Peace Efforts Research Articles

Redefining the neutral intermediary role: Balancing theoretical ideas with practical realities through the ICRC's experience in Yemen

Abstract Neutrality, a foundational principle in humanitarian efforts and peace mediation, encounters significant practical challenges in the modern landscape of armed conflicts, particularly in the intermediary role of humanitarian organizations. This study examines the role of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as a neutral intermediary in Yemen, focusing on the release and repatriation of detainees during the 2016–20 peace efforts. Drawing on the ICRC's experience, the analysis highlights the evolving understanding of neutrality from a rigid concept to a more flexible, context-sensitive approach. The findings emphasize the importance of neutrality in fostering trust and facilitating dialogue while acknowledging the operational complexities and strategic considerations involved. This study provides insights into enhancing the contributions of neutral intermediaries to sustainable peace processes.

Russians’ Attitudes Towards the War in Ukraine

ABSTRACTThe Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused considerable military casualties on both sides and widespread harm to Ukrainian civilians. While polls suggest that a slim majority of Russians endorse the invasion, the factors underpinning this support remain uncertain. We investigated factors associated with support for the war among Russians. In three large, diverse, samples of Russian adults (total N = 2856), we extend the dual process motivational model to the context of international warfare, focusing on two key ideologies: right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). Consistent with polling data, we find that approximately half of the participants support the war. Across studies, RWA, especially its submission facet, emerges as a strong and consistent predictor of increased support for the war in Ukraine. In contrast, the associations with SDO are weaker and more inconsistent, with anti‐egalitarianism playing only a minor role in opposing peace efforts. Additionally, factors such as Russian identification, nationalism, group efficacy, war‐related misperceptions and collective narcissism also contribute to war support. Our findings suggest that Russian support for the war may reflect broader support for the existing regime with backing for the military intervention serving as a demonstration of loyalty to Vladimir Putin and his government.

Restorative Justice Settlement of Fraud Crime Case (A Case Study in The North Kuta Badung Police Sector)

Restorative justice is an approach in law enforcement that focuses more on recovery and reconciliation between perpetrators, victims, and the community rather than just imposing penalties to repair the social and emotional impact of criminal acts and rebuild damaged relationships. Settlement through restorative justice in its application there is still a conflict of legal norms between the Criminal Code and Perkap Number 8 of 2021 concerning handling criminal acts based on restorative justice in criminal law enforcement in Indonesia, this is because the article to ensnare the perpetrators of fraud is already available and only needs to be implemented, but the reality in the field is that there is still a vital justice approach, even though there have been peace efforts that should have stopped the investigation but the investigators are continuing because settlement through restorative justice cannot necessarily eliminate investigations and or investigations. The problem in this study is the settlement of restorative justice against fraud cases in the North Kuta Sector Police and the obstacles faced in the settlement through restorative justice against fraud cases

Armed conflict effects in intimate partner violence: Revealing pathways using the socioecological framework.

We explored women's narratives about their experiences as victim-survivors of multiple forms of armed conflict violence and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Colombia and examined pathways that clarify the relationships between these two types of violence. Thematic analysis of 47 interviews identified connections that explain how armed conflict influences IPV at all levels of the socio-ecology. At the societal level, armed conflict events amplified patriarchal notions and intensified men's expressions of hypermasculinity through violence. At the community level, rules imposed by armed groups excused IPV if women did not comply with their traditional gender roles as wives and caretakers. At the relationship level, husbands/partners blamed victim-survivors of sexual violence perpetrated by armed groups, which intensified IPV situations. At the individual level, the armed conflict generated high levels of stress that contributed to increasing IPV. Results highlight the need to recognise armed conflict as an IPV risk factor that penetrates multiple socio-ecological domains. Post-conflict societies should consider the effects of the armed conflict on family dynamics and intimate partner relationships. Interventions should be developed to deconstruct hyper-militarised masculinity identities and traditional gender roles as an integral part of peace efforts.

Juridical Analysis Of Regulation No. 15 Of 2020 Concerning The Termination Of Prosecution In Criminal Offenses In The Perspective Of The Criminal Justice System In Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to analyze: first, the study of Attorney General Regulation No. 15 of 2020 concerning the termination of prosecution based on restorative justice in the perspective of the criminal justice system in Indonesia. Second, the mechanism for terminating prosecution based on restorative justice based on Attorney General Regulation No. 15 of 2020 has fulfilled the requirements and objectives. This legal research uses a normative juridical approach method. The results of the study concluded that there is a contradiction between the position of Perja No. 15 of 2020 and the justice system in Indonesia. First, it shows that the findings in article 2 of Perja no 15 of 2020 "termination of prosecution based on restorative justice is carried out based on the principles of justice, public interest, proportionality, punishment as a last resort; and fast, simple, and low cost", Second, the mechanism for implementing restorative justice in embezzlement criminal cases consists of a) peace efforts. namely the peace process is carried out voluntarily, by deliberation for consensus, without pressure, coercion, and intimidation b) in the peace process, there are two possible mechanisms, namely rejection or success. The implementation of the peace agreement is divided into two ways, namely: 1) done by returning compensation 2) done by doing something.

Striving for Peace: Addressing Human Rights Challenges in UN Peacekeeping Operations

United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations have been pivotal in global efforts to stabilize conflict zones and mitigate violence for over seven decades. Utilizing soldiers, police personnel, and civilian peacekeepers from diverse backgrounds, these missions aim to implement multidimensional mandates while upholding international legitimacy. Beyond traditional roles of maintaining peace and stability, modern peacekeeping endeavours encompass a spectrum of responsibilities, including civilian protection, demobilization, and human rights enforcement, thereby fostering the transition from conflict to peace. However, amidst these noble goals, the UN has faced persistent criticism regarding human rights violations and sexual abuse by peacekeepers. This paper delves into the UN’s efforts to address legal and policy concerns, ensuring human rights protection and restoring the integrity of peacekeeping. It examines normative frameworks guiding peacekeeping missions and the evolving role of human rights therein. Despite advancements, challenges persist, including ambiguous mandates, political discord, and accountability deficits. Ambiguities in\ conceptual frameworks further complicate operationalization, necessitating clarity and coherence in mandates and implementation.Recommendations for improvement include prioritizing civilian protection and human rights, fostering political consensus, and addressing discrepancies in resource allocation. Additionally, measures to ensure accountability, including penalties for troop-contributing countries and re-evaluation of peacekeepers’ immunity, are vital. In conclusion, while UN peacekeeping remains indispensable in global peace efforts, addressing human rights violations and enhancing accountability are imperative to uphold its integrity and effectiveness.

The intimacy of enemies: Peacebuilding and The Politics of Small Things

ABSTRACT This article examines how small groups have real power in large-scale, brutal conflicts. Working with Goldfarb’s ‘politics of small things’, I show how a unique, specific, and consequential form of political power is generated in and by local peacebuilding groups. I call this power ‘the intimacy of enemies’. By delving into and analysing a particular narrative of interactions within one such group, I demonstrate the emergence of the ‘intimacy of enemies’. I show how the micro-level efforts of these groups carry significant implications for fostering macro-level transformations. Furthermore, I provide insights into why international actors struggle to grasp, support and utilise this power. I conclude with considerations of how small, local peace efforts can prompt a reevaluation of the dynamics of political power.

Foreign Policy and Critical Security: The US Foreign Policy Towards Israel

Security is defined differently by classical and critical perspectives. The debate on security between classical and critical perspectives illustrates the inadequacy of the classical tradition. This article provides the approaches of classical and critical perspectives towards security and their shortcomings. The article argues that critical perspectives are much more effective than the classical approach regarding the understanding and resolution of security problems. It provides a critical reformulation of Foreign Policy (FP) which has been based on the classical approach. The article also examines the US FP towards Israel regarding the Arab-Israel wars and the US peace efforts, recommending that the US adopt an FP based on critical security for these issues.

ANALISIS KEADILAN RESTORATIF KEJAKSAAN DITINJAU DARI ASAS KEPASTIAN HUKUM

This research aims to analyze the process of peace efforts based on restorative justice in the prosecutor's office which only stops at issuing a decree to terminate the prosecution. implementation of restorative justice implemented by the prosecutor's office which has not been able to comply with the principle of legal certainty. So far, the process of seeking peace at the prosecutor's office only stops with a letter of decision to terminate the prosecution, in which the representation of the prosecutor's office as a peacemaker only targets peace between the suspect and the victim. in other words, there is no target for fulfilling the responsibilities that should be given to victims. Legal certainty is a guarantee of certainty that the law is running well without any arbitrary action, which means that rights and obligations are fulfilled. If legal certainty is achieved then each party gets the same rights. This research uses a normative juridical method with a statutory regulatory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this research explain that case resolution based on restorative justice in the prosecutor's office between perpetrators, victims and the prosecutor's office itself has not been able to fulfill the principle of legal certainty. This is because the prosecutor's efforts and pursuit are only to achieve peace, without considering the aspects of responsibility that must be fulfilled by the parties involved and bound. In the sense that Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 does not fulfill the principle of legal certainty.

Analisis Permasalahan antara Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan dan Fakultas Teknik UNIMED sebagai Akibat Kurangnya Kesadaran akan Nilai – Nilai Pancasila

This research aims to investigate in depth the conflict between students from the Faculty of Engineering (FT) and the Faculty of Sports Science (FIK) at a university which started with a parking incident in the auditorium area. The method used in this research is a qualitative method. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted using open-ended questions that included the chronology of events, the background of the conflict, the parties involved, resolution efforts, and the impacts caused. The results of the interviews revealed that the conflict started with a misunderstanding regarding parking which sparked initial arguments and fights, and escalated into further physical clashes with stones being thrown at each other, damage to facilities, and injuries to victims. Initial peace efforts failed, so a larger FIK crowd attacked the Engineering Faculty area. The conflict ended after the masses withdrew and the victims were evacuated to hospitals. Data analysis identifies patterns and perspectives from various parties, and formulates recommendations for more effective conflict management.

Analysis the Policy Government of the Republic Indonesia on the Peace Efforts of Palestine and Israel (1988-2024) Siyasah Dauliyah Perspective

Analysis the Policy Government of the Republic Indonesia on the Peace Efforts of Palestine and Israel (1988-2024) Siyasah Dauliyah Perspective

Breaking invisible walls: American Corners' programmes and strategies for strengthening interreligious dialogue and inclusive peace

The main agenda of this study is to explore the various programmes and strategies of American Corners in Mindanao to amplify interreligious dialogue and peacebuilding within their communities. The researchers utilized the virtual focus group discussion approach, and the data collected was analysed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase reflexive thematic analysis model. The researchers uncovered the creative efforts of each American Corner, integrating themes of interreligious dialogue, peace, mental health and animal welfare. The communities’ evolving needs greatly influence programming, with strong partnerships and immersive learning sessions cited as key programme highlights among the American Corners. However, poor infrastructure – particularly poor Internet access and power interruptions – poses significant challenges, prompting a focus on in-person over hybrid and virtual events. The recommendations include improving information accessibility and dissemination, fostering strategic partnerships, and deepening community engagement to sustain peace efforts in Mindanao.

Framing of Hamas Attacks on Israel in Al-Jazeera and BBCCoverage

Abstract. Digital media provides the latest news on global issues, particularly in the realm of religion, attracting a broad audience. This research explores how international mass media outlets Al-Jazeera and BBC frame their coverage of Hamas' attack on Israel on October 7. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive research method, the study aims to comprehensively depict the framing processes employed by Al-Jazeera and BBC in reporting on the Hamas-Israel conflict. Primary data includes Al-Jazeera's article "Why the Palestinian group Hamas launched an attack on Israel? All to know" and BBC News Indonesia's piece titled "What is Hamas and why is it fighting with Israel in Gaza?" Secondary data from relevant scholarly studies supports the research. Data collection involves reading and note-taking, while data analysis follows Miles and Huberman's model—data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Findings reveal that Al-Jazeera defines Hamas' attack on Israel as a defensive measure, emphasizing its causes and making moral judgments by comparing Hamas' damage to Israel's actions. Al-Jazeera recommends characterizing Israel's actions against Palestine as genocide. On the other hand, BBC portrays Hamas' assault as sudden terrorism, neglecting Israel's criminal history. In its moral assessment, BBC focuses on Hamas' crimes to support a terrorist narrative. Treatment recommendations by BBC attempt to legitimize Israel's colonization efforts by highlighting that Palestine lacks recognition as an independent state by the UN. Differences in framing in the reporting of the Hamas-Israel conflict can affect diplomacy and peace efforts in the region as well as international support for one of the parties. International mass media are not always objective in reporting conflicts because they are influenced by political and ideological interests. This can lead to criticism of media objectivity and fairness and raises questions about the media's responsibility in shaping public opinion that can influence the development of conflicts.Keywords: Framing, Mass Media, Hamas Attack, Israel, Robert Entman

Chinese peace and its discontents: China's peacemaking and peacekeeping in South Sudan

Abstract China shows a growing commitment to peacemaking and peacekeeping overseas. Yet Chinese peace efforts have met considerable challenges across multiple conflict settings. This article seeks to understand the difficulties facing Chinese peacemaking and peacekeeping and asks how these experiences influence the future behaviour of Chinese actors towards peace and conflict issues. Previous scholarship has largely taken a state-centric perspective to explain China's engagement in peacemaking and peacekeeping. In contrast, this article harnesses an assemblage approach to reveal the diversity of Chinese actors and the significant role local actors and normative forms of power play in influencing China's broader peace efforts. In South Sudan, it finds that the political ideas advanced by warring factions and the legitimacy they placed on United Nations peacekeeping intervention, both undermined Chinese peacemaking and peacekeeping and held far-reaching effects for Chinese actors beyond the conflict. Consequently, these challenges in South Sudan pushed China's national oil company to adopt new risk management policies throughout its investments in conflict settings. The South Sudan experience also influenced China's foreign ministry by tempering its proactive approach to conflict resolution in other conflict-affected countries and to promote peacekeeper safety and support peacekeeping intelligence at the United Nations.

Clergy in the Umayyad Era

The study reveals the positive role enjoyed by the clerics and the positive role they played, the vast majority of whom were the Companions of the Messenger of God, in the field of jurisprudence and Sharia, and solving problems and new developments affecting Muslims in the affairs of their religion, especially in the countries of conquest, where new elements entered for the first time in Islam. Arabic and non-Arabic, as well as in the affairs of their dealings, what made it easy for the clerics to solve what was problematic for Muslims was their capabilities, their knowledge of religious sciences, and people’s acceptance of them. The Islamic military leaders also played an important role in managing the areas that the Muslims entered as conquerors and sought to stabilize them and spread security in them, whether in their good management, application of the principles of Islamic law, and overcoming all difficulties through dialogue despite some intellectual differences, and the followers continued this in the policy approach of the Companions of Prophet Mohammad peace be upon him. Several schools of thought and jurisprudence appeared in Muslim countries, especially in the Levant, and spread in and outside the Levant. The Umayyad Caliphate made peaceful efforts to try to reconcile ideas and doctrines. Such as the doctrine of Qadariyah or Al-Awza’i, the purpose of which is to preserve the unity of the Islamic state and prevent it from slipping into internal disputes or conflicts. The Umayyad state was sometimes forced to use cruelty and weakness with some of the opponents, and the matter sometimes reached the point of imprisonment or killing because some of the opponents did not hesitate to oppose the Umayyads publicly. The Umayyad state succeeded in doing this temporarily, but it did not succeed until the end, as evidenced by the fact that the opposition’s ideology persisted until it weakened it and facilitated its downfall.

Rethinking rigour to embrace complexity in peacebuilding evaluation

The field of peacebuilding evaluation has evolved over time in response to the complex nature of peace efforts. However, it still predominantly relies on evaluation models that aim to measure discrete peace outcomes adhering to rigid notions of rigour. The inclusive rigour framework presented in this article responds to this challenge, adding to complexity-aware and epistemologically plural approaches to build credible causal explanations in conditions of uncertainty. It identifies three interconnected domains of evaluation design and practice: effective methodological bricolage, meaningful participation and inclusion, utilisation and impact. Rigour here is not defined by methodological choice alone, but rather, relies on an active view of evolving methodological choices throughout an iterative process as maximum use value and meaningful participation are sought. Using three cases, we highlight the critical role of partnership arrangements and associated evaluation cultures and mindsets underpinned by power dynamics that enable or hinder the practice of inclusive rigour.

Indian Ocean Internationalisms: The Sri Lankan Pursuit of Peace, 1971–89

In 1971 the Sri Lankan Prime Minister tabled the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace at the 26th United Nations General Assembly, marking the state's international debut at the global stage. This article analyses the trajectory of this highly significant initiative in the context of rapidly evolving political instabilities within Sri Lanka and across the Indian Ocean region. It argues that Sri Lanka's pursuit of peace during the 1970s and 1980s stemmed from multiple threats to its sovereignty combined with the state's desire to develop strategic allies and the material donations that flowed from those relations. The pursuit saw Sri Lanka align with India, the USA, the Soviet Union, and Britain at moments of political deterioration. These alignments enabled the Sri Lankan government to seek material supports to address breakdowns of political relations with the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna in the south and Tamils in the north and east. The article argues that the Sri Lankan pursuit of peace irrevocably transformed Indian Ocean internationalisms and shows how a small state aligned to suit its political needs. The pursuit also linked Sri Lanka's Indian Ocean peace efforts to a liberal order in problematic ways and strengthened international backing for violence against its citizens.

The ‘US Factor’ in the Satō Administration’s Diplomacy in the Indonesia-Malaysia Conflict, 1964-1966

ABSTRACT Peace efforts to resolve the Indonesia-Malaysia conflict (1963–1966) became an important agenda in Japan’s Southeast Asia policy under Prime Minister (PM) Eisaku Satō. After a cautious start, the Satō government sought to create conditions for the Indonesians and Malaysians to end their armed confrontation (confrontation), which had become a source of destabilisation in Southeast Asia. Japan’s peace efforts began under PM Hayato Ikeda (1960–1964), marking the first time after World War II that Tokyo became involved in attempts to mediate a conflict. These endeavours were carried out in a region where mixed feelings lingered towards Japan for its wartime occupation. This paper investigates the factors that shaped the Satō administration’s engagement in efforts to resolve the confrontation and sheds light on how Japan’s relations with the United States (US) influenced its peace-making role – an aspect on which little has been written in previous studies. The findings indicate that considerations related to Japanese relations with the US were an important driver, although not the only one, of the Satō administration’s diplomatic initiatives to resolve the Indonesia-Malaysia armed confrontation. Furthermore, Japan’s peace efforts contributed to the US policy in Asia.

Pelit Sebagai Alasan Fasakh: Kajian Terhadap Putusan Pengadilan Agama Bangko No.70/Pdt.G/2021/Pa.Bko

This research aims to find out the procedure for applying for a divorce at the Bangko Religious Court for Case No. 70/Pdt.G /2021/PA.Bko and to find out the legal basis for the Judges' Consideration in Determining Case No. 70/Pdt.G/2021/PA.Bko Regarding the husband. who is stingy and the husband accuses the wife of cheating at the Bangko Religious Court. The method used in this research is a method with a qualitative descriptive approach, because this research is considered capable of analyzing social reality in detail. The data collection technique is carried out by observation, interviews and documentation. This research concludes that when filing for divorce, the plaintiff should file a complaint in writing or verbally with the religious court/syari'ah court. Then the lawsuit is submitted to the religious court/syariah court with several provisions, including that whose jurisdiction includes the defendant's residence, if the defendant's residence is unknown, then the lawsuit is submitted to the religious court/syariah court whose jurisdiction includes the plaintiff's residence, if it concerns fixed objects, then a lawsuit can be filed with the religious court/syariah court. Several things were taken into consideration by the judge in the Bangko Religious Court Decision No. 70/Pdt.G/2021/Pa.Bko, among others, peace efforts have been made between the plaintiff and the defendant, domestic commotion that has been going on for a long time, the presence of evidence and witnesses in the trial, and surah ruum verse 21 is also taken into consideration by the judge in decided the case granting the defendant's request..

Multimodal Hinglish Tweet Dataset for Deep Pragmatic Analysis

Wars, conflicts, and peace efforts have become inherent characteristics of regions, and understanding the prevailing sentiments related to these issues is crucial for finding long-lasting solutions. Twitter/‘X’, with its vast user base and real-time nature, provides a valuable source to assess the raw emotions and opinions of people regarding war, conflict, and peace. This paper focuses on collecting and curating hinglish tweets specifically related to wars, conflicts, and associated taxonomy. The creation of said dataset addresses the existing gap in contemporary literature, which lacks comprehensive datasets capturing the emotions and sentiments expressed by individuals regarding wars, conflicts, and peace efforts. This dataset holds significant value and application in deep pragmatic analysis as it enables future researchers to identify the flow of sentiments, analyze the information architecture surrounding war, conflict, and peace effects, and delve into the associated psychology in this context. To ensure the dataset’s quality and relevance, a meticulous selection process was employed, resulting in the inclusion of explanable 500 carefully chosen search filters. The dataset currently has 10,040 tweets that have been validated with the help of human expert to make sure they are correct and accurate.