Peanut Cultivars Research Articles

Identification of genes differentially expressed during early interactions between the stem rot fungus (Sclerotium rolfsii) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars with increasing disease resistance levels

Sclerotium rolfsii, a destructive soil-borne fungal pathogen causes stem rot of the cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes associated with peanut resistance and fungal virulence. Four peanut cultivars (A100-32, Georgia Green, GA-07W and York) with increasing resistance levels were inoculated with a virulent S. rolfsii strain to study the early plant–pathogen interaction. 454 sequencing was performed on RNAs from infected tissue collected at 4 days post inoculation, generating 225,793 high-quality reads. Normalized read counts and fold changes were calculated and statistical analysis used to identify differentially expressed genes. Several genes identified as differential in the RNA-seq experiment were selected based on functions of interest and real-time PCR employed to corroborate their differential expression. Expanding the analysis to include all four cultivars revealed a small but interesting set of genes showing colinearity between cultivar resistance and expression levels. This study identified a set of genes possibly related to pathogen response that may be useful marker assisted selection or transgenic disease control strategies. Additionally, a set of differentially expressed genes that have not been functionally characterized in peanut or other plants and warrant additional investigation were identified.

Two cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seedlings show different tolerance to calcium deficiency

ABSTRACTThe objectives were to determine whether two peanut cultivars show different tolerance to calcium (Ca) deficiency. The seedlings of cultivars LH11 and YZ9102 at first trifoliate leaf stage were transplanted in nutrient solution for 28 days with 0.01 and 2.0 mmol/L Ca treatments. Low Ca supply did not affect plant growth, root length and surface area of YZ9102, whereas decreased plant biomass, root length and surface area of LH11 seedlings that appeared necrosis in shoot tip. YZ9102 plant had higher Ca concentration and more Ca distribution to leaves than LH11. Under limited Ca condition, LH11 appeared net Ca2+ effluxes in the zones of 0.2 ∼ 1.5 mm from root apex, while YZ9102 roots maintained net Ca2+ influxes. Peanut cultivar YZ9102 seedlings had longer roots and higher capacities of Ca uptake and Ca translocation to shoots than LH11, which might be account for higher tolerance to Ca deficiency compared with LH11.

Effect ofBradyrhizobiaInoculant Formulation with Phorate in New Peanut Fields

ABSTRACTPeanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a legume and requires nodulation by Bradyrhizobia to convert atmospheric N into a plant usable form. Peanut inoculants place large volumes of viable Bradyrhizobia near the emerging root of the plant to infect it ensuring N-fixation. Peanut seedlings are susceptible to feeding by thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), which transmit Tospovirus leading to tomato spotted wilt (TSW) and can result in yield decline. Phorate is a common in-furrow insecticide used to reduce thrips feeding on the plants, and hence reduce the risk of TSW infection. However, placing phorate in the same furrow with living Bradyrhizobia has raised concerns about phorate potentially reducing efficacy of inoculants. Experiments were designed to test liquid and sterile peat formulations of Bradyrhizobia inoculant with two peanut cultivars in-furrow at planting, both with and without phorate insecticide to determine yield, grade, and growth parameters on peanut. Research was conducted on a non-irrigated loamy sand with no prior history of growing peanut in Tifton, GA in 2013 and 2014. There were no negative effects on peanut yield or grade, or other measured parameters when phorate was included in-furrow with inoculants. Yields with inoculants were equal or greater (up to 32% more) than non-inoculated peanut, and grade was improved (+1.2 to 1.4%) when using the liquid formulation instead of the sterile peat formulation or non-inoculated peanut. Other indicators of improved plant performance using inoculants over non-inoculated plants included the abundance and activity of nodules on the roots and time to row closure (vegetation overlap of bare soil). These data indicate there are no detrimental effects to peanut inoculant when also including phorate insecticide in-furrow.

Genetic Improvement of Peanut Cultivars for West Africa Evaluated with the CSM‐CROPGRO‐Peanut Model

Crop models are valuable tools for evaluating past genetic improvement as well as guiding future breeding strategies for target regions. The objective of this study was to use the CSM‐CROPGRO‐Peanut model to evaluate traits responsible for genetic improvement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes grown in West Africa. Data on19 cultivars were obtained from performance trials in 2010 and 2011 at two sites in Ghana and two sites in Burkina Faso. For all sites and years, pod yield, seed yield, shelling percentage, and seed size were determined at harvest, and leaf spot disease was recorded. Time‐series data on crop biomass, pod mass, and pod harvest index were measured at two Ghana sites in 2 yr. Data on phenology, e.g., first flower, first pod, and harvest maturity were observed at one site in Ghana in 2010. Optimization and calibration procedures were used with the CROPGRO‐Peanut model to estimate cultivar coefficients from the data. The derived cultivar coefficients simulated pod yields that agreed well with observed pod yields. Solved cultivar coefficients varied considerably among cultivars. With the derived cultivar coefficients, the CROPGRO‐Peanut model was able to simulate much of the genetic variation in pod yield among the 19 cultivars within eight site‐year combinations (d statistic of 0.90 and RMSE of 299 kg ha−1). The derived cultivar coefficients illustrated that yield improvement leading to nearly twofold higher pod yield resulted from a combination of improved partitioning (leading to higher pod harvest index), higher photosynthesis, longer life cycle, longer seed‐filling duration, and improved leaf spot resistance.

Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of peanut cultivars and breeding lines from China, India and the US using simple sequence repeat markers.

Cultivated peanut is grown worldwide as rich-source of oil and protein. A broad genetic base is needed for cultivar improvement. The objectives of this study were to develop highly informative simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of peanut cultivars and breeding lines from different breeding programs in China, India and the US. A total of 111 SSR markers were selected for this study, resulting in a total of 472 alleles. The mean values of gene diversity and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.480 and 0.429, respectively. Country-wise analysis revealed that alleles per locus in three countries were similar. The mean gene diversity in the US, China and India was 0.363, 0.489 and 0.47 with an average PIC of 0.323, 0.43 and 0.412, respectively. Genetic analysis using the STRUCTURE divided these peanut lines into two populations (P1, P2), which was consistent with the dendrogram based on genetic distance (G1, G2) and the clustering of principal component analysis. The groupings were related to peanut market types and the geographic origin with a few admixtures. The results could be used by breeding programs to assess the genetic diversity of breeding materials to broaden the genetic base and for molecular genetics studies.

Teor de óleo e estabilidade fenotípica para rendimento de grãos em cultivares de amendoim

This study aimed to evaluate the oil content and estimate the phenotypic stability and adaptability parame­ters for grain yield in twelve peanut cultivars. The experiment was carried out in 21 different localities in Parana State, during the dry and rainy seasons of the agricultural year 2010-2011, 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and plots consisting of four rows of 4m with a population of 16 plants per meter. After maturation, the plots were harvested and grain yield was converted to kg ha -1 and corrected to 10 % moisture. The oil content (%) was measured by the ether extract method. Significant effects for cultivars, environments (combination of years, seasons and locations) and G x E interaction was detected for grain yield and oil content in the peanut seeds. The culti­vars BRS 151-L7, IAC Tatui, BRS Havana, IAC Poitara, IAC Oira and IAC Tupa showed the highest oil con­tent in the grains. Stability and adaptability was estimated for the characteristic grain yield. The cultivars Runner IAC 886 and IAC Caiapo showed specific adaptation to adverse environments, while IAPAR 25 Ticao and IAC Tupa to showed specific adaptation to favorable environments.IAC Tatu ST was more stable and Tegua was less stable. Additional keywords: Adaptability; Arachis hypogaea L.; peanut improvement.

Allergen composition analysis and allergenicity assessment of Chinese peanut cultivars

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is among the eight major food allergens in the world. Several attempts have been made to decrease or eliminate the allergenicity of peanut. Systemic screening of thousands of peanut cultivars may identify peanut with low allergenicity. In this study, the allergen compositions of 53 Chinese peanut cultivars were characterized, and their allergenicity to sera IgE of Chinese patients and in a mouse model was assessed. Contents of total protein and allergens were quantified by SDS–PAGE and densitometry analysis on gel. Although the contents of allergens broadly varied among cultivars, they were related to one another. The IgE binding capacity of cultivars was tested by ELISA, and their allergenicity was further evaluated in a mouse model by oral sensitization. Results showed that the allergenicity of peanut was affected by allergen composition rather than a single allergen. Peanut cultivars with low allergenicity may contain more Ara h 3/4 (24kDa), Ara h 2 and less Ara h 3/4 (43, 38, and 36kDa), Ara h 6. Screening based on allergen composition would facilitate the identification of low-allergenic peanut.

Leaf aquaporin transcript abundance in peanut genotypes diverging in expression of the limited-transpiration trait when subjected to differing vapor pressure deficits and aquaporin inhibitors.

A plant trait currently being exploited to decrease crop yield loss under water-deficit conditions is limited-transpiration rate (TRlim ) under high atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) conditions. Although limited genotype comparisons for the TRlim trait have been performed in peanut (Arachis hypogaea), no detailed study to describe the basis for this trait in peanut has been reported. Since it has been hypothesized that the TRlim trait may be a result of low leaf hydraulic conductance associated with aquaporins (AQPs), the first objective of this study was to examine a possible correlation of TRlim to leaf AQP transcriptional profiles in six peanut cultivars. Five of the studied cultivars were selected because they expressed TRlim while the cultivar York did not. Transcripts of six AQPs were measured. Under exposure to high vapor pressure deficit, cultivar C 76-16 had decreased AQP transcript abundance for four of the six AQPs but in York only one AQP had decreased abundance. The second objective was to explore the influence of AQP inhibitors mercury and silver on expression of TRlim and AQP transcription profiles. Quantitative RT-PCR data were compared in cultivars York and C 76-16, which had the extreme response in TR to VPD. Inhibitor treatment resulted in increased abundance of AQP transcripts in both. The results of these experiments indicate that AQP transcript abundance itself may not be useful in identifying genotypes expressing the TRlim trait under high VPD conditions.

Cadmium re-distribution from pod and root zones and accumulation by peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes may differ greatly with regard to cadmium (Cd) accumulation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To determine the key factors that may contribute to Cd re-distribution and accumulation in peanut genotypes with different Cd accumulating patterns, a split-pot soil experiment was conducted with three common Chinese peanut cultivars (Fenghua-6, Huayu-20, and Huayu-23). The growth medium was separated into pod and root zones with varied Cd concentrations in each zone to determine the re-distribution of Cd after it is taken up via different routes. The peanut cultivars were divided into two groups based on Cd translocation efficiency as follows: (1) high internal Cd translocation efficiency cultivar (Fenghua-6) and (2) low internal Cd translocation efficiency cultivars (Huayu-20 and Huayu-23). Compared with Fenghua-6, low Cd translocation cultivars Huayu-20 and Huayu-23 showed higher biomass production, especially in stems and leaves, leading to dilution of metal concentrations. Results also showed that Cd concentration in roots increased significantly with increasing Cd concentrations in soils when Cd was applied in the root zone. However, there were no significant differences in the root Cd concentrations between different pod zone Cd treatments and the control, suggesting that root uptake, rather than pod uptake, is responsible for Cd accumulation in the roots of peanuts. Significant differences of Cd distribution were observed between pod and root zone Cd exposure treatments. The three peanut cultivars revealed higher kernel over total Cd fractions for pod than for root zone Cd exposure if only extra applied Cd was considered. This suggests that uptake through peg and pod shell might, at least partially, be responsible for the variation in Cd re-distribution and accumulation among peanut cultivars. Cd uptake by plants via two routes (i.e., via roots and via pegs and pods, respectively) and internal Cd translocation appear to be important mechanisms in determining Cd accumulation in the kernels of peanuts.

Yield, market quality, and leaf spots partial resistance of interspecific peanut progenies

Development of leaf spots resistant runner peanut cultivars is one of the major demands in Brazil. In the 2009/10 crop season, 12 pre-breeding progenies (LPM) were selected out of 380 plants of an interspecific BC1F3 population for leaf spots resistance and agronomic traits. In the 2010/11, the 12 LPMs were evaluated for leaf spots resistance, without fungicide sprays. The recurrent parent (susceptible control) and all LPMs were susceptible; partial resistant segregating plants were selected. Some progenies had yield, pod and seed shape similar to the control. The 12, and the 5 LPMs selected in the 2011/12 and 2012/13 crop seasons, respectively, were evaluated under appropriate disease management. Differences were detected for pod yield and weight of 100 seeds. Seed/pod weight ratio, oil content and oleic/linoleic ratio were similar to thecontrol. Individual plants were selected for pod yield and market quality. Variability detected in the first backcross generation for partial resistance and agronomic traits will be useful.

Can Peg Strength be used as a Predictor for Pod Maturity and Peanut Yield?

Mesocarp hull color is the current standard to estimate digging date and peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>, L.) maturity with acceptable yield and grade. Subjectivity of pod color and pod placement on a color chart may give a false indication of when to dig peanuts. The objective was to determine if peg strength could be used to predict pod maturity, digging date, and resultant peanut yield. Peanut peg strength was collected for two years (2011 and 2012) on three peanut cultivars (Georgia-06G, Georgia-09B, and Tifguard), at multiple plant dates (2012 only) and multiple harvest dates to determine the relationship between peg strength versus pod maturity, peanut loss, and peanut yield. Peg strength was determined using an electronic force gage that would measure peak force. Average peg strength was different for all three cultivars with Georgia-06G having the greatest average peg strength followed by Georgia-09B, and Tifguard. In general, peanut yields were greater at early plant and harvest dates and decreased with time. Conversely, peanut pod loss was lower with early plant and harvest dates but increased with later harvest dates. There was a strong positive linear relationship between peg strength and peanut yield for each cultivar. However, there was a relatively small difference with peg strength values between the maximum and minimum peanut yield. There was no relationship between peg strength and mesocarp color (pod maturity, R² = 0.007). Small differences in peg strength and the non-relationship between peg strength and pod maturity implies: 1) a large sample size would be needed to predict peanut yield, 2) the large sample size would increase time and manpower to determine average peg strength values, and 3) peg strength was not a valid criteria to determine pod maturity or predict digging date. Overall, peg strength may be useful to describe cultivar characteristics but may not be sufficiently robust to predict pod maturity digging date, or peanut yield.

Can Peg Strength Be Used as a Predictor for Pod Maturity and Peanut Yield?

Abstract Mesocarp hull color is the current standard to estimate digging date and peanut (Arachis hypogaea, L.) maturity with acceptable yield and grade. Subjectivity of pod color and pod placement on a color chart may give a false indication of when to dig peanuts. The objective was to determine if peg strength could be used to predict pod maturity, digging date, and resultant peanut yield. Peanut peg strength was collected for two years (2011 and 2012) on three peanut cultivars (Georgia-06G, Georgia-09B, and Tifguard), at multiple plant dates (2012 only) and multiple harvest dates to determine the relationship between peg strength versus pod maturity, peanut loss, and peanut yield. Peg strength was determined using an electronic force gage that would measure peak force. Average peg strength was different for all three cultivars with Georgia-06G having the greatest average peg strength followed by Georgia-09B, and Tifguard. In general, peanut yields were greater at early plant and harvest dates and decreased with time. Conversely, peanut pod loss was lower with early plant and harvest dates but increased with later harvest dates. There was a strong positive linear relationship between peg strength and peanut yield for each cultivar. However, there was a relatively small difference with peg strength values between the maximum and minimum peanut yield. There was no relationship between peg strength and mesocarp color (pod maturity, R2 = 0.007). Small differences in peg strength and the non-relationship between peg strength and pod maturity implies: 1) a large sample size would be needed to predict peanut yield, 2) the large sample size would increase time and manpower to determine average peg strength values, and 3) peg strength was not a valid criteria to determine pod maturity or predict digging date. Overall, peg strength may be useful to describe cultivar characteristics but may not be sufficiently robust to predict pod maturity digging date, or peanut yield.

Resistance to late leaf spot and rust diseases in ICRISAT’s mini core collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Late leaf spot (LLS) (Phaeoisariopsis personata) and rust (Puccinia arachidis) are major foliar diseases of peanut causing significant losses worldwide. Identification and infusion of resistance into peanut cultivars is important in the management of these diseases. The present study therefore aimed at screening the peanut mini core collection to identify potential sources of resistance to these diseases. Two separate field experiments were conducted for screening LLS and rust under artificial epiphytotic conditions during rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013 at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. The trials were laid in a randomized complete block design on beds with three replications. Data on LLS and rust disease severities were collected using 1 to 9 scales at 75, 90 and 105 days after sowing (DAS), and pod yields were recorded at harvest. Results indicate significant variations among accessions for LLS and rust resistance. Mean of 2 years study revealed that 53 accessions were moderately resistant (MR), 86 accessions were susceptible (S) and 45 accessions were highly susceptible (HS) to LLS. For rust disease, 10 accessions were resistant (R), 115 accessions were with ‘MR’ reaction and 59 accessions with susceptible (S) reaction. Six superior accessions in terms of combined disease resistance and yield (ICGs 4389, 6993, 11426, 4746, 6022, 11088) were selected and the disease progress curves, for each, were generated. Highest yields were recorded with ICG 11426 in LLS and rust plots. Overall, our results indicate that these six accessions can be potential sources of LLS and rust resistance.

Effects of drought on cadmium accumulation in peanuts grown in a contaminated calcareous soil.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in contaminated calcareous soils. Five peanut cultivars were grown in a calcareous soil spiked with 4 mg Cd kg(-1) soil (dry weight) under well-watered, mild drought, and severe drought conditions. The biomass production, gas exchange, spectral reflectance, and Cd accumulation in plant tissues were determined. The five cultivars significantly differed from each other in biomass production, gas exchange, spectral reflectance, and Cd accumulation. The effect of drought on Cd accumulation in peanuts varies with plant tissues, cultivars, and developmental stages. Drought decreased root Cd concentrations in seedlings of the two high Cd-accumulating cultivars (Haihua 1 and Zhenghong 3), which is associated with increasing leaf active Fe content. However, for the mature plants, drought stress caused an increase in Cd accumulation in roots, pod walls, and seeds depending on peanut cultivars. Negative correlations were found between seed Cd concentration and biomasses in both preflowering seedlings and mature plants. The seed Cd concentration in mature plants was also observed to be positively correlated with the shoot Cd concentration in preflowering seedlings. The increased Cd concentration in seeds of drought-stressed peanut plants grown in Cd-contaminated calcareous soils might be attributed to the drought-induced decrease of biomass production.

Characterization of high-oleic peanut natural mutants derived from an intersectional cross

As compared with its normal oleate counterpart, high oleate peanuts have better storage quality and several health benefits, and are therefore preferred by peanut shellers and consumers. High oleate has now become one of the main breeding objectives of peanuts. Thus far, over 50 high oleate peanut cultivars have been registered. Yet high oleate peanut breeding relies heavily on a limited number of high oleate genotypes. In this paper, we reported, for the first time, high peanut oleate natural mutants with large seeds derived from an intersectional cross, which were identified with near infra-red spectroscopy and confirmed by gas chromatography. Sequencing of FAD2 from the high-oleic hybrids along with their normal oleate parents indicated that a 448G >A mutation in FAD2A coupled with a 441_442ins A or G in FAD2B together caused high oleate phenotypes in these peanut hybrids.

Postemergence Herbicide Tolerance Variation in Peanut Germplasm

Although herbicide tolerance is not usually evaluated until the final stages of breeding programs, this trait is very important for grower adoption of new peanut cultivars. Understanding herbicide tolerance of breeding lines could help breeders develop selection strategies that maximize herbicide tolerance in new commercial cultivars. However, little is known about herbicide tolerance variability in peanut germplasm. Thirty-five randomly selected breeding lines from the peanut mini-core collection and cultivars ‘Florida-07’ and ‘Georgia-06G’ were evaluated for tolerance to 11 herbicides under greenhouse conditions. Variation among peanut lines in herbicide tolerance, measured as dry weight reductions (DWR), was similar across herbicides and was normally distributed. Florida-07 and Georgia-06G were in the lower two quartiles of injury and DWR among the evaluated peanut lines. Dose–response experiments showed that the most tolerant breeding lines had I50(the rate required to cause 50% injury) and GR50(the rate required to reduce dry weight 50%) values 0.4 to 2.5 times higher than the most susceptible lines, depending on the herbicide. A breeding line had a dicamba GR5013 times higher than the most susceptible line and 2.8 and 4.7 times higher than Florida-07 and Georgia-06G, respectively. The most tolerant lines were consistently tolerant to herbicides with different mechanisms of action, suggesting that nontarget site mechanisms are more likely to be responsible for the tolerance than target-site mutations. These results confirmed peanut-breeding programs would greatly benefit from screening breeding lines for tolerance to key herbicides and developing an herbicide-tolerance catalog. This information can be used when designing new crosses to reduce the risk of developing cultivars with low herbicide tolerance especially considering that one-half of the breeding lines exhibited lower tolerance than the commercial cultivars.

Changes in the quality of the fatty acids in almond breeding program strategy And grow

Abstract. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pollen donor ( Eskandar Tuono) to increase fatty acid changes almond seed germination before and after the hybridization was performed . Factorial in a randomized complete block design method comletley randomized design during years 2011 and 2012 on the confluence of two varieties of almonds Eskandar and Tuono pollen was used of sh-12 . In order to perform hybridization flowers Variety sh- 12 in the balloon were castrated. The pollen of the Skander and Tuono were collected pollen transfer was done at the right time Arriving hybrid fruit, seeds are collected and used to study sleep and study their properties, Beginning with a 2% solution of tetra-methyl fungicide Tyvram disulfide were sterilized for 2 minutes. The seeds of any combination of two of the 90 specimens (with skin and without skin), respectively. Changes in the fatty acid methyl oleate, which is one of the major fatty acids in peanut cultivars Tuono and Eskandar with sh- 12 were studied before and after germination.. The results showed that 73.35% methyl oleate at the Skander before germination, After germination, the Tuono 76.37% and 76.70%, respectively, before and after germination and 77.37% respectively According to the study, an increase in fatty acids in the seeds of almonds and almond lead to improved nutritional value will increase its weight. According to the study, an increase in fatty acids in the seeds of almonds and almond lead to improved nutritional value will increase its weight Thus increasing the amount of acid methyl Lynvlyat pollen in both cross with theEskander and Tuono effective sh- 12 was evaluated anymore The effects of pollen at the intersection of Skander cross with sh-12 Lynvlyat methyl showed the highest rate chang.

New Spanish Peanut Variety for Consumers and Growers

A new Spanish peanut variety that packs high levels of healthful oleic acid has been released by USDA scientists and university cooperators. Called OLé, the new variety promises to provide producers and consumers with a peanut that has disease resistance, longer shelf life, and heart-healthy qualities. Research biologist Kelly Chamberlin with the USDA-ARS in Stillwater, OK and collaborators at Oklahoma State University developed OLé, which will be available for commercial production in 2015. The variety's disease resistance, field performance, and other characteristics are described in the May 2015 issue of the Journal of Plant Registrations. The fatty acid composition of peanut seed has grown more important over time as people have realized that high levels of oleic acids slow the development of rancidity (i.e., improve shelf life) and boost peanut flavor. In the meantime, consumers are increasingly attracted to food products with high levels of these fatty acids, which are considered good for the heart. For these and other reasons, the peanut industry now prefers high-oleic peanuts, and most of the peanuts grown in the southwestern United States are today high-oleic types. Plus peanut seed of the Spanish market-type—commonly eaten in candies and mixed-nut products—is in high demand. According to Chamberlin, OLé is an important variety that will have a lot of impact on the peanut industry as a whole. Besides its potential for high yield and grade, OLé has resistance to Sclerotinia blight, a fungal disease that can cause yield loss and is a particular problem for peanut growers in Oklahoma, Texas, and the Virginia–North Carolina region. Depending upon the severity of infestation, yield losses due to such soil-borne diseases may be as high as 50%. Sustainable peanut production in the U.S. Southwest demands that cultivars grown there possess certain characteristics, including a high-oleic/linoleic acid ratio, which increases peanut product shelf life, and resistance to multiple diseases, Chamberlin says. In tests at three locations in Oklahoma, she and her colleagues found that growing OLé reduced Sclerotinia blight infestation compared with OLin—the first high-oleic Spanish peanut cultivar, released in 2002. For example, in high-disease, unmanaged plots in 2009 to 2011, OLé's incidence of Sclerotinia blight was just 3.7% compared with 11% for OLin. Overall, field performance data suggest that growing OLé instead of OLin could save growers approximately $100 per acre in fungicide costs for Sclerotinia blight alone, Chamberlin says. OLé also has good pod rot resistance and produces higher peanut yields than OLin. The OLé variety is now being grown for foundation seed before being made available commercially. Adapted from Chamberlin, K.D., R.S. Bennett, J.P. Damicone, C.B. Godsey, H.A. Melouk, and K.Keim. 2015. Registration of ‘OLé’ peanut. J. Plant Reg. 9:154–158. View the full article online at https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2014.10.0072crc

Crescimento e produtividade de cultivares e linhagens de amendoim submetidas a déficit hídrico

Water deficit throughout the peanut plant development negatively affects physiological processes and reduces its yield. This study aimed to evaluate grain yield, yield components and plant growth of peanut cultivars and breeding lines subjected to water deficit under field conditions. The experimental design was split-plot randomized blocks with three replications. Water deficit treatments (with and without irrigation) were considered the plots and genotypes (IAC Tatu ST, BR1, BRS Havana, Col 72 and Col 82) the subplots. Irrigation was discontinued between 35 and 75 days after emergence on plots subjected to water stress. Plant growth, shoot dry matter and leaf area were negatively affected by drought stress. The difference between plots with and without water stress increased proportionally to the increase in the period of water suppression. The BRS Havana cultivar and the Col 82 breeding line were moderately tolerant to water deficit, with the highest grain yields under stress conditions. Water deficit caused a 68 % reduction in grain yield for the IAC Tatu ST cultivar, 44 % in number of pods per plant for the Col 82 breeding line , 11 % in number of seeds per pod for the Col 72 breeding line and 11 % in the 100 seeds weight for the BRS1 cultivar.

Analysis of Peanut Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Correlation of Chemical Components and Volatile Compounds

Peanut contains protein, oil, oleic acid, and linoleic acid its flavor is largely determined by pyrazine and aldehyde compounds. Both nutritional value and flavor are standards for measuring peanut quality. In this report, the contents of protein, oil, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were determined using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and flavor compounds were identified using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in 12 different peanut cultivars. Our results showed that the content of oleic acid in raw peanut ranged from 35.69 to 82.79 g/100 g oil and the linoleic acid content ranged from 2.92 to 44.19 g/100 g oil, with high coefficients of variation. The coefficients of variation of protein and oil were lower, with content of 26.97–33.07 g/100 g raw materials and 45.53–55.53 g/100 g raw materials, respectively. Overall, 14 volatile components were isolated and identified, among which pyrazine and aldehyde compounds were the major aroma components in 12 different peanut cultivars.. Based on these results, peanuts with high protein content have high linoleic oil levels but low oleic oil levels, and roasted peanuts have a high content of pyrazines but low content of aldehydes. The results of this study will enable manufacturers to develop simple tests that predict the flavor of roasted peanuts based on their composition.