PBAT Matrix Research Articles

Effect of titanium dioxide on the properties of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) films

In this study, the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) was investigated. PBAT/TiO2 biocomposite films containing different weight percentages (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 3 %w/w) of TiO2 were prepared by mixing PBAT and TiO2 in a twin screw extruder and thin films were prepared by cast film extruder. The thickness of each film is in the range of 50-90 micron. PBAT/TiO2 biocomposite films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, Tensile testing, Scanning electron microscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry. Incorporating TiO2 (0.25-1 %w/w) in PBAT matrix was found the Young’s modulus and Tensile strength were increased while the addition of TiO2 more than 1 %w/w (3 %w/w) exhibited lower Young’s modulus and Tensile strength as a result of agglomeration of TiO2 that was shown in SEM images. Thermal properties of biocomposite films showed the percent of crystallinity increased by increasing TiO2 concentration up to 1 %w/w. Moreover, addition of TiO2 concentration up to 3 %w/w the percentage of crystallinity was decreased probably as a result of agglomeration of TiO2 that affected on crystallization of PBAT/TiO2 biocomposite films.

Curcumin Incorporated Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate) Film with Improved Water Vapor Barrier and Antioxidant Properties.

Curcumin incorporated poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) based film was fabricated. Curcumin has uniformly distributed in the PBAT matrix to form a bright yellow PBAT/curcumin film. The PBAT/curcumin film has slightly reduced tensile strength and flexibility than the neat PBAT film, while the thermal stability of the film has not changed significantly. The blending of curcumin significantly decreased the water vapor permeability of the PBAT film. Additionally, the PBAT/curcumin film showed potent antioxidant activity with some antimicrobial activity. The PBAT/curcumin films with improved water vapor barrier and additional functions can be used for active packaging applications.

Enhanced Photodegradation Stability in Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composites Using Organically Modified Layered Zinc Phenylphosphonate.

The enhancement of the ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation resistance of biodegradable polymers can improve their application efficacy in a natural environment. In this study, the hexadecylamine modified layered zinc phenylphosphonate (m-PPZn) was used as a UV protection additive for poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) via solution mixing. The results from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis of the m-PPZn indicated the occurrence of hexadecylamine intercalation. FTIR and gel permeation chromatography were used to characterize the evolution of the PBAT/m-PPZn composites after being artificially irradiated via a light source. The various functional groups produced via photodegradation were analyzed to illustrate the enhanced UV protection ability of m-PPZn in the composite materials. From the appearance, the yellowness index of the PBAT/m-PPZn composite materials was significantly lower than that of the pure PBAT matrix due to photodegradation. These results were confirmed by the molecular weight reduction in PBAT with increasing m-PPZn content, possibly due to the UV photon energy reflection by the m-PPZn. This study presents a novel approach of improving the UV photodegradation of a biodegradable polymer using an organically modified layered zinc phenylphosphonate composite.

Plasticization Effect of Poly(Lactic Acid) in the Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate) Blown Film for Tear Resistance Improvement.

The mechanical properties and tear resistance of an ecofriendly flexible packaging film, i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate–co–terephthalate) (PBAT) film, were investigated via a blown film extrusion process. The application of PLA and PBAT in product packaging is limited due to the high brittleness, low stiffness, and incompatibility of the materials. In this study, the effects of various plasticizers, such as adipate, adipic acid, glycerol ester, and adipic acid ester, on the plasticization of PLA and fabrication of the PLA/PBAT blown film were comprehensively evaluated. It was determined that the plasticizer containing ether and ester functionalities (i.e., adipic acid ester) improved the flexibility of PLA as well as its compatibility with PBAT. It was found that the addition of the plasticizer effectively promoted chain mobility of the PLA matrix. Moreover, the interfacial adhesion between the plasticized PLA domain and PBAT matrix was enhanced. The results of the present study demonstrated that the plasticized PLA/PBAT blown film prepared utilizing a blown film extrusion process exhibited improved tear resistance, which increased from 4.63 to 8.67 N/mm in machine direction and from 13.19 to 16.16 N/mm in the transverse direction.

Structural, thermal and mechanical properties of composites of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) with wheat straw microcrystalline cellulose

Structural, thermal and mechanical properties of the compostable composites comprising a biodegradable aliphatic–aromatic copolyester (namely, the poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate; PBAT), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) derived from agricultural waste, the wheat stalk, were investigated. Purely physical interaction between the components was found to be responsible to get the MCC phase quite uniformly embedded in the PBAT matrix, the latter being the dominating component of the composites surface. There were two distinct thermally activated degradation regimes characterized by separate activation processes corresponding to the decomposition of the MCC and the PBAT phases, respectively. The physically bound and rather weak but large PBAT–MCC interfacial areas provoked more rapid thermal degradation of the composites compared to the pure components. While the PBAT acted as a highly ductile material upon tensile loading, the composites maintained high ductility only up to 20% by weight of the MCC. The drastic reduction in the ductility for higher filler loading was attributed to the possible void formation at the interfacial region followed by crack initiation and propagation leading eventually to the premature specimen fracture. The composite materials thus fabricated were hence found to suit for low-load bearing applications.

Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/titanium dioxide/silver composite biofilms for food packaging application

Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/titanium dioxide (TiO2)/silver (Ag) composite biofilms were prepared via a common solvent casting method and then used for food packaging. The effects of TiO2/Ag nanoparticles on the physical, antibacterial, and antiseptic properties of the composite biofilms were comprehensively investigated. Results showed that the physical properties, such as mechanical, UV blocking, and barrier properties, of PBAT matrix were remarkably improved by the incorporation of TiO2/Ag nanoparticles. The optimum performance was achieved when the concentration of TiO2/Ag nanoparticles was 5% (w/w). Given the excellent antibacterial activity of TiO2/Ag nanoparticles, the composite biofilms exhibited unique antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the results of the cherry tomato preservation experiment indicated that the composite biofilms possessed good food preservation ability, which ensures that the present composite biofilms can be utilized in the food packaging industry.

Optimizing interfacial adhesion in PBAT/PLA nanocomposite for biodegradable packaging films

Biodegradable films poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) incorporated with nano-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS(epoxy)8) as a reactive compatibilizer were developed by melt processing. Structural, morphological, mechanical, and gas permeability properties of the films were determined. 1H NMR and GPC demonstrated that the POSS(epoxy)8 was chemically bound at the PBAT/PLA boundary phase via an epoxide ring opening reaction. SEM micrographs of impact fracture surfaces demonstrated the POSS(epoxy)8 improved interfacial adhesion between PBAT and PLA matrix. The mechanical properties of the PBAT/PLA films containing POSS(epoxy)8 were enhanced relative to pristine PBAT/PLA films. The water vapor, CO2 and O2 permeability of the PBAT/PLA films were improved by POSS(epoxy)8 addition. PBAT/PLA films containing POSS(epoxy)8 were shown to be superior to pristine PBAT/PLA films and polyethylene films in food storage tests. Results suggest that POSS(epoxy)8 addition during PBAT/PLA film production offers a simple strategy for the production of high performance biodegradable plastic packaging films.

Nanofillers-induced modifications in microstructure and properties of PBAT/PP blend: Enhanced rigidity, heat resistance, and electrical conductivity

Carbon nanotube (CNT) and organoclay (15A) were introduced separately and simultaneously into the poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/polypropylene (PP) blend to fabricate PBAT-based nanocomposites with maleated PP played as a compatibilizer. SEM and TEM analyses confirmed the CNT and 15A were predominantly distributed in the PBAT matrix and in the dispersed PP phase, respectively. Addition of sole CNT or 15A developed a quasi-co-continuous PBAT-PP morphology. CNT assisted the nucleation for both PBAT and PP crystallization, while 15A facilitated the nucleation for PP only. The heat distortion temperature of the blend increased 20 °C at 3-phr CNT loading. Adding hybrid fillers of CNT and 15A improved Young's modulus and flexural modulus by up to 35% and 144%, respectively, compared with those of the parent blend. The impact strength increased by up to 33% after 2-phr CNT loading. The electrical resistivity of the blend reduced by more than 9 orders at 3-phr CNT loading.

Mechanically reinforced biodegradable Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) with interactive nanoinclusions

Enhancement of mechanical properties is highly required for expanded use of biodegradable polymers like poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The use of nanoinclusions to develop polymer nanocomposites can provide for the desired mechanical enhancement. When using singe-type reinforcements such as silica (SiO2) nanoparticles or cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), however, there usually exists a reinforcing limit of the stiffness at exceedingly low volume fractions, above which the further addition of inclusions would compromise the achieved mechanical reinforcements instead. Here, we introduce an interactive nano-reinforcement approach to break such a limit for improving the mechanical properties of PBAT by combining surface-modified nanoparticles, epoxide-modified nanosilica (SiO2-EO) and amine-treated cellulose nanofiber (CNF-NH2), to provide for their chemical bonding for synergistic reinforcement. Such a combination eliminates the low volume fraction limit on stiffness enhancement. Specifically, incorporation of 0.6 vol% SiO2-EO and 0.8 vol% CNF-NH2 into PBAT increases the Young's modulus by 47% over that for PBAT, compared with a maximum increase by 16% for 0.6 vol% SiO2-EO alone, 12% for 0.8 vol% CNF-NH2 alone, 35% for 0.8 vol% CNF-EO alone, and 37% for 0.6 vol% SiO2-EO and 0.8 vol% CNF-EO. The tensile strength of the PBAT nanocomposite is also enhanced by chemical interaction between the modified nanoparticles with values increasing by 28% over that for nanofillers only capable of physical interactions. Storage modulus frequency sweeps indicate good compatibility between the paired nanoparticles and PBAT matrix, and electron microscopy shows good dispersion and the formation of a reinforcing network microstructure throughout the matrix film. These results provide a potential method for modifying biodegradable polymers such as PBAT for packaging and agricultural applications.

Biodegradable blends of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and stereocomplex polylactide with enhanced rheological, mechanical properties and thermal resistance

The aim of this study was to prepare a new blend system by blending equimolar poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactide acid) (PDLA) with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and to form stereocomplex polylactide (sc-PLA) during blending process. Then, sc-PLA would improve the performance of PBAT without compromising its biodegradability. Torque-time curve, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements indicated that only sc-PLA formed in PBAT matrix. The phase morphology showed that sc-PLA particles were uniformly dispersed in PBAT matrix, and the sizes were independent of their contents. The rheological properties of PBAT were significantly enhanced by addition of sc-PLA, especially after the formation of a percolation network structure. With the increase of sc-PLA content, the blends displayed increased yield strength and modulus and decreased elongation at break and tensile strength. The sc-PLA particles could reinforce PBAT matrix. Compared with pure PBAT, the heat resistance of PBAT/sc-PLA blends was improved.

Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/magnesium oxide/silver ternary composite biofilms for food packaging application

Abstract Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/ magnesium oxide (MgO)/ silver (Ag) ternary composite biofilms were prepared via a common solvent casting method and used for food packaging. The effects of MgO/Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on the physical and antibacterial properties of the composite biofilms were comprehensively investigated. The physical properties of the PBAT matrix, such as the mechanical and barrier properties, are improved by the incorporation of MgO/Ag NPs. The composite films with 3 wt% NPs content exhibit the optimal properties. Specifically, the tensile strength, the elongation at break, water barrier property, and oxygen barrier property are 11.91 MPa, 415.63 %, 1.135 kg·m/m²·s·Pa, and 3.679 Barrer, respectively. Furthermore, the inhibition rates of ternary composite film against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus exceed 90 %, indicating potential for application in the food packaging industry.

Engineering thermally and electrically conductive biodegradable polymer nanocomposites

There is an urgent demand for producing biodegradable polymer based composites with good thermal and/or electrical conductivity to mitigate the plastic pollution introduced by electronic waste. Here, we have designed and engineered a mechanically strong, melt processable, biodegradable polymer based nanocomposite with excellent thermal and electrical conductivity using filler dispersion principle and the work of adhesion (Wa) as guides. In the design, graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) were dispersed into a highly ductile biodegradable polymer - poly (butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT). Blending with another biodegradable polymer, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) that has low affinity to GNPs, confined the dispersion of GNPs within PBAT matrix, thereby facilitating the formation of a percolated network. As a result, high thermal conductivity (3.15W/m⋅K) and electrical conductivity (338S/m) were achieved for the nanocomposite at 40 wt% of GNPs loading, and the mechanical performance remained strong even at such filler loading due to the strong interaction between GNPs and PBAT. This study provides a new strategy for effectively producing high thermally and/or electrically conductive polymer nanocomposites.

Preparation and Properties of Antimicrobial Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/TiO2 Nanocomposites Films

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) nanocomposite films with various contents of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium dioxide doped silver (Ag-TiO2) were prepared by a solvent casting method. The TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles were surface-modified with silane coupling agents to improve their compatibility and dispersibility in the PBAT matrix. They were denoted as mTiO2 and mAg-TiO2, and were characrterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphology of the PBAT nanocomposite films was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The crystallinity of the PBAT film increased upon the introduction of the nano-TiO2/Ag-TiO2. Its mechanical properties and gas barrier properties were also significantly improved. In addition, the PBAT/mTiO2 and PBAT/mAg-TiO2 nanocomposite films showed a strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) food-borne pathogenic bacteria.

Blends of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and stereocomplex polylactide with improved rheological and mechanical properties.

Biodegradable blends of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and stereocomplex polylactide (sc-PLA) were prepared herein via a melt blending method at various sc-PLA loadings. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results verified that complete stereocomplex polylactide crystallites in the PBAT could be achieved. Scanning electron microscopy observation indicated that sc-PLA was dispersed in the PBAT matrix as spherical particles; the dispersed size of the sc-PLA did not display a pronounced increase once the content of sc-crystallites reached a critical gel point. As solid fillers, sc-PLA could reinforce the PBAT matrix in a relatively wider temperature region and accelerate the non-isothermal crystallization of PBAT. The properties of PBAT were greatly improved after blending with sc-PLA, particularly when a percolation network structure of spherical filler had formed in the blends. In addition, all the blends showed higher yield stresses and moduli than those of the neat PBAT but exhibited reduction in elongations in tensile mechanical tests. These results would be interesting to the industrial polymer materials community, and may be of significant use and importance for the wider practical application of PBAT.

A multiple approach in determination of interfacial tension of biodegradable melt-mixed PBAT/EVOH blends: Correlation of morphology, rheology and mechanical properties

The interfacial tension of biodegradable melt-mixed blends of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT, and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), (EVOH), was measured by breaking thread (BT), imbedded fiber retraction (IFR), and rheological methods. The PBAT-rich blends were prepared under different melt mixing conditions in order to investigate the effect of mixing conditions and possibility of reactive mixing between the blend components on the blend morphology, rheology, mechanical properties and interfacial tension values. The conditions were varied based on a Taguchi design of experiment using four factors namely EVOH content (0–30 wt%), mixing time (2–15 min), rotor speed (50–90 rpm), and mixing temperature (185–200 °C), each varying at three levels. The average size of EVOH droplets in PBAT matrix was determined for each blend by a field emission-scanning electron microscopy technique. The values of interfacial tension of PBAT/EVOH were found to be 2.57 ± 0.22 and 2.73 ± 0.30 mN m−1 by the BT and IFR methods, respectively. The Palierne, Gramespacher, and Bousmina models were fitted to the rheological data to verify the interfacial tension of the blends. The continuous relaxation spectrum of the blends was determined in order to obtain the relaxation time of the EVOH droplets in the PBAT matrix. The Taguchi analysis revealed that the most effective factor is the EVOH content, and other factors do not play a significant role in the ultimate properties of the blends. Finally, based on the obtained mechanical properties, the possibility of reactive mixing under the applied mixing conditions was ruled out by means of repeated differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheological measurements.

Use of a chain extender as a dispersing agent of the CaCO3into PBAT matrix

This paper investigates the effect of the incorporation of chain extender on the poly(butylene adipate -co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and their mixture with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composites. Chain extender (ADR) was used to enhance the compatibility between PBAT and CaCO3, which have poor interfacial adhesion. Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of PBAT, PBAT/chain extender, and their composites were studied. The incorporation of the chain extender enhanced Young’s modulus and elongation at break of the neat PBAT, which is an indicator of the interaction between both materials. These results were confirmed by1H NMR and13C NMR (proton – hydrogen and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, respectively). The chain extender acted by dispersing the CaCO3particles; however, with an increase in the filler content, there is a decrease in the mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that chain extender has no influence on neat PBAT thermal behavior and their composites containing CaCO3. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed a decrease in crystallinity values of the PBAT and its composites, which is due to the physical impediment in the organization of polymer chains. Photomicrographs, obtained by scanning electron microscopy, showed that chain extender does not influence PBAT morphology. However, in the composites, chain extender enhanced the dispersion on CaCO3particles.

Biodegradable Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) composites reinforced with bio‐based nanochitin: Preparation, enhanced mechanical and thermal properties

ABSTRACTThe accumulation of nonbiodegradable petrochemical‐based polymers in the environment motivates the development and use of low‐cost, eco‐friendly, and biodegradable polymers. A series of biodegradable poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) composites reinforced by sustainably sourced nanochitin were successfully prepared using melt blending and compression molding methods. Structural, thermal, and mechanical characterizations of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT)/nanochitin composites were performed. SEM revealed that the nanochitin was uniformly dispersed throughout the PBAT matrix at low contents (<2 wt %), while DSC analyses revealed a corresponding increase in the crystallinity (32.6% enhancement) of the PBAT matrix. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the PBAT/nanochitin composite containing 0.5 wt % nanochitin were higher by 82.5 and 64.2%, respectively, compared with pristine PBAT. The Chitin‐0.5 composite also showed improved thermal stability compared with PBAT (the char yield improved by 8%) due to the uniform dispersion of nanochitin in the PBAT matrix. The enhanced performance of the PBAT/nanochitin composites, prepared without an added compatibilizer, informs the development of improved biodegradable PBAT‐based polymers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48485.

Toward Greener Polymeric Blends: Study of PBAT/Thermoplastic Whey Protein Isolate/Beeswax Blends

This work evaluated the effects of partial substitution of PBAT by thermoplastic whey protein isolate (WPIT) with addition of beeswax through blends processing and their morphological, mechanical, structural, thermal and rheological properties. Whey protein isolate (WPI) was denatured at 90 °C, using glycerol as plasticizer, to be transformed in a thermoplastic material and subsequently blended with PBAT using a torque rheometer at 130 °C. Addition of 10 and 30% of WPIT in the PBAT matrix was investigated with and without beeswax. Blends were pressed as films with ~ 320 µm of thickness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of PBAT/WPIT blends films revealed the presence of domains. These domains are compounded of whey protein, while at the continuous phase a moderate degree of mixture between PBAT and WPIT was observed by Raman analyses. WPIT did not alter the degree of crystallinity and the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of the PBAT in the blends. Thermogravimetric curves of the blends showed decomposition stages related to WPIT and PBAT phases. Thermal stability of blends decreased in comparison to WPIT, which was associated to the cleavage of disulfide bonds of WPIT during processing and causes other kind of interaction between components. Besides, blends containing WPIT remained non-rigid polymers with Young’s modulus below 70 MPa. The tensile strength and elongation at break decreased due the presence of WPIT. Beeswax did not influence the thermal and mechanical properties explored in this study.

A novel nanosilica‐supported ultraviolet absorber for the preparation of robust biodegradable plastic film with high ultraviolet aging resistance

A novel type of nanosilica‐supported ultraviolet absorber (SiO2‐N‐0) was successfully prepared by chemically grafting 2,4‐dihydroxybenzophenone (UV‐0) onto the surface of nanosilica (SiO2) with the aid of a coupling agent via a sol–gel method, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. SiO2‐N‐0 was then incorporated into poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) to fabricate biodegradable composite film with a casting method. As expected, SiO2‐N‐0 was homogeneously dispersed in PBAT matrix, leading to higher mechanical strength and lower water vapor transmission of PBAT/SiO2‐N‐0 film than those of PBAT/SiO2/UV‐0 film. More importantly, because of its low migration and volatility, SiO2‐N‐0 endowed PBAT film with excellent aging resistance under ultraviolet radiation than did the corresponding low molecular ultraviolet absorber UV‐0. Taken together, these results suggest that thus prepared PBAT/SiO2‐N‐0 composite film may find many applications, especially as biodegradable agricultural mulch film. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:4154–4161, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effects of tartaric acid contents on phase homogeneity, morphology and properties of poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch bio-composities

Poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch with high performances was a candidate alternative for polyethylene. In this study, starch, glycerol and tartaric acid (TA) were extruded to fabricate thermoplastic starch/TA (TPS-TA) firstly, then re-extruded with PBAT to achieve PBAT/TPS-TA composites. Effects of TA contents on the structure of TPS, the phase morphology and performances of PBAT/TPS-TA were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), viscosity, dynamic rheological and in vitro biodegradation measurement, contact angle and tensile test, respectively. When its content ranged from 0.5 to 1%, TA acted as acid catalyst to reduce the molecular weight of starch and shear viscosity of TPS, meanwhile, served as coupling reagent to improve the compatibility of TPS and PBAT matrix. Consequently, TPS-TA particles uniformly dispersed in PBAT matrix with 0.18 μm diameter and PBAT/TPS-TA could achieve the homogeneous phase and improved tensile properties. However, when TA content was higher than 1%, the excessive TA would decrease the interface interaction and caused the morphology of PBAT/TPS-TA to reverse from homogeneous phase to “sea-island structure”. This study paved the way for fabricating low-cost PBAT/TPS-TA with 15 times and 40% increments in biodegradation rate and ductility, respectively, when PBAT was used as the control.