Peak Consumption Research Articles

A new Decoder for Permutation-based Heuristics to Minimize Power Peak in the Assembly Line Balancing

We consider the Simple Assembly Line Balancing Problem with Power Peak Minimization and Earliest Starting Dates (SALB3PM-ESD), a problem of balancing an assembly line and suitably sequencing its tasks so as to minimize the peak of the electric power consumption associated with them. We propose an ILP-based decoder to optimally split (w.r.t. the power peak) a sequence of tasks over the workstations of the line. The decoder is plugged into a simple local search algorithm to test its effectiveness in quickly computing the optimal split for the solutions encountered in the space of task sequences. Preliminary tests on instances from literature show that the decoder is efficient, and that it seems indeed promising to use it to take advantage of the numerous sequence-based optimization algorithms in the scheduling literature to develop more competitive methods to efficiently tackle the SALB3PM-ESD.

Research on Electricity Market Trading Mechanism Considering Peak‐to‐Valley Ratio and Multitime Coupling

With the development of the economy and society, electricity demand is increasing. However, there are some problems on the power grid side, such as the excess capacity of power installed, abandoned power of renewable energy, low overall utilization rate, and high pressure of stable operation. The problem stems from the inconsistency between the peak of electricity production and consumption and the lack of obvious power price signals. In this article, the market development objectives are combined with the time‐divided transaction, and two objectives of market development are proposed: (1) Reduce the peak‐valley difference of power supply and demand; (2) Expand the peak‐valley price difference in the market. Combined with the physical properties of the power market, a multiperiod coupling trading mechanism is designed. The results show that the speculative and profit‐seeking behavior of power producers will be stopped under the proposed trading mode, the potential of users for peak‐valley filling will be effectively developed, the peak‐valley gap of the power system can be controlled within a reasonable range, and the peak‐valley gap of power trading can be further amplified.

Prediction equation of peak oxygen uptake for the modified shuttle test in healthy adolescents

ABSTRACT Given the gap in the literature regarding the peak of oxygen consumption (VO2peak) for adolescents of both sexes, this study aimed to propose an equation to predict the VO2peak in healthy adolescents using the Modified Shuttle Test (MST). This is a cross-sectional study with 84 healthy adolescents between 12 and 18 years old, female and male. The MST is an external paced test, in which the speed increases at each minute. Two MST were performed with at least 30 minutes of rest between them. The test with the longest walked distance was considered for analysis. VO2 was directly monitored by an open circuit spirometry. Mean age was 14.67±1.82 and the walked distance was 864.86±263.48m. Variables included in the prediction equation were walked distance and sex, explaining the VO2peak variability of 53% during MST performance. The prediction equation for VO2peak with the MST was: predicted VO2peak=18.274+(0.18×Distance Walked, meters)+(7.733×Sex); R2=0.53 and p<0.0001 (sex: 0 for girls, 1 for boys). This MST equation, proposed to predict VO2peak in healthy adolescents of both sexes, can be used as a reference to assess exercise capacity in healthy adolescents and to investigate cardiopulmonary function in adolescents with reduced functional capacity.

Approaches to solving the problems of development of Irkutsk power system and improving the reliability of consumers power supply

In the power system of the Irkutsk region since 2020, there has been a significant increase in the maximum electrical load, which amounted to more than 1.2 GW. As a result, the available reserves of power generating capacity and capacity of power grid were exhausted. In the coming years, situations of occurrence of an uncovered power shortage during periods of maximum loads are possible. It is proposed to solve the problems by increasing the flexibility of the power system, reducing the peak consumption and levelling the load schedule, including through price-dependent demand response for electric energy and power through the development of regulatory legal acts in the field of electricity supply, technological connection and improving the payment system for electricity and power, including at the level of utility and household consumers.

Гібридний накопичувач електроенергії типу «акумуляторна батарея — суперконденсатор» для мікромобільного електротранспорту

The study proves the importance of hybridising the power supply system of micromobile electric vehicles, taking into account the strict limitations on the final size and weight of the storage device, using the example of an electric bicycle. The authors offer a brief overview of the main hybridization topologies and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. The paper describes the possibilities of using supercapacitors as an additional source of energy for a hybrid system and proposes a way to deal with the disadvantages of using standard batteries by combining them with an additional energy source. A mathematical basis is given to such a solution being able to unload the main power source by drawing excessive current at peak consumption times, thereby providing a wider range of operating voltages compared to using only a standard power source. To ensure optimal weight and size parameters of the drive, an active system with a controlled auxiliary power source is chosen. In this topology, the second converter is installed between the additional energy source, the supercapacitor storage device, and the battery. It is proposed to implement the schematic of this converter using a Chuck converter with an automated control system containing a feedback loop and based on a microcontroller, which ensures a relatively quick change of the control algorithm depending on the configuration and requirements for the system. The paper also presents the algorithm of the storage system operation for possible modes of electric bicycle operation. The transfer characteristic is calculated using the averaged state method. To confirm the operability of the auxiliary power source, a converter circuit is developed and simulation modelling is carried out in MATLAB Simulink. The system simulation allowed assessing the nature of the transient processes of the open-loop system and the accuracy of the transfer characteristic calculation.

Intelligent control system to increase the flexibility of power systems – the direction of development and a way to solve problems in the Irkutsk power system

In the power system of the Irkutsk region since 2020, there has been a significant increase in the maximum electrical load, which amounted to more than 1.2 GW. As a result, the available reserves of power generating capacity and capacity of power grid were exhausted. In the coming years, situations of occurrence of an uncovered power shortage during periods of maximum loads are possible. It is proposed to solve the problems by increasing the flexibility of the power system, reducing the peak consumption and levelling the load schedule. Including through price-dependent demand response for electric energy and power through the development of regulatory legal acts in the field of electricity supply, technological connection and improving the payment system for electricity and power, including at the level of utility and household consumers.

Effect of Rural Sewage Irrigation Regime on Water-Nitrogen Utilization and Crop Growth of Paddy Rice in Southern China

Reclaimed water irrigation has become an effective mean to alleviate the contradiction between water availability and its consumption worldwide. In this study, three types of irrigation water sources (rural sewage’s primary treated water R1 and secondary treated water R2, and river water R3) meeting the requirements of water quality for farmland irrigation were selected, and three types of irrigation water levels (low water level W1 of 0–80 mm, medium water level W2 of 0–100 mm, and high water level W3 of 0–150 mm) were adopted to carry out research on the influence mechanismS of different irrigation water sources and water levels on water and nitrogen use and crop growth in paddy field. The water quantity indicators (irrigation times and irrigation volume), soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), rice yield indicators (thousand-grain weight, the number of grains per spike, and the number of effective spikes), and quality indicators (the amount of protein, amylose, vitamin C, nitrate and nitrite content) of rice were measured. The results showed that, the average irrigation volume under W3 was 2.4 and 1.9 times of that under W1 and W2, respectively. Compared with R3, the peak consumption of rice was lagged behind under R1 and R2, and the nitrogen form in 0–40 cm soil layers under rural sewage irrigation was mainly NH4+-N. The changes of NO3−-N and NH4+-N in the 0–40 cm soil layer showed the trend of declining and then increasing. The water level control only had a significant effect on the change of NO3−-N in the 60–80 cm soil layer. Both irrigation water use efficiency and crop water use efficiency were gradually reduced with the increase of field water level control. The nitrogen utilization efficiency under rural sewage irrigation was significantly higher than that under R3. Compared with the R3, rural sewage irrigation could significantly increase the yield of rice, and as the field water level rose, the effect of yield promotion was more obvious. It was noteworthy that the grain of rice under R1 monitored the low nitrate and nitrite content, but no nitrate and nitrite was discovered under R2 and R3. Therefore, reasonable rural sewage irrigation (R2) and medium water level (W2) were beneficial to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency, crop yield and crop quality promotion.

Test and Research on Load Capacity of a 210MW Unit in Heating State

As large-scale photovoltaic and wind power are integrated into the power grid, new energy power generation has strong randomicity, volatility and anti-peak shaving characteristics. Both the power supply side and the load side of the power grid will have random fluctuations, which brings huge challenges to the safe and stable operation of the power grid. The power grid will need more capacity and more flexible peak shaving resources as the basis for ensuring the smooth and orderly power supply. During the heating period, the thermoelectric units are faced with double pressures of power consumption peak and heating peak, and are forced to further increase and reduce output to meet the requirements of heating. Therefore, carrying out load capacity test on heating units is conducive to finding out the real output range of units and providing data support for power grid departments.

An external-compression air separation unit with energy storage and its thermodynamic and economic analysis

Long-term supply demand balance in a power grid may be maintained by electric energy storage. Liquid air energy storage (LAES) can effectively store off-peak electric energy, and it is extremely helpful for electric decarburisation; however, it also has problems of high cost, long investment payback period and low efficiency because of its very low liquefaction temperature. Air liquefaction is the basic process of air separation, and the total electricity consumption of air separation units in China accounts for about 5.24 % of its national electricity consumption. Moreover, there remains a surplus of production capacity in air separation. This paper proposes an external-compression air separation process, with liquid air energy storage function. It can effectively reduce the power consumption cost of air separation unit while realizing peak load shifting. The system consists of three subsystems, namely, air separation; air liquefaction and storage; and power generation and air recovery. Research on equipment power consumption, economic benefits, and power grid peak shaving effect, indicates that the round-trip efficiency is 54.52 %, the electricity cost saving rate is 5.13 % based on Shanghai's peak-valley industrial electricity price, and the minimum dynamic payback period is 5.5 years. The large-scale application of this process can reduce the average peak-to-valley difference rate in China by 4.95 %. The transfer of peak regulating load to the base load of the power grid can save 5.2 × 106 toe, which will result in a 2.1 × 107 ton reduction in carbon dioxide emissions annually.

Features of Replacement of the ТГМП-314 Boiler Heating Installation

Thermal power stations play the main role not only in carrying the base load, but also in ensuring the coverage of peak and semi-peak loads of electricity consumption. Improving the operational maintenance of energy equipment gives a greater economic effect, since the costs of modernization of regenerative air heaters, which improve their density and thermal efficiency, are repaid in a short time. The efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the operation of regenerative air heaters was increased by the reconstruction of the heating installation. The results of the reconstruction of the design heaters of the TГМП-314 boilers with sections of sanitary-technical heaters КФСО -II and КФБО -II with replacement by sections of energy heaters (СО-110) are presented. The improved heating installation is installed in front of each regenerative air heater of the ТГМП-314 boiler and is made of two walls placed sequentially according to the air movement, in each of which 12 sections of reconstructed CO-110 heaters with a downward movement of the heating steam flow are installed. An important advantage of the proposed sequential installation of radiators is an increase in the uniformity of the temperature field in the box in front of the regenerative air heater due to two-stage air heating. Sequential installation of radiator walls increases the heat transfer coefficient approximately 1.6 times compared to parallel connection, which makes it possible to double the air speed in the radiators for the same number of sections. The possibility of formation of stagnant zones of sections of CO-110 heaters is excluded. In this case, it is recommended to reconstruct single-pass radiators with the installation of a pipe board and heating steam condensate removal chambers. The high efficiency of the improved heating installation made it possible to carry out all boiler ignitions with the possibility of supplying flue gases immediately through the RAH.

Efficient Optimization Algorithm-Based Demand-Side Management Program for Smart Grid Residential Load

Incorporating demand-side management (DSM) into residential energy guarantees dynamic electricity management in the residential domain by allowing consumers to make early-informed decisions about their energy consumption. As a result, power companies can reduce peak demanded power and adjust load patterns rather than having to build new production and transmission units. Consequently, reliability is enhanced, net operating costs are reduced, and carbon emissions are mitigated. DSM can be enhanced by incorporating a variety of optimization techniques to handle large-scale appliances with a wide range of power ratings. In this study, recent efficient algorithms such as the binary orientation search algorithm (BOSA), cockroach swarm optimization (CSO), and the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) were applied to DSM methodology for a residential community with a primary focus on decreasing peak energy consumption. Algorithm-based optimal DSM will ultimately increase the efficiency of the smart grid while simultaneously lowering the cost of electricity consumption. The proposed DSM methodology makes use of a load-shifting technique in this regard. In the proposed system, on-site renewable energy resources are used to avoid peaking of power plants and reduce electricity costs. The energy Internet-based ThingSpeak platform is adopted for real-time monitoring of overall energy expenditure and peak consumption. Peak demand, electricity cost, computation time, and robustness tests are compared to the genetic algorithm (GA). According to simulation results, the algorithms produce extremely similar results, but BOSA has a lower standard deviation (0.8) compared to the other algorithms (1.7 for SSA and 1.3 for CSOA), making it more robust and superior, in addition to minimizing cost (5438.98 cents of USD (mean value) and 16.3% savings).

The effect of demand response on CO2 Emissions in the Iberian electricity market – Combining economic and environmental perspectives

The energy sector is the largest contributor for CO2 emissions and therefore energy use is a key issue for climate change and sustainable development. The acceleration towards decarbonization of electricity supply through renewable technologies development is critical for reducing CO2 emissions. During peak-hours electricity consumption increase and peak units are needed to balance the demand and supply. Despite the technology updates done in many peak units, the most efficient fossil plants are not emission free. An approach to combine economic and environmental benefits through DR implementation was developed and applied to the Iberian Electricity Market data (MIBEL). It was developed a methodology that reduces emissions and replaces peak units with high prices by production with lower prices. The results indicate that generation portfolio and climatic conditions have a large impact on the offset emissions levels at each moment. At night polluting technologies have a greater share in the supply mix. Through DR implementation is possible to save emissions, reducing the need for peaking plants and simultaneously achieve an overall price decrease at peak hours, without compromising users’ comfort.

Zero fluctuation: Electric-fluctuation-elimination heat pump system with water storage tank based on time-of-use tax

Due to the difference of heating load between day and night, the power load of heat pump heating system varies greatly day and night. Furthermore, the rapid growth of heat pump heating systems for meeting the requirement of low carbon heating will result in more and more serious electricity fluctuation, which will threaten the stability of the power grid. In order to reduce this power fluctuation, a single-heat-pump heating system with water tank thermal storage (SHPHSTS) is constructed. Based on the thermodynamic calculation of the heat pump refrigeration cycle, using step search optimization method, the operation parameters of the constructed heating system are optimized with the goal of constant power consumption from power grid within a day. Then, the corresponding electricity consumption and power fluctuation, after adopting the proposed operation optimization strategy in heating season are analyzed. At last, function of power fluctuation (FL) and degree of fluctuation (DF and DF’) are proposed to quantitatively evaluate the effect of the power fluctuation reduction in heating season, and the correlation between the electricity consumption of the heating system and power grid load is analyzed. The results show that due to the thermal storage of HWST and the optimizing operation strategy, constant power consumption of heating system could be realized within a day. On the typical heating day, the power consumption in traditional peak time reduces by 60.8%, and the electric bill is 22% lower compared with that of the traditional heat pump heating system. Furthermore, the power consumption fluctuation during the whole heating season reduces substantially, the power fluctuation function reduces from 460% to 150% by adopting the proposed operation optimization strategy. The correlation analysis indicates that the busy degree of power grid in peak time could be relieved by thermal storage and the optimizing operation strategy. Consequently, the peak of power consumption of heat pump heating system could be decoupled from the peak of power grid.

Variability in electricity consumption by category of consumer: The impact on electricity load profiles

Residential electrification of transport and heat is changing consumption and its characteristics significantly. Previous studies have demonstrated the impact of socio-techno-economic determinants on residential consumption. However, they fail to capture the distributional characteristics of such consumer groups, which impact network planning and flexibility assessment. Using actual residential electricity consumption profile data for 720,000 households in Denmark, we demonstrate that heat pumps are more likely to influence aggregated peak consumption than electric vehicles. At the same time, other socio-economic factors, such as occupancy, dwelling area and income, show little impact. Comparing the extrapolation of a comprehensive rollout of heat pumps or electric vehicles indicates that the most common consumer category deploying heat pumps has 14% more maximum consumption during peak load hours, 46% more average consumption and twice the higher median compared to households owning an electric vehicle. Electric vehicle show already flexibility with coincidence factors that ranges between 5 and 15% with a maximum of 17% whereas heat pumps are mostly baseload. The detailed and holistic outcomes of this study support flexibility assessment and grid planning in future studies but also the operation of flexible technologies.

Optimal integration of Vehicle to Building (V2B) and Building to Vehicle (B2V) technologies for commercial buildings

The advent of vehicle-to-building (V2B) technology provides an option to export electricity from the battery in electric vehicles (EVs) into buildings to assist in meeting building electric demands. However, there are some constraints on operating the EV fleets as flexible energy storage for buildings, including (i) stochastic and limited availability of EVs for building energy management; and (ii) necessity of bi-directional flow of EVs to operate in both V2B and building-to-vehicle (B2V) modes. Hence, these constraints and the changing degree of electric energy exchange provided by the different numbers of EVs could affect the building energy management system and the dynamic energy usage. The main objectives of this paper are to study the optimal configurations of the number of EVs interacting with a building by examining (1) the impact of different numbers of EVs on the daily electricity bills in a grid-connected commercial building microgrid, (2) the range of allowable EV numbers that enable optimal V2B capacity and reasonable charging loads for enhancing the cost-effectiveness of building energy management; (3) the role of different EV numbers in affecting the required stationary battery energy storage system (BESS) capacity in an isolated commercial building microgrid. It is observed that optimal building connected EV numbers are determined by EV driving patterns, seasonal solar output, building demand profiles, and the price of grid electricity. Thus, a scenario analysis is conducted to determine a range of suitable EV numbers in each scenario. Simulation results indicate that the optimal number of EVs varies greatly between summer and winter, as well as across different solar irradiance scenarios. In a case study where a building’s peak electric consumption is 30 kW and the PV system’s rated capacity is 50 kW, the allowable EV number, depending on the amount of available solar energy, varies from 8 to 29 in summer and changes from 2 to 15 in winter. These results could be used to suggest the optimal EV numbers based on the day-ahead solar energy forecasting, enabling day-ahead planning to either attract more vehicle owners to boost V2B capacity or to limit the number of integrated EVs in order to avoid a spike in total EV charging demand.

Design and Performance Analysis of a Double-Outlet-Rod Magnetorheological Damper for Impact Load

In order to improve the performance of magnetorheological dampers under impact load, a double-rod magnetorheological damper is designed in this paper, and its multi-physical field coupling model is established. The performance of a double-rod magnetorheological damper under impact conditions is characterized from the aspects of viscosity, velocity, peak pressure, impact energy consumption and viscous damping force ratio. The research contents include: a comparison of dynamic characteristics such as the viscosity, velocity and pressure of the magnetorheological damper under impact conditions and low-speed vibration; the influence of temperature on the mechanical performance parameters of the magnetorheological damper, such as peak pressure, impact energy dissipation and viscous damping force ratio, under impact load; and the establishment of a peak sensitivity function to study the influence of three key structural parameters on the magnetic flux density and impact energy dissipation at the damper damping channel. On the basis of the above theoretical research, an impact test of the processed double-rod magnetorheological damper prototype under different excitation currents is carried out. The results show that the viscosity distribution of the damping channel activation region (i.e., the region where the magnetorheological effect occurs after energization) of the magnetorheological damper under impact is disordered, the region of the structural flow in the semi-solid state is small and the influence of the Coulomb damping force is greatly weakened. When the current is 0.5 A, the viscous damping force accounts for 91.2%, and the viscous damping force plays a major role in buffering energy absorption. With an increase in working temperature, the effect of the Coulomb damping force decreases, and the peak pressure and impact energy consumption of the MR damper decrease greatly. With increasing excitation current, this reduction is further increased. The influence of gap height, piston diameter and effective length on magnetic flux density and impact energy dissipation is determined via the peak sensitivity function. When the change in the structural parameters ∆α is 30%, the change in the piston diameter has the greatest influence on the peak sensitivity of the magnetic flux density, and the peak sensitivity index of the magnetic flux density reaches 25%. The change in clearance height has the greatest influence on the impact energy consumption, and the peak sensitivity index of the impact energy consumption reaches 115%. This shows that the magnetic flux density is most affected by the piston diameter, and the impact energy consumption is most affected by the clearance height. The test results show that the test pressure peak-change curve is consistent with the simulation pressure peak-change curve, and the pressure peak error between the two is within 10%.

Multi-vector energy management system including scheduling electrolyser, electric vehicle charging station and other assets in a real scenario

Today, in the field of energy, the main goal is to reduce emissions with the aim of maintaining a clean environment. To reduce energy consumption from fossil fuels, new tools for micro-grids have been proposed. In the context of multi-vector energy management systems, the present work proposes an optimal scheduler based on genetic algorithms to manage flexible assets in the energy system, such as energy storage and manageable demand. This tool is applied to a case study for a Spanish technology park (360 kW consumption peak) with photovoltaic and wind generation (735 kW generation peak), hydrogen production (15 kW), and electric and fuel cell charging stations. It provides an hourly day-ahead scheduling for the existing flexible assets: the electrolyser, the electric vehicle charging station, the hydrogen refuelling station, and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system in one building of the park.A set of experiments is carried out over a period of 14 days, using real data and performing computations in real time, in order to test and validate the tool. The analysis of results show that the solution maximises the use of local renewable energy production (demand is shifted to those hours when there is a surplus of generation), which means a reduction in energy costs, whereas the computational cost allows the implementation of the tool in real time.

Electricity peak load reduction of a refrigerator using phase change material

Phase change material (PCM) has become a topic of study in thermal management, as it has a high-energy storage density. Most refrigerators have a fixed-speed compressor, which operates randomly (on/off) during their cycle. This leads to a high-power peak of electricity when the refrigerators start at the same time. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the reduction potential of the power peak and energy consumption of a refrigerator using PCM as a heat absorber. Nine testing conditions were performed by using water as the internal thermal load, at 1, 2, and 3 kg. Besides, each internal thermal load condition was varied with a PCM mass of 500, 1,500, and 2,500 g. The necessary data, such as the internal temperature and power of a refrigerator and the outside ambient temperature, were collected. The results show that the mass of PCM significantly affected the peak power of the refrigerator and energy consumption. Moreover, the results clearly show that the PCM can be used to reduce the peak power and energy consumption of the refrigerator. The correlation of the power, related to the mass of the internal heat load, and the mass of PCM was also reported. The conclusion of this study is that the PCM is suitable for reducing the peak power and energy consumption of a household refrigerator.

Has China’s coal consumption really peaked?—Prediction and scenario analysis of China’s coal consumption peak under the double-carbon target

After China’s “Double Carbon” strategy was proposed to reduce energy and consumption, the optimization of China’s energy consumption structure and whether China’s coal consumption have already reached its peak once again attracted attention. This paper uses the theory of system dynamics to build a system dynamics model of coal consumption. Based on data analysis and the grey prediction model, three categories and nine sub-scenarios are established and the peak coal consumption is analyzed under each scenario. The results show that: The peak of coal consumption in China can echo the strategic goal of peaking carbon in 2030, which is in line with the laws of reality. The economic growth rate has the greatest influence on the coal consumption peak, followed by industrial structure and coal consumption intensity, and the population growth rate has the least influence. The SD3 scenario is the optimal path for China’s future coal consumption development. Under this scenario, coal consumption will peak at 437.8 million tons in 2027. If the future energy consumption trend is close to the SD3 scenario, the socioeconomic growth rate will slow down, the population growth rate will slow down, the industrial structure optimization degree will be higher, and the intensity of coal consumption will be lower. The coal consumption peak varies greatly according to different development goals and transformation dynamics. Under the constraints of the established peak time, the scenario of coal consumption peak has a variety of combinations.

Further prognostic stratification in patients with oscillatory ventilation with exercise: is there more to it than just ups and downs?

Abstract Introduction Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation (EOV) has numerous definitions, but the common foundation is the presence of an oscillatory phenomenon of the ventilation/minute graph with a given amplitude and frequency. Recently, it was proposed that the presence of a delay in O2 consumption (VO2) peak to minute ventilation (VE) peak during ventilatory oscillation was a predictor of worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50%. The aim of this work was to assess whether these characteristics add further prognostic value to the subset of patients with HF and EOV. Methods This was a single-centre retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with HF and LVEF <50% that underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) from 2016–2020. EOV was defined as per Vainshelboim 2017 (≥3 consecutive cyclic fluctuations of ventilation during exercise, average amplitude over 3 ventilatory oscillations ≥5L and an average length of three oscillatory cycles 40s to 140s). The presence of EOV was evaluated by 3 independent observers after observing a VE over time plot. For the creation of this plot, data was collected as a rolling average of 5 consecutive breaths. The presence of EOV was established if at least 2 observers agreed on the classification. Afterwards, a second graph was plotted, with both VO2 and VE over time and the mean delay between VO2 peak to VE peak during EOV was manually calculated (Figure 1). The primary endpoint was a composite of time to all-cause death, heart transplantation or left ventricular assistance device (LVAD) implantation. Results Of the 285 patients, 78 (27%) were classified as having EOV. These HF patients were mostly male (75%) with a mean age of 58±12 years, mean LVEF 31±10% with 63% having ischemic etiology. During a median follow up of 27 (17 to 43) months, 4 LVAD implantations, 12 heart transplantations and 18 deaths. The rate of primary outcome was 19% and 36% at 1- and 2-years. The amplitude, frequency, and maximum number of EOV cycles were not associated with the development of the primary endpoint. Only the mean delay between VO2 peak to VE peak during EOV was predictive of time to primary endpoint, even when adjusted for peak VO2 and VE VCO2 slope (adjusted HR 1.06 95% CI 1.009–1.114) (Figure 2). The cut-off of 5 seconds for mean VO2 peak to VE peak delay seems to be the most useful to predict the primary outcome at 2 years, with a sensitivity of 48% and specificity of 84%. Conclusion This novel parameter seems to be the only EOV-related parameter to enable further stratification of prognosis in a cohort of patients with severe HF, with the best cut-off of mean delay between VO2 peak to VE peak during EOV being 5 seconds. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.