Peanut Production Research Articles

PERAN PENYULUH PERTANIAN DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI KACANG TANAH STUDI KASUS DI DESA GUNUNG SARI KECAMATAN GUNUNG SARI KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

Peanut production in Gunung Sari Village is still low when compared to production in West Lombok Regency. The existence of a touch of technology in the adoption of peanut farming technology does not necessarily increase production. For this reason, it is necessary to increase farmer resources through the role of extension workers in the development of peanut farming. The research conducted in Gunung Sari Village from February to April 2023, aims to determine the role of agricultural extension workers in efforts to increase peanut production in Gunung Sari Village, Gunung Sari District, West Lombok Regency. The number of respondents used was 24 people, which was carried out by census, where the entire population was taken as a sample. Data analysis used a Likert scale and then analyzed the role of extension workers based on 9 categories, namely: motivator, educator, catalyst, organizer, communicator, counselor, adviser, facilitator and evaluator. Based on descriptive analysis, with role analysis, it can be said that extension workers have played a role in increasing peanut production in Gunungsari Village, Gunungsari District, West Lombok Regency, with an average score of 65.89. Thus the extension worker plays a role as a motivator, educator, catalyst, communicator, counselor, facilitator, organizer, adviser and evaluator.

Approach for quick exploration of highly effective broad-spectrum biocontrol strains based on PO8 protein inhibition

Aflatoxin is a group of strongly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and other Aspergillus species, which caused food contamination and food loss problems widely across the world especially in developing countries, thus threatening human health and sustainable development. So, it is important to develop new, green, and broad-spectrum biocontrol technology for the prevention of aflatoxin contamination sources. Previously, we found that the PO8 protein from aflatoxigenic A. flavus could be used as a biomarker to predict aflatoxin production in peanuts (so the PO8 is named as an early warning molecule), which infers that the PO8 is relative to aflatoxin production. Therefore, in the study, based on inhibiting the PO8, a new and quick strategy for screening aflatoxin biocontrol strains for developing control agents was presented. With the PO8 inhibition method, four biocontrol strains (2 strains were isolated from peanut kernels with sterilized surface and another 2 strains from peanut rhizosphere soil) were selected and combined to increase prevention wide-spectrum. As a result, the combination showed over 90% inhibition to all tested aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolated from three different peanut production areas (north, middle, and south areas of China), and better than any single strain. The field experiments located in five provinces of China showed that the practice prevention effects (inhibition of aflatoxigenic fungi on the surface of the peanuts) were from 50% to over 80%. The results indicated that the strategy of inhibiting the early warning molecule PO8 can be used to develop aflatoxin control agents well.

Identification of QTL for kernel weight and size and analysis of the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) gene family in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Improving its yield is crucial for sustainable peanut production to meet increasing food and industrial requirements. Deciphering the genetic control underlying peanut kernel weight and size, which are essential components of peanut yield, would facilitate high-yield breeding. A high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based linkage map was constructed using a recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population derived from a cross between the variety Yuanza9102 and a germplasm accession wt09-0023. Kernel weight and size quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were co-localized to a 0.16 Mb interval on Arahy07 using inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM). Analysis of SNP, and Insertion or Deletion (INDEL) markers in the QTL interval revealed a gene encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) superfamily protein as a candidate closely linked with kernel weight and size in cultivated peanut. Examination of the PPR gene family indicated a high degree of collinearity of PPR genes between A. hypogaea and its diploid progenitors, Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis. The candidate PPR gene, Arahy.JX1V6X, displayed a constitutive expression pattern in developing seeds. These findings lay a foundation for further fine mapping of QTLs related to kernel weight and size, as well as validation of candidate genes in cultivated peanut.

Consumption of peanut products enhances the production of microbial phenolic metabolites related with memory and stress response: Results from the ARISTOTLE trial

Based on evidence demonstrating that gut microbiota can metabolize dietary polyphenols to more readily absorbable phenolic acids, this study aimed to evaluate the association of urinary microbial phenolic metabolites (MPMs) related to peanut intake with memory function and stress response. A total of 63 healthy young adults from a randomized controlled trial completed the intervention, consuming 25 g of skin roasted peanuts, 32 g of peanut butter, or 32 g of a control butter daily for six months. Cognition and mood were assessed using validated tests. Urinary cortisol was quantified by an enzymatic method and MPMs were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Lignans and hydroxybenzoic acids with significantly higher post-intervention levels were correlated with improved cognition and mood in peanut product consumers. These findings suggest that peanut and peanut butter consumption may contribute to the production of MPMs involved in the improvement of memory.

User-Centered Design and Evaluation of Clinical Decision Support to Improve Early Peanut Introduction: Formative Study.

Peanut allergy has recently become more prevalent. Peanut introduction recommendations have evolved from suggesting peanut avoidance until the age of 3 years to more recent guidelines encouraging early peanut introduction after the Learning Early about Peanut Allergy (LEAP) study in 2015. Guideline adherence is poor, leading to missed care opportunities. In this study, we aimed to develop a user-centered clinical decision support (CDS) tool to improve implementation of the most recent early peanut introduction guidelines in the primary care clinic setting. We edited the note template of the well-child check (WCC) visits at ages 4 and 6 months with CDS prompts and point-of-care education. Formative and summative usability testing were completed with pediatric residents in a simulated electronic health record (EHR). We estimated task completion rates and perceived usefulness of the CDS in summative testing, comparing a test EHR with and without the CDS. Formative usability testing with the residents provided qualitative data that led to improvements in the build for both the 4-month and 6-month WCC note templates. During summative usability testing, the CDS tool significantly improved discussion of early peanut introduction at the 4-month WCC visit compared to scenarios without the CDS tool (9/15, 60% with CDS and 0/15, 0% without CDS). All providers except one at the 4-month WCC scenario gave at least an adequate score for the ease of use of the CDS tool for the history of present illness and assessment and plan sections. During the summative usability testing with the 6-month WCC new build note template, providers more commonly provided comprehensive care once obtaining a patient history concerning for an immunoglobulin E-mediated peanut reaction by placing a referral to allergy/immunology (P=.48), prescribing an epinephrine auto-injector (P=.07), instructing on how to avoid peanut products (P<.001), and providing an emergency treatment plan (P=.003) with CDS guidance. All providers gave at least an adequate score for ease of use of the CDS tool in the after-visit summary. User-centered CDS improved application of early peanut introduction recommendations and comprehensive care for patients who have symptoms concerning for peanut allergy in a simulation.

Resilient and sustainable production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in phosphorus-limited environment by using exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid to sustain photosynthesis

Globally, many low to medium yielding peanut fields have the potential for further yield improvement. Low phosphorus (P) limitation is one of the significant factors curtailing Arachis hypogaea productivity in many regions. In order to demonstrate the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on peanuts growing under P deficiency, we used a pot-based experiment to examine the effects of exogenous GABA on alleviating P deficiency-induced physiological changes and growth inhibition in peanuts. The key physiological parameters examined were foliar gas exchange, photochemical efficiency, proton motive force, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase activity of peanuts under cultivation with low P (LP, 0.5 mM P) and control conditions. During low P, the cyclic electron flow (CEF) maintained the high proton gradient (∆pH) induced by low ATP synthetic activity. Applying GABA during low P conditions stimulated CEF and reduced the concomitant ROS generation and thereby protecting the foliar photosystem II (PSII) from photoinhibition. Specifically, GABA enhanced the rate of electronic transmission of PSII (ETRII) by pausing the photoprotection mechanisms including non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and ∆pH regulation. Thus, GABA was shown to be effective in restoring peanut growth when encountering P deficiency. Exogenous GABA alleviated two symptoms (increased root-shoot ratio and photoinhibition) of P-deficient peanuts. This is possibly the first report of using exogenous GABA to restore photosynthesis and growth under low P availability. Therefore, foliar applications of GABA could be a simple, safe and effective approach to overcome low yield imposed by limited P resources (low P in soils or P-fertilizers are unavailable) for sustainable peanut cultivation and especially in low to medium yielding fields.

Application of plant-based proteins for fortification of oat yogurt storage stability and bioactivity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the addition of plant-based peanut protein isolate (PNP) and commercial pea protein (CPP) on the quality of oat yogurt (OY). PNP and CPP were partially characterized for techno-functional properties. PNP had higher solubility (acidic and basic regions) and emulsifying activity than CPP. The water absorption capacity of CPP is significantly (p<0.05) higher than PNP. Amino acid profiles of PNP and CPP were promising for the nutritional enhancement of OYs. OYs with PNP or CPP (0.5, 1, 2% w/v) were stored for 21 days and compared to the control group with no protein. On the 21st day of storage, (i) PNP- or CPP-added OYs were found to be comparable to the control with respect to post-acidification and viscosity, (ii) syneresis was more evident in PNP-added OYs than in CPP-added ones, (iii) total color change of 1% CPP-added OY was equal to the control, and (iv) hardnesses of control, 2% PNP, and 2% CPP-added OYs were 0.29±0.00, 0.39±0.01, and 0.45±0.00N, respectively. No adverse sensory effects were detected for CPP or PNP addition. Both proteins increased the total phenolic, soluble protein, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and α-glucosidase inhibition activity of oat milk and OYs, with PNP superior to CPP overall. Compared to oat milk, the fermentation process increased ACE inhibition activity in in vitro digested samples, whereas it reduced digested yogurts' antioxidant activity. Utilization of PNP in OY can solve the waste problem of peanut producers and the texture problem of the OY producers while formulating a functional product. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Plant-based (PB) yogurts have a growing consumer demand. The low-protein content of PB yogurts results in low acceptance with respect to their undesirable textural and sensorial attributes. This study provided a technical basis for the PB yogurt manufacturers focusing on the addition of commercial pea protein and isolated peanut protein into oat yogurt formulation without any thickeners or flavors. In vitro digestion of protein-added oat milk and oat yogurts showed the benefits of fermentation on bioactivity to the consumers.

Investigation on growth and development of 42 kDa chitinase transgenic peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar L14 under in vivo condition

The purpose of this study was to assess the growth and development of chitinase transgenic peanuts against phytopathogenic fungi including lines WTA-2 containing the Chi42 gene, S1A-15 containing the syncodChi42-1 gene and S2A-12 containing the syncodChi42-2 gene. The present results show that the peanut lines containing two optimized genes derived from the Chi42 wild-type gene of Trichoderma asperellum SH16, S1A-15 (syncodChi42-1) and S2A-12 (syncodChi42-2) seemed to grow stronger and produce a higher number of mature pods, weight of 100 pods and weight of 100 seeds than line WAT-2 with the Chi42 gene and non-transgenic control. Moreover, lines S1A-15 and S2A-12 also resulted in higher seed quality in terms of lipid and protein content than in comparison to the WTA-2 line and the control. These findings suggest that chitinase transgenic peanuts containing one of two synthetic genes in peanut roots could be a promising candidate for peanut production against phytopathogenic fungi.

A Dosis Pupuk Mashitam Dan Pupuk Petro Biofertil Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Tanaman Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogeae L.) Varietas Jerapah

Peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.) is a legume plant that has high nutritional value. In Indonesia, peanuts as a food source have the potential to be developed. The problem in the peanut farming business is that its production is still low. One of the efforts to increase peanut production is by proper fertilization. The continuous use of inorganic fertilizers causes land damage, so it is necessary to implement a sustainable agricultural system. The use of Mashitam organic fertilizer combined with Petro Biofertil biofertilizer is expected to increase peanut production and can be an alternative in reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers. This study aims to explain the effect of giving a dose of organic Mashitam and Petro Biofertil biofertilizers on the growth and production of peanuts. This study used a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is the dose of Mashitam fertilizer with 3 levels, namely 300 kg/ha; 400 kg/ha; 500 kg/ha and the second factor is the dosage of Petro Biofertil fertilizer with 4 levels, namely 50 kg/ha; 75 kg/ha; 100 kg/ha; and 125 kg/ha which was repeated 3 times. The results of this study showed that there was a significant interaction in the treatment of giving Mashitam fertilizer and Petro Biofertil fertilizer on the variables: dry weight of 100 peanuts, after the DMRT 5% test showed that the treatment that had the highest average was M2P2 (Masitam fertilizer 400 kg/ha and Petro Biofertil fertilizer 75 kg/ha), while the efficient treatment is M1P3 (Mashitam fertilizer 300 kg/ha and Petro Biofertil fertilizer 100 kg/ha). In the single treatment, the dosage of Mashitam and Petro Biofertil fertilizers on the observed variables of plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and fresh weight of pods/plant samples at all observation ages showed no significant difference after further testing with the 5% BNT test.&#x0D; Keywords: Peanut, Petro Biofertil Biofertilizer, Mashitam Organic Fertilizer

Bioactivity and Control Efficacy of Benzovindiflupyr Against Athelia rolfsii in China.

Athelia rolfsii is a devastating soilborne pathogen that causes stem rot of peanut and severely restricts peanut production. The new generation of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide benzovindiflupyr has been registered in the United States and Brazil for managing multiple plant diseases. However, it is not registered in China to control peanut stem rot. In this study, 246 isolates from major peanut production areas in Shandong, Henan, and Hebei Provinces of China were used to determine the baseline sensitivity of A. rolfsii to benzovindiflupyr. The frequency of EC50 values of benzovindiflupyr was unimodally distributed with an average EC50 of 0.12 ± 0.05 mg/liter and a range of 0.01 to 0.57 mg/liter. Benzovindiflupyr can also strongly inhibit the germination of sclerotia, with an average EC50 of 2.38 ± 1.04 mg/liter (n = 23). In addition, benzovindiflupyr exhibited great in vivo efficacy against A. rolfsii; the protective or curative efficacy (89.87%, 20.39%) of benzovindiflupyr at a concentration of 50 mg/liter was equivalent to that of the control fungicide thifluzamide at 100 mg/liter (86.39%, 16.21%). At the same concentration (e.g., 100 mg/liter), the protective efficacy (93.99%) of benzovindiflupyr was more than twice as high as the curative efficacy (45.07%). A positive correlation existed between benzovindiflupyr and isopyrazam or mefentrifluconazole, which possibly resulted from similar chemical structures or damage to the cell membrane. Our findings provide valuable information for the application of benzovindiflupyr, and the established baseline sensitivity could facilitate the monitoring and assessment of benzovindiflupyr resistance risk.

Potensi Pengolahan Produk Kacang Tanah Organik di Desa Cerme, Kapanewon Panjatan, Kabupaten Kulon Progo

Community Service Program is an action taken by students to go directly to the community in implementing the Tri Dharma of Higher Education. The activities carried out are in the form of community service and counseling involving students, lecturers, and the community. This Community Service Program has the aim of increasing knowledge, feeling, and social awareness by providing advice and services at the location of the KKN implementation. With the Real Work Lecture, it is hoped that every student will implement the knowledge they have learned during their studies at the university. The purpose of writing this journal is to explain the village's potential program, namely in developing processed peanut products. This product is later expected to increase income for Cerme Village residents, provide education about the benefits of peanuts, provide additional knowledge about profits, profits, and gross profit in managing product sales. The COVID-19 pandemic is also not an obstacle because digital marketing can work and actually increases the marketing reach for these products.

Balanced Fertilization for Sustainable Yield and Quality of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Sandy Soil of Central Vietnam

Background: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plays an important role in cropping systems with sandy soil. However, studies on peanut cultivation in sandy soil of Binh Dinh province, Central Vietnam are still limited due to imbalanced fertilizer use. Methods: The present study compared two different fertilizer combinations including (T1) Control (Farmers’ practice): 24 kg N (urea) + 74 kg P2O5 (Thermophosphate) + 84 kg K2O (KCl) + 100 kg NPK (16 - 16 - 8 - 13S) ha-1 and (T2) 40 kg N (urea) + 90 kg P2O5 (Thermophosphate) + 90 kg K2O (K2SO4) based on 8 tons of cattle manure + 500 kg lime ha-1 on peanut yield, quality and some physico-chemical properties of the sandy soil. All treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with 3 replicates in Cat Hanh and Cat Hiep communes, Phu Cat district, Binh Dinh province. Results: The results showed that the application of fertilizer combination including potassium and sulfur increased peanut yield (4.35 - 4.48 tons/ha), protein content (24.4%), lipid (52.5 - 52.8%), and improved some soil physico-chemical properties (N 9.09% and P2O5 11.04%). Thus, balanced fertilizer application including 8 tons of cattle manure + 40 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 90 kg K2O (K2SO4) + 500 kg of lime ha-1 can be recommended for the best peanut production in sandy soil of Central Vietnam.

Spectral Detection of Peanut Southern Blight Severity Based on Continuous Wavelet Transform and Machine Learning

Peanut southern blight has a severe impact on peanut production and is one of the most devastating soil-borne fungal diseases. We conducted a hyperspectral analysis of the spectral responses of plants to peanut southern blight to provide theoretical support for detecting the severity of the disease via remote sensing. In this study, we collected leaf-level spectral data during the winter of 2021 and the spring of 2022 in a greenhouse laboratory. We explored the spectral response mechanisms of diseased peanut leaves and developed a method for assessing the severity of peanut southern blight disease by comparing the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with traditional spectral indices and incorporating machine learning techniques. The results showed that the SVM model performed best and was able to effectively detect the severity of peanut southern blight when using CWT (WF770~780, 5) as an input feature. The overall accuracy (OA) of the modeling dataset was 91.8% and the kappa coefficient was 0.88. For the validation dataset, the OA was 90.5% and the kappa coefficient was 0.87. These findings highlight the potential of this CWT-based method for accurately assessing the severity of peanut southern blight.

Increasing Calcium and Decreasing Nitrogen Fertilizers Improves Peanut Growth and Productivity by Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency and Nutrient Accumulation in Acidic Red Soil

Increasing Calcium and Decreasing Nitrogen Fertilizers Improves Peanut Growth and Productivity by Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency and Nutrient Accumulation in Acidic Red Soil

Response of peanut quality and yield to chicken manure combined with Rhizobium inoculation in sandy soil

Chemical fertilizers, which contain a nitrogen (N) element, has been intensively used to increase the peanut productivity. However, the unstable and high cost of N fertilizer, and the great demand for N fertilizer sources have strongly increased the strategical plan of nitrogen fixation (NF). Therefore, the field research was carried out to appraise the ability of Rhizobium sp. trains and chicken manure (CM) on the quality and yield of peanuts. This research has four ratios, which valued from 0.0, 2.0, 4.0 to 6.0 t CM per ha in the combination with the Rhizobium sp. inoculum, expect control treatment (without CM and Rhizobium sp.). Different rates of CM combined with Rhizobium sp. inoculation was added by using 6.0 tons CM/ ha, which had number of the highest peanut nodules. Research results observed that the inoculant of Rhizobium sp. strain combined with CM remarkably increased the yield components per plant such as biomass, number of nodules, weight of dry nodules, weight of fill and empty pods and fresh yield of groundnut. The highest yield and quality of peanut (7.60 t/ha), oil % (50.6%), seed protein percentage (26.8%), as well as NPK content in seed (4.32, 0.912 and 0.999%, respectively) were obtained under the application of NPK+6.0 t CM/ha+ Rhizobium sp. inoculation. Co-application of 6t CM/ha and Rhizobium sp. inoculation increased by 20.5% when compared without CM application and no Rhizobium sp. inoculation. The study showed that both possibility of nitrogen fixation of peanut and nitrogen uptake of the sandy soil were raised by field inoculant with effectiveness of Rhizobium sp. with animal manure application. In really, Rhizobium sp. inoculation and CM proved a great method to increase soil nutrients for subsequent crops and it helped to enhance the taking of nitrogen from the air into the crop soil.

No impact of repeated digital advisory service to Haitian peanut producers

Abstract Digital farm advisory services can be a cost-effective way to provide relevant information to smallholders in developing countries. Information provision has been shown to generate positive impacts on agricultural practices and farmers’ income across various settings. We conducted a pre-registered randomized control trial among peanut farmers in Haiti to evaluate the impact of short text messages. We administered two waves of digital information provision and follow-up surveys. Results suggest no measurable impact of digital information delivery on agricultural knowledge, practice adoption, or productivity. We discuss internal and external validity of these findings and derive recommendations for future interventions.

Increased Growth and Yield of Peanuts (Arachis Hypogaea L.) with Tillage and Liquid Organic Fertilizer Fish Waste.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food commodity in Indonesia. The low production of peanuts in Riau Province has not been able to meet the people's need for peanuts. According to the Riau Province Food Crops Service (2022) the need for peanuts in Riau Province in 2019 is 8,516 tons, in 2020 the need for peanuts is 7,390 tons, and in 2021 the need for peanuts is 6,474 tons. This study aims to determine the effect and interaction between tillage and the application of fish waste liquid organic fertilizer (POC) and the single factor of both the growth and production of peanut plants and to get the best combination. The research was conducted using a split-plot design. The first factor as the main plot is tillage consisting of three levels, namely without tillage, minimum tillage, and maximum tillage. The second factor as a subplot was POC concentration consisting of four levels, without POC fish waste, 25% POC fish waste (250 ml POC + 750 ml water), 50% POC fish waste (500 ml POC + 500 ml water), and 50 % POC waste fish 75% (POC 750 ml + water 250 ml). Parameters observed included plant height, number of primary branches, flowering age, harvest age, number of pods, number of filled pods, seed production per plant, and weight of 100 seeds. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level using the SAS application. The results showed that the interaction of tillage and POC fish waste affected increasing plant height, number of primary branches, number of pods, number of filled pods, seed production per plant, and weight of 100 seeds.

Effect of microbial agent ARC-BBBE demonstration application on peanut production in the Huang-huai-hai area of China

The microbial agent ARC-BBBE demonstration trials were conducted in four provinces in the main peanut-producing areas of the Huang-huai-hai plain of China. The results revealed that the application of ARC-BBBE led to a 1.09–1.70 fold increase in the number of nodules in the treatment group at the demonstration site compared to the control group. Moreover, the nodule weight in the treatment group was 0.80–3.32 times higher than that of the control group, and nitrogenase activity per plant showed a significant enhancement by 1.00–2.83 fold compared to controls. Additionally, notable improvements were observed in terms of increased fresh weight of whole plants, well-filled pod numbers, and enhanced growth performance; ultimately resulting in a harvest yield increase ranging from 9.46% to 49.04%.The abundance of Aspergillus flavus in rhizosphere soil was determined by the dilution spread plate method, and the inhibition rate was up to 86.7%. The application of ARC-BBBE in the significant peanut-producing areas of Huang-huai-hai has effects of promoting growth, nodulation, and increasing production. At the same time, it has the effect of inhibiting and controlling soil Aspergillus flavus, which provides a new green and low-carbon way to promote the high-quality development of the peanut industry.

Increasing Growth and Yield of Peanuts with Various Types and Dosages of Organic Fertilizer in Dry Land

Dry land is very potential to be developed into agricultural land, one of which is planting peanuts, although it has constraints such as low pH and low soil fertility. Efforts can be made to improve soil fertility by applying organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizers are expected to improve the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties and provide nutrients that peanut plants need. This research aims to obtain the right organic fertilizer type and dosage to increase peanut production. This research was conducted in farmers' fields in Margo Bhakti Village, Block C unit II, Mesuji District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency (OKI) from March to June 2021. The layout in the field used a factorial RAK design with 9 treatment combinations repeated 3 x. Type of Organic Fertilizer: cow manure organic fertilizer, chicken manure organic fertilizer, biofertilizer. Dosage of organic fertilizer: 200 kg/ha, 400 kg/ha, 600 kg/ha. The heaviest pod weight was achieved in the combination of biofertilizer treatment at the dosage of 400 kg/ha at 89.67 g/plant or 6.97 kg/plot and increased production by 109.31% when compared to cow manure organic fertilizer at the rate of 200 kg/ha.

Volatile Compound Profiles of Raw and Roasted Peanut Seeds of the Runner and Virginia Market-types

The unique flavor of peanuts that develops during roasting is the primary driving force for the consumption of peanut products. Although rarely consumed raw, the raw state of the peanut contains the precursors involved in the transformations that lead to the distinct flavor development in roasted peanuts. Volatile compounds extracted from the headspace above raw and roasted peanut samples of the runner and virginia market types by solid phase microextraction were characterized using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The roasting treatment and peanut market-type each had a significant impact on the types and concentrations of small molecular weight compounds found. Among 361 sample components detected, 290 compounds were found to be significantly different between the raw and roasted treatments (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The roasted samples contained pyrazines, pyrroles, thiazoles, and furans. Alcohols were the primary compounds found in the raw peanut samples. Additionally, 107 compounds were found to differ significantly between roasted runner and virginia-type peanuts. Virginia-type peanuts contained higher levels of linoleic acid oxidation products, such as 2-octenal, hexanal, and 1-octen-3-one. More significant distinctions in volatile compounds were recognized between runner and virginia market types than previously observed. In total, this study reported 119 volatile compounds that have not previously been reported in roasted peanuts, including 11 furans, seven pyrroles, five pyridines, and 12 pyrazines.