Peanut Hulls Research Articles

Exploring the Potential of Two Bacterial Consortia to Degrade Cellulosic Biomass for Biotechnological Applications.

This paper outlines two cellulolytic bacterial consortia named SCS and SCB, isolated from soil samples of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) crop field, and a sugarcane bagasse deposit in an ethanol mill. Both consortia were able to grow on different carbon sources, such as sugarcane bagasse, corn husk, peanut hulls, and carboxymethylcellulose, releasing up to 11.90µmol/mL and 15.23µmol/mL of glucose for SCS and SCB, respectively. In addition, SCS and SCB have several strains capable of producing cellulase, amylase, lipase, and protease. Whole genome sequencing of the SCS consortium revealed that Burkholderia was the most prevalent genus, encompassing approximately 80% of the consortia. In addition, metagenome analysis allowed the identification of genes encoding enzymes related to starch and cellulose degradation, as well as enzymes related to lipases and proteases, confirming our initial findings. The results showed that SCS and SCB had the capability to degrade cellulose, and that they were an efficient source of enzyme production, which would provide a new choice for use in different biotechnological applications.

Removal of Nickel from Aqueous solutions Using Magnetic Nanocomposite synthesised with Agricultural Waste

ABSTRACT In this study, a magnetic new nanocomposite was synthesised using an agricultural waste (peanut hull), iron (II) sulphate and iron (III) chloride by co-precipitation method. The structure of magnetic nanocomposite was illuminated with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy techniques; thermogravimetric and Brunauer-Emmett-Wires analysis. Effects of different ambient conditions such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dose and initial nickel concentration on removal of nickel ions were investigated. 82.8% nickel removal efficiency was achieved for 200 mL reactor volume including 10 mg/L initial nickel concentration at 25°C constant ambient temperature. According to the results of batch experiments, second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model was found to be compatible with datas. Nickel removal using magnetic nanoparticle synthesised with agricultural waste is a promising method because of low cost, separation simplicity and efficiency adsorbent.

Adsorption of Copper (II) from Aqueous Solution by Using Carbonized Peanut Hull: Determination of the Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters

In this study, the effect of temperature, pH, initial metal concentration and adsorbent dosage on Cu(II) adsorption onto carbonized peanut hull (PHC) was investigated. Activated carbon was prepared from peanut hull. It was produced by carbonization in carbon diokside atmosphere at 500 °C for 1.0 h. The maximum Cu (II) adsorption capacity was obtained as 168.16 mg/g for 500 mg/L initial Cu (II) at pH = 4.0 and 60 °C. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium. The best interpretation for the experimental data was given by the Freundlich isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained. Batch adsorption models, based on the assumption of the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order mechanism, were applied to examine the kinetics of the adsorption. Kinetic data fitted the pseudo-second kinetic order model. Thermodynamic functions, the change of free energy (Go), enthalpy (Ho) and entropy (So) of copper adsorption on PHC were calculated as -23.21 kjmol-1 (at 60 oC), 15.94 kjmol-1 and 117.59 kjmol-1 K-1, respectively, indicating the spontaneous, endothermic and the increased randomness nature of Cu2+ adsorption. The results show that adsorption of Cu (II) on PHC is an.

Mutagenicity- and pollutant-emission factors of pellet-fueled gasifier cookstoves: Comparison with other combustion sources

Emissions from solid-fuel burning cookstoves are associated with 3 to 4 million premature deaths annually and contribute significantly to impacts on climate. Pellet-fueled gasifier stoves have some emission factors (EFs) approaching those of gas-fuel (liquid petroleum gas) stoves; however, their emissions have not been evaluated for biological effects. Here we used a new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) testing protocol to determine pollutant- and mutagenicity-EFs for a stove designed for pellet fuel, the Mimi Moto, and for two other forced-draft stoves, Xunda and Philips HD4012, burning pellets of hardwood or peanut hulls. The Salmonella assay-based mutagenicity-EFs (revertants/megajouledelivered) spanned three orders of magnitude and correlated highly (r = 0.99; n = 5) with EFs of the sum of 32 particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Mimi Moto/hardwood pellet combination had total-PAH- and mutagenicity-EFs 99.2 and 96.6% lower, respectively, compared to data published previously for the Philips stove burning non-pelletized hardwood, and 100 and 99.8% lower, respectively, compared to those of a wood-fueled three-stone fire. The Xunda burning peanut hull pellets had the highest fuel energy-based mutagenicity-EF (revertants/megajoulethermal) of the pellet stove/fuel combinations tested, which was between that of diesel exhaust, a known human carcinogen, and a natural-draft wood stove. Although the Mimi Moto burning hardwood pellets had the lowest fuel energy-based mutagenicity-EF, this value was between that of utility coal and utility wood boilers. This advanced stove/fuel combination has the potential to greatly reduce emissions in contrast to a traditional stove, but adequate ventilation is required to approach acceptable levels of indoor air quality.

Combined treatment of nut by-product extracts and peracetic acid against Listeria monocytogenes on red mustard and kale leaves

In this study, the antibacterial activities of nut by-product extracts (NBE), such as peanut skin or hull and walnut shell, against Listeria monocytogenes were examined. The applicability of a combined treatment using NBE and peracetic acid (PAA) for washing fresh-cut red mustard and kale leaves was also evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration tests indicated antimicrobial activities of NBE against L. monocytogenes. In addition, intracellular compound leakage and scanning electron microscopy images revealed that NBE caused bacterial cell death by disrupting cell wall and membrane permeability. Antibacterial activities against L. monocytogenes on red mustard and kale leaves established the effectiveness of an NBE treatment combined with PAA regardless of the fresh-cut produce type. In particular, the combination of 0.1% peanut skin extract and 80 mg/L PAA showed 1.6–1.9 log reductions in L. monocytogenes populations on vegetable leaves compared to water washing, showing higher microbial reduction than 200 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite washing. Furthermore, the combined treatment did not change the physicochemical properties of red mustard and kale leaves during storage. These results suggest that NBE is a good antimicrobial agent against L. monocytogenes and that a combined washing treatment with PAA is potentially efficient for disinfecting fresh-cut vegetables.

CONGO RED REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ADSORPTION ON PEANUT HULL

Congo red is one of the anionic diazo dyes and is widely used in the dying process for many industries. Industries such as textile, leather, paper, rubber, plastics and cosmetics are used the congo red dye. In this study, removal of congo red from aqueous solutions by adsorption on peanut hull was explored. The effects of several parameters like contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent amount, particle size and temperature were researched. A kinetic study was also performed. Adsorption rate increases up to 60mg/L initial concentration and then decreases. 60mg/L may be considered as an optimum initial concentration in the initial concentration range studied. The removal of congo red increases with increasing absorbent amount. The removal of congo red decreases with increasing adsorbent particle size and temperature as well. The adsorption equilibriums were reached at about 60min. Adsorption kinetics of congo red on the peanut hull followed by pseudo second - order kinetic model.

Organic mulching positively regulates the soil microbial communities and ecosystem functions in tea plantation

BackgroundDifferent mulches have variable effects on soil physicochemical characteristics, bacterial and fungal communities and ecosystem functions. However, the information about soil microbial diversity, community structure and ecosystem function in tea plantation under different mulching patterns was limited. In this study, we investigated bacterial and fungal communities of tea plantation soils under polyethylene film and peanut hull mulching using high-throughput 16S rRNA and ITS rDNA gene Illumina sequencing.ResultsThe results showed that the dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi, and the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota and Basidiomycota in all samples, but different mulching patterns affected the distribution of microbial communities. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Nitrospirae in peanut hull mulching soils (3.24%) was significantly higher than that in polyethylene film mulching soils (1.21%) in bacterial communities, and the relative abundances of Mortierellomycota and Basidiomycota in peanut hull mulching soils (33.72, 21.93%) was significantly higher than that in polyethylene film mulching soils (14.88, 6.53%) in fungal communities. Peanut hull mulching increased the diversity of fungal communities in 0–20 cm soils and the diversity of bacterial communities in 20–40 cm soils. At the microbial functional level, there was an enrichment of bacterial functional features, including amino acid transport and metabolism and energy production and conversion, and there was an enrichment of fungal functional features, including undefined saprotrophs, plant pathogens and soils aprotrophs.ConclusionsUnique distributions of bacterial and fungal communities were observed in soils under organic mulching. Thus, we believe that the organic mulching has a positive regulatory effect on the soil bacterial and fungal communities and ecosystem functions, and so, is more suitable for tea plantation.

Adsorption of Cibacron Yellow F-4G dye onto activated carbons obtained from peanut hull and rice husk: kinetics and equilibrium studies

The use of biomass residues from agricultural processes for the production of cheap and competitive activated carbon (AC) is an excellent option to minimize the costs of existing procedures to remove dyes from wastewater. In this study, the potential use of AC obtained from peanut hulls and rice husks for adsorption of Cibacron Yellow F-4G (CYF-4G) is examined. The activated peanut hull (PHAC) and rice husk (RHAC) were characterized by TGA, FTIR, BET and elemental analysis. The effects of different process variables as well as the dose of adsorbent, dye concentration and pH were evaluated. A decrease in amount of dye adsorbed per unit adsorbent mass was observed when increasing CYF-4G concentration. The results showed an optimal dye adsorption value at a pH of 2.0. The adsorption kinetics of CYF-4G are governed by the pseudo-second-order model. In addition, adsorption fits the Langmuir isotherm better than Freundlich’s. Adsorption capacities of AC prepared from agricultural waste show that PHAC performs better than RHAC to remove CYF-4G.

Uptake, translocation and accumulation of 14C-triclosan in soil-peanut plant system

Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent that is ubiquitously present in water, biosolids and soil. Current agricultural practices, such as irrigation with treated wastewater and soil amendment with biosolids, often cause further triclosan contamination in agricultural fields. However, the fate and crop uptake of triclosan in agrofood systems and related human exposure are still not fully understood. In the present study, 14C-triclosan was used to trace the fate and distribution of triclosan in a soil-peanut plant system. 14C-triclosan in the system maintained an excellent mass balance ranging from 92.5% to 102.7%. 14C-triclosan uptake from soil to peanut plants at the harvest stage (120 d) was only 1.02 ± 0.17% of the applied 14C. The bioconcentration factors in different tissues followed the order of roots > stems > leaves > fruits. The concentration of 14C-triclosan in peanut fruits was 0.76–0.84 μg g−1. 14C-triclosan was more easily accumulated in peanut kernels (69.2 ± 6.30%) than peanut hulls (27.5 ± 5.77%) and skin (3.28 ± 0.53%). The estimated daily intake (EDI) values suggested that peanut consumption represented a minimal risk to human health. The results of this study help to develop a better understanding of the fate of triclosan in the soil-peanut plant system and assess its environmental and human health risks.

Chemometric Approach to Quantify 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Furfural Obtained from Sugarcane Bagasse and Peanut Hull by UV

5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is considered a platform chemical used for producing industrial purpose carbon-based compounds. During HMF synthesis, the compound furfural (FF) is formed as a byproduct. Using spectrophotometric UV is not feasible because HMF and FF overlap around 280 nm, demanding separation techniques as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This work aimed at applying a synthetic route for HMF production by using wastes such as sugarcane bagasse and peanut hull, and developing a quantification method of HMF and FF compounds using UV spectra and pseudo-univariate calibration based on multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares. HMF synthesis was studied using inorganic acids in a closed reflux system followed by a biphasic extraction with n-butanol as an organic solvent. When comparing their respective biomass, sugarcane bagasse provides a higher amount of HMF, reaching levels of 1.65 × 10−2 mol L−1 after the synthesis with HCl at 0.50 mol L−1. Regarding yield, each ton of peanut hull produces 572.6 g of HMF, while each ton of sugarcane bagasse produces 10 kg of HMF. The calibration study using pseudo-univariate calibration models was validated by using the HPLC with relative errors lower than 15%, showing that it is possible quantify HMF and FF in the medium by using UV spectrophotometer.

Biocarbon from peanut hulls and their green composites with biobased poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)

There are millions of tons of post-food processing residues discarded annually. Currently, these waste materials are discarded to landfill, used as animal feed or incinerated. This suggests that there are potential uses for these materials in value-added applications. This work focuses on the characterization and valorization of peanut hulls through the generation of green composites. Peanut hulls were pyrolyzed at 500 °C and analyzed to discover their unique surface morphology and relatively low ash content. Raman spectral analysis determined ID/IG values of 0.74 for the samples, suggesting greater graphitic content than disordered carbon content. Such results were confirmed in X-ray diffraction analysis by the presence of (002) and (100) planes. Partially biobased engineering thermoplastic, poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), was combined with 20 wt.% biocarbon. The tensile and flexural moduli improved with the addition of biocarbon, and the bio-content increased from 35 to 48 wt.% as compared to neat PTT. The higher temperature biocarbon was found to have superior performance over the lower temperature sample. The enhanced sustainability of these materials suggested that peanut hulls can be valorized via thermochemical conversion to generate value-added products. Future works could focus on the optimization of these materials for non-structural automotive components or electrical housings.

Two-stage optimization of Allura direct red dye removal by treated peanut hull waste

In this work, a series of experimental studies on the adsorption of Allura direct red dye (R40) on an as-prepared adsorbent has been carried out. The adsorbent has been produced from the activation of peanut hulls with steam at approximately 850 °C. The current study has gone beyond isotherm modeling; for example, optimization has been carried out to minimize the mass of adsorbent used in order to achieve the most economically feasible setup for industrial applications. Additionally, aside from kinetic modeling, contact time optimization has also been conducted for an adsorption process consisting of a setup using batches of adsorbent with filtration between each stage known as a multistage process such a process can increase efficiency, decrease the amount of adsorbent used, and improve the economic feasibility of the process. It is shown that, with an adsorbent loading rate of 1 g/L, it is possible to achieve 99% removal of the dye if adequate contact time is provided. Depending on the removal percent required, it is possible to reduce the residence time by more than 75% via the optimized multistage batch adsorption process. Thus, the prepared adsorbent is very effective at removing the Allura dye, and as such, can be an environmentally friendly and low-cost adsorbent for wastewater treatment. Novelty statement In the manuscript, for the first time, the adsorbent produced from peanut hull waste is used in sequential batch reactors, and the process is optimized to obtain best wastewater treatment rates while optimizing process time and minimizing adsorbent use

Evaluation of biochar pyrolyzed from kitchen waste, corn straw, and peanut hulls on immobilization of Pb and Cd in contaminated soil

Biochar has a wide range of feedstocks, and different feedstocks often resulted in different properties, such as element distribution and heavy metal immobilization performance. In this work, batch experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of biochar pyrolyzed from kitchen waste (KWB), corn straw (CSB), and peanut hulls (PHB) on immobilization of Cd and Pb in contaminated soil by planting swamp cabbage (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) with a combination of toxicological and physiological tests. The results showed that biochar could all enhance the soil pH, and reduce extractable Pb and Cd in soil by 22.61%–71.01% (KWB), 18.54%–64.35% (CSB), and 3.28%–60.25% (PHB), respectively. The biochar led to a drop in Cd and Pb accumulation in roots, stems, and leaves by 45.43%–97.68%, 59.13%–96.64%, and 63.90%–99.28% at the dosage of 60.00 mg/kg, respectively. The root length and fresh weight of swamp cabbage were promoted, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) decreased after biochar treatment. The distribution of heavy metal fractions before and after biochar treatment indicated that biochar could transform Cd and Pb into a state of lower bioavailability, thus inhibiting Cd and Pb uptake by swamp cabbage. Biochar with different feedstocks could be ranked by the following order according to immobilization performance: KWB > CSB > PHB.

Mechanical analysis of bamboo and agro-industrial residue one-layer particleboard

A high-density particleboard composed of peanut shells (Arachis hypogaea L.), an agro-industrial residue, and bamboo wastes of the species Dendrocalamus giganteus (branches and apical part), bonded with a two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) in the proportion of 12% of the particleboard mass, was produced. Four types of specimens were prepared according to the percentage of peanut shells: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Mechanical characteristics were evaluated through the flexural strength tests for modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, perpendicular traction, and screw pull resistance. The particleboard reached an average density of 917.2 kg/m3, meaning that it could be classified as high-density particleboard. The results of the mechanical tests indicated that the specimens containing a mixture in the proportion of 90% bamboo and 10% peanut hull presented the best mechanical strength. The experiment produced particleboards with a satisfactory mechanical physical performance that met the standards ABNT NBR 14.810-2 and ANSI A208-1, supporting the use of the peanut shell residue in the manufacture of particleboards to be used in internal environments and allowing the applicability of this residue through additional value.

EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SOME NUT HULLS AS FEEDSTUFFS FOR RUMINANTS BY in vitro GAS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE

The current study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and gas production properties of different nut hulls that were included to almond, peanut and walnut hulls. In this experiment, in a completely randomized design, three different nut hulls, after drying, were ground to pass a 2 mm sieve and used for determination of chemical composition and in vitro gas production. Results showed that there were no differences among treatments for DM and EE level (P>0.05). But, the CP, NDF, ADF, and Ash content in peanut hulls was significantly higher than almond and walnut hulls (P<0.05). Also, the hemicellulose content of almond hulls was higher than peanut and walnut hulls (P<0.05). The volume of gas produced during 96 h for almond hulls was significantly higher than peanut and walnut hulls (P<0.05). Also, the potential gas production (b) of almond hulls was higher than other treatments (P<0.05). But, the constant rate of gas production (c) was same for all treatments (P>0.05). Besides, the OMD, NEl, ME, and SCFA content of almond hulls was significantly higher than peanut and walnut hulls (P<0.05). Overall, it seems that of these agricultural by-products, although all three have high levels of fiber, but the nutritional value of almond hulls was higher than other hulls.

The study of characteristics through biomass burning

As a major agricultural province in China, Northeast China produces a lot of biomass while its grain yield is high. Open burning is an efficient and convenient way to remove biomass. However, air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, VOCs) will be released in the process of biomass combustion, which will have a certain impact on Regional Environmental quality, atmospheric visibility and human health. Because of the various type of biomass, their combustion products and effects are different. In this study, there collected peanut hull, rice husk, straw and wood particles, and carried out the simulated combustion experiment in the laboratory environment simulation chamber. The inorganic elements, water-soluble ions and speciation analysis of combustion products were determined. The results showed that the content of Zn was higher than that of carcinogenic element in the eight inorganic elements after combustion. The water-soluble ion emission factors of wheat straw and wood particles are larger than those of peanut hull and rice husk, and the water-soluble ions are mainly K+and CL. Through the morphology analysis of combustion products, it can be seen that different types of biomass have different morphology after combustion, which are mainly strip, column and particle. Combined with energy spectrum analysis, it is found that the content of K and CL is high. The results lay a theoretical foundation for the study of local biomass combustion and provide data for the determination of local biomass combustion emission characteristics.

Modeling and Optimization of Lead (II) Adsorption by a Novel Peanut Hull-g-Methyl Methacrylate Biopolymer Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

The modeling and optimization of lead (II) adsorption was been characterized on a fabricated peanut hull-g-methyl methacrylate biopolymer. A graft copolymer from agro-based waste was prepared by copolymerizing activated carbon from peanut hulls and methyl methacrylate by the use of benzoyl peroxide as the radical initiator in the presence of an aluminum triflate cocatalyst. A central composite design (CCD) was employed to model batch adsorption experiments and optimize and characterize the influence and interaction of relevant parameters including the pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration. The optimum conditions for the adsorption process were a pH of 5.7, a contact time of 63.75 min, an adsorbent dosage of 0.2250 g in 50 mL, and initial lead (II) concentration equal to 76.25 mg L−1. Under these conditions, 99.30% of lead (II) was removed from aqueous solution. Isotherm studies demonstrated that the experimental results were in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacities of 370.40 and 137.0 mg g−1 in the presence and absence of the cocatalyst, respectively. The experimental results concurred with a pseudo second-order kinetic model that described the adsorption process as chemisorptive. Consequently, the peanut hull-g-methyl methacrylate prepared in the presence of an aluminum triflate cocatalyst has been shown to be potentially effective and sustainable for the remediation of lead (II) from contaminated waters.

Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution using biochar prepared from waste peanut hull

In the present study, cost-effective biochar was prepared from waste peanut hull powder (PHP) and utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by adsorption experiment. Different techniques such as FTIR, BET, SEM, and EDX were used to analyze the surface functionality, surface area, surface morphology, and elemental composition of PHP biochar adsorbent, respectively. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize various effecting parameters like initial pH, contact time, PHP biochar adsorbent dose, initial concentration of Fluoride ion in solution, and reaction temperature. The maximum removal efficiency of PHP biochar adsorbent was 88.21% for the 10 mg l−1 fluoride concentration at pH 7 with 8 g l−1 biochar dose. For the isotherm study, adsorption equilibrium data were linearly fitted with experimental data to explain the adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis results show that the adsorption of Fluoride onto PHP biochar adsorbent was a spontaneous, exothermic, and feasible process under experimental condition. Kinetic study of the adsorption process reveals that the pseudo-second-order model best fitted with experimental data as compared to the pseudo-first-order model.

High selective purification of Quercetin from Peanut hull using protic deep eutectic mixture based liquid–liquid microextraction

A benign and environmentally viable method for extraction of quercetin from peanut peel was accomplished with acid-based protic deep eutectic solvents (pDESs) by microwave-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction. Extraction efficiency for all pDESs was evaluated with analytical standards (Rutin and Quercetin) by total phenolic content assay with highest partition coefficient observed for 4.8 for rutin and 12.7 for quercetin respectively. Treatment of peanut hull by microwave-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction was performed. Central composite design-based response surface methodology was executed for optimizing the recovery of polyphenols providing maximum recovery of 430 µg QE/ g of husk powder at optimal conditions of 8 minutes irradiation for 323 K with powder sample of 35 mg suspended in 650 µl of pDES. The concentrated samples were analyzed for antioxidant content by total flavonoid content assay. The crude fractions collected were subjected to HPLC and the amount of Quercetin recovered was evaluated. Pure fraction thus obtained was confirmed with H1 NMR analysis. The present method which is eco-friendly and highly economic is viable to be scaled up to be industrially.

Maturation of peanut hull and swine lagoon compost

Maturation of peanut hull and swine lagoon compost