results of different nutritional and mineral content caused by several factors, including the geographical location of an area and the processing process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different drying times on the quality of the Nutrient and Mineral content of the Pinctada penguin shells in the Buton Strait. The research design used was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications, each replication consisting of 400 grams of Pinctada penguin. The research sample was dried at 1200C for 15, 30, and 45 minutes for each treatment. Then an analysis was carried out to see the levels of calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Protein, Fat, Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and Iodine (I). The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on RAL using the SPSS standard. If the treatment has a significant effect, further tests are carried out with the Duncan Multiple Range Test.

Nanostructure of carbonated hydroxyapatite precipitation extracted from pearl shells (Pinctada maxima) by pH treatment

Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) was successfully synthesized from pearl shells (Pinctada maxima) using the precipitation method with pH treatment variation. Based on the X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results, pH treatment caused the crystallographic properties of CHA to decrease. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data showed the characteristics of B-type CHA. The energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that CHA synthesized with a pH of 10 had the most significant carbonate content of 6.3 wt%. Based on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the morphology of CHA with a pH of 10 was the most agglomerated compared to the other samples.

GROWTH PATTERNS OF THE PEARL OYSTER Pinctada margaritifera IN NORTH SULAWESI WATERS

The pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) or black lip pearl oyster is a marinebivalves with important economic value. This Indo-Pacific species is found in abundance in the waters of North Sulawesi, but cultivation activities have not been optimized. Growth information is important for aquaculture activities because it is a useful indicator to determine the health of pearl oysters and environmental suitability (Moussa, 2013). The purpose of this study was to determine the growth pattern of P. margaritifera pearl shells in the waters of North Sulawesi. Species P. margaritifera were collected at a depth of 2-20 m in the waters of North Minahasa Bahoi, Arakan waters South Minahasa and Talengen waters Sangihe Islands, North Sulawesi Province. The morphometric parameters observed included shell length (PC), shell height (TC), shell thickness (tC), and total weight (BT). The relationship between length, height, shell thickness and total weight was analyzed by regression equation. Morphometric measurements of P. margaritifera showed average shell length (PC) of 95.26 mm (Arakan waters), 81.15 mm (Talengen waters) and 70.19 mm (Bahoi waters). The growth pattern of P. margaritifera in the waters of Bahoi, Arakan and Talengen, North Sulawesi Province was allometric negative. This means that the increase in length, height and thickness of the shell is faster than the total weight.

Demplot Budi Daya Lobster dan Kerang Mutiara secara Terintegrasi dalam Rangka Penguatan Kemitraan Masyarakat Lombok Utara

Integrated Community Partnership Program (PKM) activities of lobster and pearl shells with the aim of increasing marine aquaculture production through the application and development of integrated aquaculture technologies. In addition, this activity is expected to increase knowledge and skills in productive economic business activities. In addition, this activity is expected to increase knowledge and skills in productive economic business activities. The method of implementing PKM is the method of demonstration plot, where the target community groups play an active role at all stages of activities. Implementation of activities offered to support the realization of PKM activities with steps that have been mutually agreed upon include strengthening and socializing PKM activities, training, strengthening institutional management, demonstration plots of integrated system cultivation and coaching and mentoring. The results of PKM activities provide a positive value for the target community, with integrated aquaculture production of floating net cages (KJA) in the sea no longer relying on one commodity, but one KJA unit can produce two commodities namely lobster (Panulirus homarus) and pearl shells (Pinctada maxima). Thus the potential to provide additional income for the community from these two commodities. In addition, through this PKM activity, it is expected that the knowledge and skills of the target communities will increase in order to strengthen community partnerships.

Esterification of Waste Cooking Oil using Heterogeneous Catalyst from Pearl Shell

Biodiesel is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source. The process of using a homogeneous catalyst has several disadvantages, such as: removing a lot of waste water from washing the catalyst residue and cannot be reused. This catalyst is also low in corrosion and is more environmentally friendly. The purpose of this study was to study the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts from pearl shells applied to the cooking oil esterification reaction. The oil was then characterized by the XRD, XRF, SEM, and FTIR. The results of GCMS for reaction without catalysts yield only 27.07% by weight of alkyl ester, whereas using a catalyst is 93.4%. The influence of time, in the 60th minute, was the optimal time for the esterification reaction, and the effect of the weight of the catalyst which was 1% the optimal weight. This shows that pearl oyster shell catalyst can act as an esterification catalyst for used cooking oil and can be used as an alternative to a homogeneous catalyst substitute catalyst.

INVENTORY CONTROL PLANNING CRAFTS OF PEARL LEATHER SKIN IN THE CITY OF AMBON USING THE AGGREGATE METHOD

Maluku is an archipelago that is rich innatural products, especially the sea includingpearl shells. One small industry that is quitedeveloped in the city of Ambon is the handicraftindustry made from pearl shells. pearl shells areutilized and treated as crafts with high artisticvalue is one of the characteristics of the Malukuregion which is one of the souvenir choices thatis quite attractive to domestic and foreigntourists. Besides being consumed, shellfish alsoproduce pearls and are often made into jewelrysuch as necklaces, bracelets, rings and wallhangings and various accessories.Fluctuationsin demand from time to time cause the need forinventory planning by forecasting the needs ofthe future. Forecasting used is the Time SeriesMoving Average and Single ExponentialSmoothing.Based on the results of researchconducted can be seen that the biggest capitalabsorbers are pearl shells, profiles, velvet clothand glass. Forecasting with Moving Average(MA) = 4 months has the smallest error valuewith forecast results is 57 kg. With a total costof Rp. 5,156,847,779. The alternatives used inaggregate planning are a strategy with regularregular working days and an overtime strategy,which is 26 days / month, with a productioncapacity of 39 units of finished shell products.With a total cost of Rp. 243,650,000.

Potensi dan Arahan Pengembangan Kampung Wisata Bahari Berbasis Produk Unggulan Mutiara di Kelurahan Palabusa Kota Baubau

The integrating tourism development of mainstay sector, product diversification, and services is one of directions of developing the city of Baubau. One of models that is going to be promoted is a tourism village of pearl prime products based. This research was aimed at analyzing the potency and layout planning in the marine tourism village of pearl prime products-based in the Palabusa urban village. The collecting data methods were (1) survey regarding issues and problems of intensifying tourism of fishery resource use-based, (2) FGD with some stakeholders related to issues being studied, (3) verification and evaluation of gained field results. The potential natural resource then would be documented. The data analyzing method consisted of spatial analysis, tourism area of development analysis, and layout. The results of this research indicate that the spatial analysis of the potential coastal area for cultivating the pearl shells in the Palabusa urban village is about 61.23 hectares. Currently, the existing area of culture only reaches 22.22 consisting of 4.06 hectares belonging to local communities, and 18.16 hectares owning by PT Selat Buton. From the potential unutilized extent area, is assumed for 25% of use, this area can accommodate 138 units of floating culture 6×12 m. The results of area development layout cover the spaces for service area, buffer zone, aquaculture area, tourism/service area, circulating track, and historical conservation area. The developing model of tourism village in Palabusa encompasses aspects of economy and environment, community-based, and multi-stakeholder participation.

The Effect of pH on the Characteristics of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite Based on Pearl Shell (<i>Pinctada maxima</i>)

Carbonate Hydroxyapatite (CHAp) is one of biomaterial that can be synthesized from natural ingredients. CHAp has been successfully synthesized from pearl shells (Pinctada maxima) using the precipitation method. The pH of the synthesis process affects several characteristics of CHAp, including crystallinity, crystal size, morphology, and carbonate content. XRD data showed that CaO obtained from pearl shell powder through the calcination process. The highest crystallinity of CHAp occurs when the pH is 8, and the lowest is at pH 10. The size of the crystalline CHAp decreased when the pH increased. Based on SEM data, the morphology of CaO looks more tenuous than the morphology of CaCO3 due to CO2 release during the decomposition process. The magnitude of pH greatly influences the morphology of CHAp where morphology looks different for different pH. EDX data shows that CHAp has the highest carbonate content when pH 10 with a smaller Ca/P ratio when the carbonate content gets bigger.

The Effect of Stirring Time on The Characteristics of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite from Pearl Shells (Pinctada maxima)

Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) is hydroxyapatite (HAp) substituted by carbonate ions that has bioactivity because of their similarities to the natural bone. Pearl shells (Pinctada maxima) have been used as natural ingredients for the synthesis of B type CHAp using precipitation method with different stirring time (0 h, 2 h, and 4 h). The CHAp was characterized by using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The XRD results show the characteristics of B type CHAp from the position of the main peak and some diffraction plane, as well as from lattice constants a and c. The position of the main peak and plane (300) is above the position of pure HAp, plane (002) is below the position of pure HAp, and the lattice constants a are smaller than 9.418 Ǻ and c higher than 6.884. FTIR results showed that the main peak B type CHAp found at wavenumbers 874, 1450 and 1420 cm−1. According to the FTIR data, it can be concluded that stirring time variations was affecting the intensity of the functional group peaks. The smallest crystal deffect found in 2 h stirring sample based on the calculation of microstrain. SEM results indicated that CHAp morphology was affecting by stirring time. The morphology of CHAp tends to agglomerate for sample with 4 h stirring time.

Pharmaceutical Standardization and Physicochemical Characterization of Traditional Ayurvedic Marine Drug: Incinerated Conch Shell (Shankha Bhasma)

Natural resources such as plants, animals and minerals have always been used by mankind to develop drugs and marine world is no exception. Marine by-products like conches, pearls, mother of pearl shells, corals and so forth have been used by traditional Ayurvedic practitioners for centuries. The unique methods of these preparations are scientifically designed to eliminate unwanted impurities and convert them into bioavailable form. In this study, Conch (Xanchus pyrum) was used as a marine resource of calcium carbonate and was converted pharmaceutically from its aragonite form to calcite. All the steps of preparations and changes in the properties therein were documented and validated. Further, traditional as well as modern analytical tools were used to study its physical and chemical characters to develop a monograph. The physical characterization included particle size, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR). Metal composition and heavy metal limits were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES). This study revealed the rearrangement of aragonite crystals into calcite form by grinding, trituration with aloe vera juice and incineration under controlled conditions. Moreover, the finished product was found to be devoid of organic matrix that is nacre. This study creates a foundation for the development of a master formula for commonly used Shankha Bhasma in Ayurvedic medicines.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Kerang Mutiara (Pinctada Maxima) Sebagai Sumber Hidroksiapatit

Pearl shells (pinctada maxima) are the superior commodities in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The shellfish is utilized as a producer of pearls while the waste of pearl shells has not been widely used by the community. Main composition of fhe pearl shells is calcium. CaO content was tested using AAS and obtained CaO in shells as much as 52.23%. CaO is used as a source of hydroxyapatite (HAp). Shellfish powder is synthesized with H3PO4 compound. Synthesis is conducted by precipitation method. Synthesis results were analyzed utilizing XRD and FTIR. From the examination, HAp compounds were identified. Group of PO43, CO32, and OH are constituent groups of HAp compounds. Moreover, another calcium phosphate is formed namely TCP. This HAp compound has a maximum crystallinity of 78.33% at an angle of 77.18 °. The smallest HAp particle size at an angle of 31.92 ° is 1.4 μm. The degree of high crystallinity is influenced by high intensity and a wide FWHM. Meanwhile, the small molecule size is acquired on a wide FWHM with a small Bragg angle position.

Influence of ceria promoter on shell-powder-supported Pd catalyst for the complete oxidation of benzene

Pearl shells are the main waste of the pearl industry, which discards millions of tons of pearl shells each year in China. To date, the use of pearl shells in the complete oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has not been reported. In this paper, shell powder (SP) was used as a carrier for ceria and Pd catalysts for the complete oxidation of benzene. The influence of the ceria promoter on the texture/structure and catalytic performance of Pd/SP was investigated. The results show that adding ceria into the SP support increased the BET surface area and total pore volume and decreased the sinterability of SP. The catalytic activity and H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) results show that adding ceria can greatly improve the oxidation properties of Pd/SP catalysts and enhance the catalytic activity for the complete oxidation of benzene. The improvement in the catalytic activity is mainly due to the optimization of the catalyst texture/structure and redox properties by the strong interaction of Pd and ceria and the addition of ceria.

Preparation of Nano-Cu2O/Pearl Shell Composites for Treating Organic Dyes

Waste pearl shells were activated and used as carriers to prepare a nano-Cu 2 O/pearl shell composite photocatalyst by in situ hydrolysis. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrometer. Reactive red dye B-3G solutions were used as simulate wastewater to investigate the photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation. The loaded Cu 2 O particles had an average diameter of 16.8 nm, were oval in shape and have absorption bands in the UV and visible region similar to those of pure Cu 2 O particles. The nano-Cu 2 O/pearl shell composites had much higher photocatalytic activities than pure Cu 2 O. Over 98% of the B-3G solutes were decolorized by these composites under the conditions of pH = 6.0–12.0, reaction time = 90 min, and B-3G concentration ≤ 220 mg/L. The photocatalytic decolorization of B-3G followed pseudo-first order kinetics. The formation mechanism of the nano-Cu 2 O/pearl shell composites was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It involved the interaction and combination of Cu 2 O and CaO.

Supplementation with bio-calcium from shells Pinctada maxima in postmenopausal women with decreased mineral bone density: Pilot study

Treatment of osteoporosis, in addition to a specific antiresorptive or anabolic treatment, requires supplementation with calcium and vitamin D. Widespread cultivation of pearl shells has made pearls available for commercial use for a very reasonable price. The main chemical compound of pearls from shells Pinctada maxima is calcium-carbonate (CaCO3). Recently developed technologies applied in a micronisation process have provided increased gastrointestinal resorption of calcium, estimated at over 90% of calcium intake. The paper is aimed at monitoring of efficacy and tolerance of six-month bio-calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women with reduced bone mineral density. Group 1 (30 patients) received, three times a day, capsules of pearl powder from shells Pinctada maxima (it is equal to 260 mg of elementary calcium); group II (20 patients) received a daily dose of 500 mg inorganic CaCO3. Both groups received 666 IU of cholecalciferol per day. In all patients, bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine or hip, serum blood and urine levels of Ca, phosphates and alkaline phosphatase, were measured before and after six months of the treatment. Group I/Group II: average age 61.7/61.7 years; beginning of menopause: 48.32 /48 years; menopause duration 13.4/13.7 years; average body mass index 27.2/27 kg/m2. These two groups did not different significantly before supplementation. Six-month supplementation with CaCO3 of the biological origin led to the increase of BMD from 0.901 g/cm2 to 0.948 g/cm2 (p = 0.067), while BMD remained the same in the group supplemented with inorganic CaCO3 Gastrointestinal tolerability of bio-calcium was excellent, without any adverse events. These data could not strongly support the hypothesis of better efficacy of bio-calcium taking into account a small number of patients and a short follow-up period in this pilot study. Tolerance of CaCO3 of the biological origin was excellent and free of any adverse events. The results of laboratory values were within normal range.

Microstructure and Orientation Distribution of Aragonite Crystals in Nacreous Layer of Pearl Shells

The microstructure and orientation distribution of aragonite crystals in the nacreous layer of cultured Pteria penguin are investigated in this paper. Helical patterns formed by growth forefronts of the nacreous layer for good-quality shells are observed using a laser microscope, whereas no clear pattern is observed on the nacreous layer surfaces of bad-quality shells. The observed aragonite crystals are plate-shaped and hexagonal for both the good and bad-quality shells, in which the top and bottom faces are parallel to the (001) plane and the side faces are parallel to the {110} and (010) planes. The aragonite crystals in the nacreous layer of good-quality shells seem to be harmonically oriented along a crystallographic direction. These orientation distributions basically indicate that the (001) basal planes are parallel to the inner shell surface, and the [100] and [010] axes are oriented in almost the same direction, respectively. Some of the aragonite crystals are rotated about the c axis by approximately � 60 � from the basic orientation distribution. On the other hand, the aragonite crystals of bad-quality shells seem to be randomly oriented in the nacreous layer. These orientation distributions indicate that the (001) basal planes are parallel to the inner shell surface in a similar manner as those of good-quality shells, but their [100] and [010] axes are randomly oriented about the c axis. Therefore, it is considered that such different orientation distributions result in different qualities of pearls that are developed in the shells.