Peaceful Relations Research Articles

Roman Courage and Constitution in Hegel's Philosophy of Right

AbstractThis article argues that the citizens of Hegel's state cannot maintain themselves as politically free because they are susceptible to mutual enslavement. I demonstrate this by focusing on the Roman republican background of Hegel's constitution, the potential trajectory of its dissolution and the accompanying means of its cyclical fortification through courage. Hegel, by integrating aspects of the Roman mixed constitution also adopts the idea of decadence within his conception of civil society. After locating the source of decadence in the contractual relations of peace and the bourgeois inability to overcome the fear of death, I go on to argue that war for Hegel provides a theatre where freedom may be regenerated through courage. However, I also show that modern wars do not provide sufficient means of perpetuating Hegel's constitution. To demonstrate this, I distinguish three forms of war: colonial, limited and total war, arguing that only the latter offers a solution to decay of political disposition and loss of freedom, but that—by being itself susceptible to decadence—it cannot salvage Hegel's state from dissolution and reduction to contractual relations.

Collaboration after Conflict: A Lesson from Collaborative Action in Customary Land Tenure Conflicts in Lombok, Indonesia

Land tenure conflicts in Lombok occured due to social interactions between community and state institutions. These were triggered by the unilateral claims of some of the villagers of Bebidas who acted on behalf of indigenous communities to take back what they believed to be their ancestral land in the Mount Rinjani National Park area. This paper analyzes how stakeholders generated conflict resolution efforts that emphasized inclusive efforts by collaborative action through dialogue based on collaborative governance theory. Data were obtained from interviews with several key informants from various levels of government, as well as members of the Bebidas village community and NGO representatives. Documentation and observation were also carried out to obtain data validity over sustained data collection and analysis process. Findings show that conflict resolution resulted from a long-term process that built up from dialogues involving various stakeholders, which encouraged the emergence of Mutual Agreements and Memorandum of Understanding as milestones to end conflicts. This helped to initiate peaceful relations. Findings suggest that capacity building, promoting awareness, and technical training to support rights and livelihoods on an ongoing basis help to address conflicts rooted in knowledge imbalances. In addition, expanding conservation partnership through community empowerment and ecosystem restoration programs assist in maintaining resources and supporting economic benefits underpin ideals of sustainable longer term uses of the Rinjani.

Jeffrey L. Gould. Solidarity under Siege: The Salvadoran Labor Movement, 1970–1990.

Jeffrey L. Gould’s Solidarity under Siege: The Salvadoran Labor Movement, 1970–1990 is a fine-grained study of the working people at the heart of a little-known entrepreneurial success story in El Salvador when shrimp exports after 1960 came to generate one-third of the country’s export revenue and the port of El Triunfo swelled to over five thousand residents in 1970. This boom town proved an island of relative prosperity and peacefulness during the slide into an epic of popular insurgency, radical activism, and counterrevolutionary violence which saw eight thousand to eleven thousand civilians killed in 1980 alone (9). While facing arrests, raids, deaths, and threats, local unionists were spared large-scale killing because businesses and the military were making money while rebels and refugees used the port as a place of shelter and recuperation (21). “Among the more privileged in the country,” local workers were “politically conservative, sympathetic to management, and hostile...

The Struggle for Peace: The Anglo-American Relations from the War of 1812 to the Monroe Doctrine (1812-1823)

The article aims to analyze Anglo-American relations’ reconstruction from the end of the War of 1812 to the Monroe Doctrine declared in 1823. Based on this goal, the paper focuses on presenting Anglo-American relations related to American natives, negotiations to find solutions to border disputes and other issues; the re-building of trade relations interrupted by the War of 1812. The study applies sources such as monographs and treaties based on historical and logical methods. The results indicate three main issues to build peaceful relations between Great Britain and the United States in this period. First, overcoming the consequences of the War of 1812; Secondly, resolving disputes existing in relations between the two countries in the previous period; and lastly, developing trade relations between the two countries. The paper contributes to the study of Anglo-American relations and issues of American history in the mentioned period.

Building a Novel Future: Connecting Peoples and Cultures

Current humanity is experiencing extraordinary levels of material and ideal connectivity. Change being constant and stability exceptional and provisional; one has to expect a significant acceleration of change in the next hundred years. The core question is therefore: What kind of future is being shaped for the next generations, our grandchildren and greatgrand children? Without going too far back in time, it is fair to say that the current world was shaped by two different, successive and antinomic global processes: imperial expansion, colonization and domination on the one hand, and resistance, struggle for liberation, and the search for a more equitable world order on the other hand. Against all the odds, European imperialism, civil war, wars of aggression, and Western ostracism, China was an influential actor in the struggle for liberation of Africa from colonialism, got its rightful place in the international world order and is now the second economy of the planet. Globalization resulted in the emergence of a de facto multipolar world, with different models of societies and organizational cultures. These are dialectic processes constantly in operation, but there is however a third crucial area of interest, generally taken granted, that of people and culture. Peaceful relations and sustainable economic development backed by greater cultural and demographic connectivity are better options for the construction of a novel future for humanity. Universities and higher education institutions can play an important role in spearheading and implementing these new orientations for the construction of a future peaceful and sustainable human world in which war will be outlawed. This paper outlines what academics can do to promote such a vision.

Examining the Prospects of Consociational Power Sharing as a Conflict Resolution Strategy in South Sudan

South Sudan has not escaped the world’s attention even after the signing of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) in September 2018. This agreement brought the main antagonists— President Salva Kiir and Vice-President Dr Riek Machar—to the negotiation table for the twelfth time since the conflict began in 2013. Even with the aura of a shaky peace, the main question is whether the new agreement will stand the test of time in light of the history of the failed implementation of peace agreements. This paper recognises the vital nature of the prevailing peace and examines whether consociational democracy can be propped up during this period of relative peace. The discussion hinges on consociationalism theory that contains a broad array of principles, including power sharing, requisite for consociational democracy. We argue that although South Sudan’s context could favour consociational democracy, there are several barriers characterising Sudan’s social and political spheres that should be alleviated. We elucidate on the barriers and suggest in broad strokes the need for strong independent institutions and vibrant civil society amongst others. We also recognise that overreliance on individuals in resolving the conflict is detrimental to the young nation, and there is a need for a citizen-centred approach that entrenches consociational principles in South Sudan’s political sphere.

O czasie (nie)wolnym Poliny Żerebcowej na podstawie świadectwa Mrówka w słoiku. Dzienniki czeczeńskie 1994–2004

The article attempts to analyze the unique testimony “Ant in a glass jar. Chechen diaries of 1994–2004” by Polina Zherebtsova from the point of view of the category of free time. The diary, which is an important supplement of mainly novel and reportage narrations about the war in Chechnya, is at the same time a testimony inscribed in the international circle of war diaries, especially children’s ones. From this point of view, the analysis of leisure time conducted from the point of view of everyday practice of recording what is around allows us to confirm the recurrence of certain mechanisms and behaviors in limit situations. In turn, the protractedness of the Russian-Chechen conflict influences the fact that between the periods of intense warfare there are also those when there is relative peace and normality, which translates into limited, but definitely individualized practices of spending leisure time.

The global crisis of modernity as a subject of Philosophy of Law

The development of mankind at the present stage can be fully characterized as a crisis. The global challenges facing humanity are not provided with sufficient ideological potential. In other words, humanity as a whole (this applies not only to Russia) has a global crisis of ideas about its further movement and response to modern challenges. This fully applies to the phenomenon of law. The destruction of the existing world order leads to a reduction in the ability of the means of International Law to ensure peace and good-neighbourly relations between States; attempts to extend their jurisdictions by some countries increase the already significant conflict potential of our time. The sphere of law is also being tested within the country; the law has become significant in scope, complex; it “invades” those areas that have traditionally been “assigned” to other regulators. The sharp increase in the number of laws adopted is not accompanied by the sustainability of decisions; the existing laws are constantly changing; against the background of the loss or reduction of many value orientations, increasing differentiation of subjects of regulation, this leads to a “gap” between the law and the regulated relations, the loss of the value of the law itself as a regulator of relations, the devaluation of the law and the law. In the article from the standpoint of interdisciplinary analysis an attempt is made to understand the modern crisis phenomena; some conclusions are proposed, which, in the author's opinion, can reverse the existing negative trends.

Juliana Cummings, Medicine in the Middle Ages: Surviving the Times, Yorkshire and Philadelphia: Pen & Sword Books, 2021, 197 pp., 16 pp. insert of b/w prints on glossy paper.

Abstract This account of late medieval medicine is unusual in being the first non-fiction book by the author of several historical novels set in the period, most recently of “a historical romance of Vlad the Impaler” (2020). Juliana Cummings has a long-standing fascination with her family’s history back to the time of Henry VII of England (1457–1509), when male ancestors fought in the king’s army, and with the medical perils people faced even in times of relative peace and prosperity. Responding to her treatment of medicine and mortality in novels and short stories, an editor from Pen & Sword History reached out to Cummings and suggested she write this book. The aim is to instruct those who know little about medicine before the present day and to do so in a read­able fashion, with reliable background information about the development of medical knowledge since Greco-Roman times. Obviously, this is not a book for specialists, but a good gift for friends and relatives, especially younger ones who wonder what things were like in earlier times and how people managed to live through them. Hence the book’s subtitle, “Surviving the Times.”

Role of Trade Union on Labour Administration on its Associate’s Performance in TNSTC, Kumbakonam Division–I

The existence of a recognized and strong trade union is vital for an industrial process to run smoothly. Act 651, also called the Labor Act 2003, was formed to help, and act as a guide to maintain a peaceful relationship between the employees and the management. It becomes important to acknowledge the major role the Union Activities have for an organization. These roles include maintaining harmony among employers and employees of an industry; negotiating or dealing with employees; serving as a director and guide for the employees for directing their concerns; and other similar roles. Decisions taken through a process of collective negotiation and bargaining between unions and the employer are highly influential. Trade unions, along with their important roles, are also helpful in maintaining an effective communication channel between the management and the workers. However, this study revealed the purpose of Job security, to protect from economic hazards, get respect from peers, express grievances through a trade union, get economic security, restrain management from acting, and gain more Bargaining Power is, a few reasons which compel a worker to join with the Trade Unions. The participation of all the employees in trade union activities can be motivated for the success of the trade union of the Corporation. The Union is involved in managing the working hours, holidays, or leaves, Managing the reshuffling or temporary transfers, Managing the dismissals or mandatory retirement, managing the collective agreement, Managing the labor hiring, Managing the employment, and staffing standards, Managing the bonus and wages, the standard for retirement allowance and annuity, Union manages the employee welfare. Hence the trade union has to take serious steps and bargain with the Corporation to ensure the job security of the employees. Hence the present study was aimed at analyzing the union activities on labour management on its member’s performance in Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Kumbakonam Division – I.

Uneasy Lies the Crown: External Threats to Religious Legitimacy and Interstate Dispute Militarization

Although often argued that religion should significantly influence international conflict, the empirical record is mixed. For every recurrent interreligious conflict, there are numerous examples of sustained interreligious cooperation. Conflict also frequently mars the oft-assumed peaceful relations between shared-religion states. We argue that religion is an important intervening factor in interstate dispute militarization, especially between internally threatened rivals. In mixed-religion dyads, conflict often follows oppression of cross-border coreligionists, whereas in shared-religion dyads, conflict occurs as one side disproportionately increases its official support for that religion. In both instances, dispute militarization is primarily an effort to undercut domestic competitors, whose challenge is augmented by external threats to leaders’ religious legitimacy. We test these propositions using new, long-term data on religious demography and state-religion policy, identifying rivalries via antecedent interstate territorial disputes. The findings largely confirm our hypotheses, substantially clarifying the conditions under which religion contributes to international militarized conflict.

English

This paper seeks to examine the causes and management of ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia, with a particular reference to the two major ethnic groups, the Amhara and Oromo. Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic country where various ethnic groups have lived together for millennia, in relative peace. Over the last few years, intra-ethnic conflicts have intensified. Even though the two major ethnic groups, the Amhara, and the Oromo, have much in common, nowadays conflicts have also redefined their relationships. This paper, drawing on social-psychological theory, argues that the causes for the conflict between the two ethnic groups are: competing narratives; institutionalised negative prejudices; and the ruthless campaign of unbridled ethnic entrepreneurs−politicisation of ethnicity. It further contends that the ethnic federalism, which was ostensibly devised in 1994, to alleviate nationalistic passions and manage inter-ethnic conflicts, has compounded ethnic conflict. Finally, it suggests that some of the tenable solutions are to change narratives, settle past accounts through national reconciliation and revisit ethnic federalism.   Key words: Ethnic conflict, Amhara, Oromo, ethnic federalism, narratives, symbolic politics, ethnic entrepreneurs.

디미트리에 칸테미르(Dimitrie Cantemir)의 소설 􋺷상형문자로 쓰인 역사(Istoria ieroglifică, 1703/4-1705)􋺸의 현실성과 환상성

History written in hieroglyph by Dimitrie Cantemir A hieroglyphic history(1703/4-1705) was copied by Tocilescu in Russia in 1878, which is used as original script. Original script and copy include not only fantasy novel but also eight headlines, three addressing, hieroglyph-deciphering dictionary. He missed the chance to return to his country while he was taken as a hostage in Constantinople, while right-hand man Mihai Racivita of Brancoveanu of Muntenia was become a new ruler of Moldova. He dreamt a independent country free from oligarchy of Moldova and nearby superpowers and a brother country which keeps peaceful relation with Muntenia. He wrote fantasy novel based on 17 years of Moldova’s history. He depicted winged animals and walking animals using his own hieroglyph visioned the fantastic world where all animals living together peacefully. Moldova is Lion Country which is walking animal amd Muntenia is Eagle Country which is winged animal. He depicted himself as Unicorn, his rival Brancoveanu of Muntenia as Raven and Mihai Racovita as a hybrid of ostrich and camel, Ostrichcamel. Animals of two countries gathered one place to elect able leader but fought over the throne each other. Raven seemed get the upper hand over unicorn only to realize his foolishness. At that time Unicorn returned and country became peaceful. All animals paid respects to the crown of victor Unicorn.(Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

National idea as a consolidating principle of university education

The object of research is national education of students in the university environment.
 Investigated problem. As a result of a critical analysis of the works of Ukrainian scholars, the issue under investigation has been solved. The status of contemporary higher education in Ukraine, and the processes that can negatively affect it have been analyzed. The state holistic strategy of national education for young people, enshrined in the legislative documents of various ministries and departments has been investigated. The views of western scholars on the discussed problem have been regarded, as a result, the implementation of a new term has been identified.
 Main scientific results. The fundamental goals and basic tasks of a national idea implementation in the general system of Ukrainian education have been determined. The complex perspectives of an up-to-date teachers’ training which can be regarded controversial in terms of new challenges in Ukrainian society have been outlined. Much attention has been paid to the issues national identity, national values and patriotism of students through the prism of global values and tolerant relationship. The idea of close cooperation necessity between ministries and educational institutions aimed at establishing peaceful and friendly relations between residents of different regions of Ukraine has been expressed. The idea of national consolidation on the basis of common cultural and historical past, national values and interests has been defined as the principal factor in the university students’ education.
 Scope of practical application. The results of the research can be used in both cognitive and educational values.

FRONTIER DYNAMICS IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATIC CHANGE

Climatic changes (aridization) in the Early Bronze Age allowed the population of the North-Western Black Sea coast to use natural resources in a greater volume than before. On the one hand, steppe ecosystems were such resources. The expansion of the steppe zone and its transformation stimulated the development of cattle-breeding economy. Therefore, part of the agricultural Late Tripolye population chose to change territory (relocation to the Northwestern Black Sea coast) and switch to a new for themselves economic and cultural type (mobile cattle breeding) to overcome the crisis situation. In our opinion, the analysis of the archaeological sources and the cultural and ecological situation indicate that the North-Western Frontier can be attributed to the cattle-breeding type. Taking into account the analysis of the colonization attractors and the relations between the newcomers (Yamna culture) and the local population in the zone of the Balkan-Carpathian Frontier, we can conclude that it belongs to the trade type. Apparently, the population, having advanced from the North-Western Black Sea coast, built peaceful relations with its partners, organically fitting into the context of the communities of South-Eastern Europe. Consideration of interrelations of the Yamna culture population with the autochthonous population demonstrates the multivariance of contacts and the absence of uniform norms and scenarios. Each micro-region had its own peculiarities, which do not indicate the replacement of the local population by aliens. The conclusions of geneticists about the total migration of the Yamna population to Central and Southeastern Europe, which led to the replacement of genetics and the formation of new cultures, can be refuted not only in terms of archaeology, but also in the framework of the frontier theory. The starting point of the frontier is the meeting of different communities and the interaction between them, which leads to processes of transformation. This is why understanding the frontier as a process allows researchers to move from its spatial localization to the social aspect. The theory of the frontier opens wide prospects for historical and archaeological research.

Russian in the multilingual environment of three Asian countries

This article provides a comparative analysis of the sociolinguistic situation in three Asian countries, India, Japan, and South Korea, which are relatively less known as countries where the Russian language is used. The aim of the study is to assess the significance of the Russian language in these countries Russian-speaking diasporas, business sphere, and education, as well as to define the characteristics of its teaching in the cultural contexts under discussion. In all these domains processes of language commodification are intensifying. The countries chosen for analysis differ in the history of language contacts, political relations with Russia, language policy, language attitudes, and as a result, residents motivation for maintaining and learning the Russian language. We discuss similarities and differences in the development of Russian speech communities. We also reflect upon linguistic and cultural hybridity, and in particular, its effect on the evolution of multilingual identities on the basis of interviews, fieldnotes, internet resources, and published data. The results show that in Japan and South Korea, the number of immigrants, students, businesspeople and mixed families using Russian is growing, and Russian language schools are popular; in India, the established relationship of peace, friendship and cooperation through various treaties continues to have its effect on the popularity of the Russian language in various spheres of life. In all the three countries Russian serves as a lingua franca for immigrants from different post-Soviet countries, which increases its value for the diasporans. The study argues that realities of diasporic life contribute to the pluricentric trends in the development of Russian.

Incursion dans l’hypertemps

The pandemic has transformed our relationship to time, as it has disrupted our work habits. To understand how these changes affect our world view, it is useful to examine the fundamental patterns that govern our relationship to time, which can be called Destiny, Progress, Hypertemps and Deadlines. What are the links between them? And above all, like leaving a conflicting vision of opposition to build a more peaceful relationship to time. À time when “having time” could retain meaning?

DARI ANARKI KE HIRARKI: EKSPOSISI GAGASAN THOMAS HOBBES SEBAGAI RUJUKAN TEORI REALISME

In International Relation theory discourse, Classical Realism has some typical characteristics that differentiate it from other theories. The typical characteristics can be indicated by the ideas of Anarchy and Conflict. The two ideas in Classical Realism theory refers to Thomas Hobbes� Political Philosophy on the State of Nature. Considering that the two ideas are only two of the entire ideas of Thomas Hobbes� Political Philosophy, the State of Anarchy and Conflict in Classical Realism theory needs to be completed with other ideas. The writing has been made to show the function of ratio as a reason to seek peace in a hierarchical relation through Leviathan�s power. Therefore, it can be seen that Thomas Hobbes discusses not only about the state of anarchy but also the fact of hierarchical system urgency to avoid conflict.

Three shades of dismemberment anxiety about Armenians in Turkish politics

This article explores the significance of perceived threats about dismemberment in Turkish politics, also called the Sèvres syndrome. Relying on a qualitative content analysis of Turkish parliamentary records, it scrutinises how the syndrome influences the debates about Armenians between 1983 and 2018. It demonstrates that Turkish politicians refer to the syndrome in three manners: (1) Armenians had tried to dismember; (2) Armenians could create conditions to dismember again and (3) Armenians are actively attempting to dismember. The study concludes that the syndrome presents an obstacle to a peaceful Turkish–Armenian relationship by recalling Turkish victimhood in the past and relating it to contemporary contexts.

Starting From a Ground Level: A Hope of Reconciliation in Lucy’s Silence and Subjection in Disgrace

This paper focuses on Lucy’s double predicaments as a white woman in post-apartheid South Africa in J.M. Coetzee’s novel Disgrace. As an heir of settler history and as the other to men in the patriarchal society, Lucy becomes a scapegoat of history and is raped by three black men. With a post-colonial interpretation of Lucy’s rape, this paper interprets Lucy’s silence about her rape and subjection to the blacks as her efforts to achieve a peaceful relationship with the blacks. Her determination to love the child bred in hatred by the black rapists shows a hope of reconciliation between whites and blacks through forgiveness and love.