Pb In Dust Research Articles

Estimation of Ecological and Human Health Risks Posed by Heavy Metals in Street Dust of Madrid City (Spain).

In this work, sampling was carried out in the urban area of Madrid to analyze the content of total heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Cd) in the street dust. Contamination was evaluated using various indices, such as the Contamination Factor (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI), Pollution Load Index (PLI), the Human Health Index Hazard Index (HI), and Cancer Risk (CR). Pollution indices were related to traffic density and color. Traffic density was the factor that most influenced the values of the pollution indexes, but no significant differences were found with the color of street dust. The concentration of heavy metals in the urban dust of Madrid had the following sequence: Zn (895) > Cu (411) > Pb (290) > Cr (100) > Ni (42) > Cd (1.25 mg kg−1). The pollution levels were high or very high in Pb, Zn, and Cd regarding the environmental pollution indexes. Ingestion was the main route of exposure to heavy metals contained in street dust. The CR for adults and children is less than 1 × 10−6, which means that there is no risk for the population. However, the HI was 10 times higher in children than in adults.

Characteristics, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban road dust of the Pearl River Delta, South China

To investigate the characteristics of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn) in urban road dust from different cities and functional areas in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, a total of 294 dust samples were analyzed. The contamination characteristics and health risk of heavy metals in the dust were assessed, their chemical speciation were distinguished, and their sources were identified by the correlations, cluster and principal component analysis (PCA). The mean concentrations of As (15.89 mg/kg), Cd (1.59 mg/kg), Cr (143.75 mg/kg), Cu (184.42 mg/kg), Pb (114.82 mg/kg), Hg (0.11 mg/kg), Ni (41.53 mg/kg) and Zn (645.94 mg/kg) in urban road dust were in high or moderate levels compare with other previous researches. In this case, the contamination of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in the industrial area (IA) and the contamination of Cd and Hg in the commercial area (CA) were significantly higher relative to other functional areas (P < 0.05), and the contamination of heavy metals in Foshan City was significantly higher than other cities (P < 0.01). The order of mobility of the heavy metals with higher concentration in urban road dust of the Pearl River Delta declined in the following order: Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cr. Statistical analysis result showed the contaminated heavy metals in urban road dust were mainly contributed by industrial activities, traffic activities and building pollution. There were no significant carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks for adults, children however showed significant noncarcinogenic effect caused by As and Cr in partial points, albeit with low contamination level of the two metals. The ingestion was a principal pathway for heavy metals via urban road dust to exposure population. More protection measures should be considered to reduce children’s exposure to the dust, especially in the CA and IA.

Assessment of Bioaccessibility and Health Risks of Toxic Metals in Roadside Dust of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Spatial variations in the bioaccessibility and health risks induced by chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in roadside dust from different land-use areas, i.e., commercial areas (CA), planned residential areas (PRA), spontaneous residential areas (SRA) and urban green areas (UGA) in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, were investigated. An in vitro simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) method, which allows the simulation of the gastric (GP) and intestinal phases (IP) of human digestion, was applied to evaluate bioaccessibility and human health risk, assessed using United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) modelling. The average bioaccessible concentration of Zn was the highest in both the gastric (74.4–244.5 µg/g) and intestinal phases (74.4–244.5 µg/g) in all the land-use areas except UGA. The bioaccessibility percentages of Co and Cu in the IP phase and As in the GP phase were &gt;40% for all the land-use categories. Carcinogenic (Cr, Ni, As and Pb) and non-carcinogenic human health risks were evaluated for the ingestion pathway, in both children and adults. The results suggest that there were no non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children exposed to roadside dust toxic metals, but the risk levels of roadside dust toxic metals in some sampling areas were high. The carcinogenic risks of Cr in SRA (for children) and Ni in CA (for both adults and children), PRA (for children) and UGA (for children) were found to be within a tolerable range of 10−6 to 10−4.

Heavy Metal Contamination (Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) in Urban Dust and its Possible Ecological and Human Health Risk in Mexican Cities

Cities occupy a relatively small percentage of the Earth’s surface. However, they influence the entire biosphere, affect biodiversity and environmental conditions, which end up affecting human health and well-being. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the level of contamination by heavy metals in urban environments, as well as the possible ecological and human health risks. In this study, the urban dust of six Mexican cities was analyzed and it was found that all studied cities were contaminated, except for Mérida, when soil world background value was used as reference. In contrast, Mérida and Morelia were the most contaminated when a local background was used (decile 1). The concentrations in the cities for the metals Cu, Pb and Zn, decreased in the order CDMX &amp;gt; San Luis Potosí &amp;gt; Toluca &amp;gt; Morelia-Ensenada &amp;gt; Mérida. In the particular case of Cu and Pb, SLP accompanied CDMX as the most polluted city. For Mn and Fe concentrations, the order was CDMX &amp;gt; Toluca &amp;gt; Ensenada &amp;gt; SLP &amp;gt; Morelia-Mérida. No potential ecological risk was found due to contamination by Cu, Pb, and Zn, in the urban dust of the studied cities. However, the higher metal contribution to the potential ecological risk in all the cities was from Pb; and it represented a moderate ecological risk of more than 25% on CDMX, SLP, and Toluca sites. Pb can also be a potential risk for children’s health. In addition, chronic exposure to Fe and Mn could trigger many ailments. In the future, it is important to identify the main sources of Pb in cities and seek mitigation strategies to reduce the possible adverse effects that this metal may be causing.

Using Community Science to Better Understand Lead Exposure Risks.

Lead (Pb) is a neurotoxicant that particularly harms young children. Urban environments are often plagued with elevated Pb in soils and dusts, posing a health exposure risk from inhalation and ingestion of these contaminated media. Thus, a better understanding of where to prioritize risk screening and intervention is paramount from a public health perspective. We have synthesized a large national data set of Pb concentrations in household dusts from across the United States (U.S.), part of a community science initiative called “DustSafe.” Using these results, we have developed a straightforward logistic regression model that correctly predicts whether Pb is elevated (>80 ppm) or low (<80 ppm) in household dusts 75% of the time. Additionally, our model estimated 18% false negatives for elevated Pb, displaying that there was a low probability of elevated Pb in homes being misclassified. Our model uses only variables of approximate housing age and whether there is peeling paint in the interior of the home, illustrating how a simple and successful Pb predictive model can be generated if researchers ask the right screening questions. Scanning electron microscopy supports a common presence of Pb paint in several dust samples with elevated bulk Pb concentrations, which explains the predictive power of housing age and peeling paint in the model. This model was also implemented into an interactive mobile app that aims to increase community‐wide participation with Pb household screening. The app will hopefully provide greater awareness of Pb risks and a highly efficient way to begin mitigation.

Source apportionment, ecological, and human health risks of toxic metals in road dust of densely populated capital and connected major highway of Bangladesh.

This study investigates pollution levels, source apportionment, ecological, and human health risks associated with toxic metals (Pb, As, Hg, Cr, and Cd) in road dust from the most populated Dhaka city and a connected major highway in Bangladesh. The mean concentration of Pb, Hg, and Cd were 1.3, 29.3, and 13.2 times higher than their corresponding background values with spatially uneven distribution all over the study area. Metal pollution indices, the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), NIPI, and PI, indicated extreme contamination at many sites depending on local environmental factors. The potential ecological risk ([Formula: see text] revealed that 84% and 54% of samples showed the extreme ecological risk for Hg and Cd pollution, respectively. On the other hand, the potential ecological risk index (PERI) and Nemerow integrated risk index (NIRI) showed that most sampling sites suffered high to extreme ecological risk. Source apportionment using positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified coal combustion, and gasoline (50.14%), traffic exhaust (35.26%), and industrial and agriculture activity (14.60%) were the main source of toxic metals of the study area. Non-carcinogenic health risk indicated that adults are more vulnerable than children, and hazard index (HI) of Hg for both age groups and Cd for adults were significantly higher than the safe level. The carcinogenic risk (CR) levels of toxic metals were acceptable (10-6 to 10-4), although the maximum limit of Cr for children and As for adults was close to the unacceptable limit (10-4). Continual exposure to toxic metals through road dust might develop lifetime cancer risk in local inhabitants.

A global perspective of the current state of heavy metal contamination in road dust.

Heavy metals are persistent and bio-accumulative, and pose potential risk to human health and ecosystem. We reviewed the current state of heavy metal contamination, the ecotoxicological and human health risk of heavy metals reported in urban road dust from various cities in different continents (Asia, Europe, Africa, America, and Australia). We compared and synthesized the findings on the methods related to sample collection, extraction, analytical tools of heavy metals, their concentrations, level of contamination, ecological risk, non-carcinogenic risk, and carcinogenic risk in road dust. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Fe were found to be higher than their background values in soil. As expected, the contamination levels of the heavy metals varied extensively among cities, countries, continents, and periods. A high level of contamination is observed for Pb and Cd in road dust due to operating leaded gasoline and the old vehicle population. The highest Zn contamination was observed from road dust in Europe, followed by Asia, Africa, Australia, and America (North America and South America). Cu contamination and the pollution load index (PLI) is found to be the highest in Europe and lowest in Africa, with in-between values of PLI in American and African cities. The potential ecological risk on different continents was observed highest in Asia, followed by Europe, Australia, America, and Africa. A comparative assessment of non-carcinogenic risk for children indicated that Australia is the most susceptible country due to high heavy metal exposure in road dust, followed by Asia. However, there is no susceptible risk in European, African, and American cities. We did not observe any potential risk to adults due to non-carcinogenic metals. Carcinogenic risk to all age groups was within the threshold limit range for all the regions worldwide.

Distribution of potentially harmful elements in attic dust from the City of Coronel (Chile).

Attic dusts provide an indirect measure of airborne pollutants deposited in the urban environment. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn in attic dust in the City of Coronel, (2) to evaluate the source apportionment of PHE and (3) to assess the risk of health effects from exposure in adults and children. In the City of Coronel, attic dust samples were collected in 19 houses. The concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn were measured in ICP-OES after Aqua Regia digestion of < 75µm dust sample. The median (and the range) concentration (mg kg-1) of potentially harmful elements was: As 16 (7-72), Ba 154 (53-251), Cd 0.8 (0.25-14.5), Co 12, (8-22), Cr 38 (22-482), Cu 107 (44-1641), Mn 698 (364-1245), Ni 51 (24-1734), Pb 66 (18-393), Sr 131 (52-252), V 129 (57-376) and Zn 815 (107-9761). The exploratory data analysis shows that Ni, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb and As distribution is dominated by anthropogenic sources and characterized by high extreme values. Principal component analysis shows four factors. One factor is geogenic, while the other three factors are associated with transport emissions and the industrial park. The resulting median of cumulative noncarcinogenic risk (HIs) value for attic dust was 3.49 for children. This is significant, as any value greater than one indicates an elevated risk.

Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Fugitive Dust Around Zhaotong City

In order to explore the pollution characteristics and health risks of heavy metals in fugitive dust around the urban areas of Zhaotong City, road dust and soil dust samples were collected in the Zhaoyang District of Zhaotong City in May 2019. The dust samples were suspended using a particle resuspension system to obtain PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm). The concentrations of Ca, Al, Fe, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in PM2.5 were quantified by ICP-MS and ICP-OES. By analyzing 10 types of heavy metals in PM2.5, the results showed that the average concentration of Mn was the highest in the soil fugitive dust, followed by Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Co, Pb, V, As, and Cd. The average concentration of Zn in the road fugitive dust was the highest, followed by Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, As, Co, V, and Cd. The enrichment factor (EF) indicated that Cd was strongly enriched in the two types of fugitive dust. The EFs of Cu, Zn, and Pb in road fugitive dust showed a moderate enrichment, and they were higher than those in soil fugitive dust. Correlation and principal component analysis showed that heavy metals in the two types of fugitive dust were affected by coal burning sources. At the same time, heavy metals in soil fugitive dust were affected by agricultural activity sources, and heavy metals in road fugitive dust were affected by traffic sources. The results of the health risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic risks of Cr, Co, Ni, As, and Cd in soil fugitive dust were higher than those in road fugitive dust. The non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals in the two types of fugitive dust for children were higher than those for adults, and the non-carcinogenic risks of Cu, Zn, and Pb in road fugitive dust were higher than those in soil fugitive dust.

Are we at risk because of road dust? An ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in a rapid growing city in South India

Here, we focus on the concentration of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) in the road dust collected from Tiruchirappalli city, one of the cleanest Tier II cities in South India. Five metals were detected in the road dust, except for Cd that was below measurable limit in all 22 dust samples (15 from the urban city and 7 from the sub-urban city). The mean metal concentration in the road dust collected in Tiruchirappalli city was in the order: Fe (506.39 μg/g) > Zn (47.08 μg/g) > Cu (11.84 μg/g) > Cr (11.47 μg/g) > Pb (0.24 μg/g). The metal levels were higher in outer city compared with inner city due to the increased industrial activities on the outskirts of the city and the reduced cleaning routine. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), the metal sources were found to be a mix of both natural and anthropogenic activities. Various pollution valuation indices viz., geoaccumulation index, pollution load index, contamination degree, potential ecological risk, health hazard quotient, and carcinogenic risk (2.5 x 10-7), revealed that Tiruchirappalli city falls in the unpolluted category. Also, an increasing trend in the metal pollution is observed in the industrial zones due to the heavy traffic and metal processing activities in the region. For now, the status of metal pollution in Tiruchirappalli is safe, but continuous monitoring is crucial to sustain the unpolluted status.

Environmental and human risk assessment of heavy metals at northern Nile Delta region using geostatistical analyses

Present study aims to assess the possible toxic metal hazard of Pb, Cd and Fe in street dust and soil on environment and human health at the northern Deltaic region of Egypt using spatial and statistical analyses. To achieve this aim, 13 different sites were sampled for street dust and soil to represent various residential, industrial and agricultural activities. Unsupervised classification of multispectral Landsat OLI image (March 2021) helped to identify the sampling sites. Heavy metals were evaluated using environmental and human health risk indices incorporated in a GIS environment through geostatistical techniques. Multivariate analyses were demonstrated for further interpretation including principle components analysis (PCA), Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and cluster analysis (CA). The average metal concentrations in street dust for Pb, Cd and Fe were 0.57, 0.07 and 435.92 mg/kg, however in soil were 0.61, 0.08 and 1098.30 mg/kg, respectively. The mean value of Cd and Pb in soil was higher than street dust while the reverse was reported for Fe. Spatial distribution maps showed that the high levels of metals in street dust were observed in the southern parts of the study area due to industrial activities and automobile emissions. The risk assessment exhibited that the area suffers from serious metals pollution particularly Cd. Human risk assessment indicated that derma is the main exposure route that harmfully affects the human health. Exposure to the pollutant through the three pathways is higher for Pb than Cd. The values of hazard quotient (HQ) followed the next trend; Fe > Pb > Cd. The measured cancer risk was negligible in the investigated area. Statistical analysis of PCA and CCA showed that industrial and agricultural activities contribute to the occurrence of heavy metals.

Analytical Profiling of Heavy Metals Contamination in soils, Dismantling Dust, and Rubber Samples in Karachi City Using AAS, WD-XRF, and SEM Technique

The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, &amp; Zn were determined in the samples of soil, dismantling dust and rubber collected from the electronic waste dumping site of Shershah market and rubber from the Local market of Karachi city Pakistan. The city e-waste dumping and dismantling sites toxicity were not conducted before using modern techniques. The subsequent data of the heavy metals concentration were obtained using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Wavelength Dispersive- X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (WD-XRF). Cu, Pb, and Zn were found as 133.17, 104.53 &amp; 113.26 in soil, whereas in dismantling dust Pb &amp; Zn were remained 10.56 and 12.65 mg/kg similarly. The China toy particle analysis by SEM was resulting metallic trend as Fe &gt; Zn &gt; Pb &gt; Cd &gt; Ni &gt; Cr. The estimated data were compared with the levels allowed by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The maximum allowable limit for Cd is 3; Cr, Cd, and Pb are 100 for Ni is 50 and 300 mg/kg for Zn. The presence of these heavy metals from e-waste dumping would become soon a significant reason to cause serious health problems for the nearby residents and as well as city too. It has been concluded that the dumping of e-waste is the major source of contamination of heavy metals in the studied media. It is recommended that the e-waste must be recycled formally to prevent the soil from being polluted. .

Heavy metal contamination of street dust of Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina – Health risk assessment

The objective of the study was to assess the health risk related to the presence of heavy metals in street dust samples collected from Canton Sarajevo (CS). Street dust samples (42) were grouped in three categories: high density traffic roads, medical centers/parking and parks. The mean concentrations for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) were 1.71, 30.99, 74.85, 674.4, 221.9, 33.16, 41.46, 22.97 and 53.92 μg/g, respectively. According to correlation matrix analysis very strong positive correlation was found between Zn and Fe. The Hazard index (HI) values for non-carcinogenic substances for adults and children were 2.46E-1 and 1.31E + 00, respectively. There is a possibility of occurring of non-carcinogenic effects of street dust on children, as opposed to adults. Exposure pathway that most impact the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk, for both, children and adults, is the ingestion followed by the dermal and inhalation route. The carcinogenic risk caused by Cd, Cr and Pb in the street dust could be considered negligible.

Characteristics and sources of Pb exposure via household dust from the urban area of Shanghai, China

Household dust has been considered as an important pathway for children's environmental Pb exposure. Shanghai was one of the first cities in China that removed Pb from petrol and has been shown in our previous study to have the lowest childhood blood Pb levels in China. This study therefore examines household dust Pb (PbHD) in Shanghai in order to determine the extent and exposure risks of PbHD. Household vacuum cleaner dust samples (n = 40) were collected and analyzed for total Pb concentration, bio-accessible Pb concentration and Pb isotopic compositions (PbIC). The mean concentration of PbHD was 195 mg/kg, which is between 7 and 10 times the Pb concentration of background soil samples from Shanghai. Among the investigated homes, those living in neighborhoods with lower average estate prices have higher dust Pb exposure risks for children. Bio-accessibility of Pb in household dust ranged between 53 and 91%, with a mean value of 71%. Analysis of PbIC of household dust samples (208Pb/206Pb: 2.1096 ± 0.0054; 207Pb/206Pb: 0.8648 ± 0.0025) are a close match to PbIC of coal combustion and solid waste incineration and fit well with those of outdoor air PbIC and urban surface soil PbIC of Shanghai. The study shows that children living in Shanghai are subject to PbHD exposure, with children living in the homes with lower average price having increased susceptibility to PbHD exposure. The data indicate that PbHD is derived primarily from contemporary coal combustion and solid waste incineration rather than common legacy Pb sources (e.g., Pb petrol and paint). Practices including closing doors and windows on days with poor air quality or high wind and preventing shoe wearing inside homes will aid in minimizing outdoor surface soil and ambient particulate intrusion indoors.

Spatial distribution and composition of mine dispersed trace metals in residential soil and house dust: Implications for exposure assessment and human health

Trace metal exposure from environmental sources remains a persistent global problem, particularly in communities residing adjacent to metal extraction and processing industries. This study examines front yard soil and house dust from 62 residences throughout the Australian Ag–Pb–Zn mining city of Broken Hill to better understand spatial variability in metal distributions, compositions and exposures across an industrially polluted urban environment. X-ray fluorescence analysis of paired soil/dust samples indicated that geomean concentrations (mg/kg) of Cu (32/113), Zn (996/1852), As (24/34) and Pb (408/587) were higher in house dust while Ti (4239/3660) and Mn (1895/1101) were higher in outdoor soil. Ore associated metals and metalloids (Mn, Zn, As, Pb) in soil and house dust were positively correlated and declined in concentration away from mining areas, the primary source of metalliferous emissions in Broken Hill. The rate of decline was not equivalent between soil and house dust, with the indoor/outdoor concentration ratio increasing with distance from mining areas for Zn/Pb (geomean = 1.25/1.05 (<1 km); 2.14/1.52 (1–2 km); 2.54/2.04 (>2 km)). House dust and Broken Hill ore Pb isotopic compositions (206Pb/207Pb; 208Pb/207Pb) were more similar in homes nearest to mining areas than those further away (geomean apportioned ore Pb = 88% (<1 km); 76% (1–2 km); 66% (>2 km)), reflecting spatial shifts in the balance of sources contributing to indoor contamination. Incorporation of house dust Pb reduced overestimation of IEUBK modelled blood Pb concentrations compared to when only soil Pb was used. These findings demonstrate that even in contexts where the source and environmental burden of metals are relatively apparent, geochemical relationships and exposures between outdoor and indoor environments are not always predictable, nor easily disaggregated.

Legacy of anthropogenic lead in urban soils: Co-occurrence with metal(loids) and fallout radionuclides, isotopic fingerprinting, and in vitro bioaccessibility

Anthropogenic lead (Pb) in soils poses risks to human health, particularly to the neuropsychological development of exposed children. Delineating the sources and potential bioavailability of soil Pb, as well as its relationship with other contaminants is critical in mitigating potential human exposure. Here, we present an integrative geochemical analysis of total elemental concentrations, radionuclides of 137Cs and 210Pb, Pb isotopic compositions, and in vitro bioaccessibility of Pb in surface soils sampled from different locations near Durham, North Carolina. Elevated Pb (>400 mg/kg) was commonly observed in soils from urban areas (i.e., near residential house foundation and along urban streets), which co-occurred with other potentially toxic metal(loids) such as Zn, Cd, and Sb. In contrast, soils from city parks and suburban areas had systematically lower concentrations of metal(loids) that were comparable to geological background. The activities of 137Cs and excess 210Pb, coupled with their correlations with Pb and co-occurring metal(loids) were used to indicate the persistence and remobilization of historical atmospherically deposited contaminants. Coupled with total Pb concentrations, the soil Pb isotopic compositions further indicated that house foundation soils had significant input of legacy lead-based paint (mean = 1.1895 and 2.0618 for 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb, respectively), whereas urban streetside soils exhibited a clear mixed origin, dominantly of legacy leaded gasoline (1.2034 and 2.0416) and atmospheric deposition (1.2004–1.2055 and 2.0484–2.0525). The in vitro bioaccessibility of Pb in contaminated urban soils furthermore revealed that more than half of Pb in the contaminated soils was potentially bioavailable, whose Pb isotope ratios were identical to that of bulk soils, demonstrating the utility of using Pb isotopes for tracking human exposure to anthropogenic Pb in soils and house dust. Overall, this study demonstrated a holistic assessment for comprehensively understanding anthropogenic Pb in urban soils, including its co-occurrence with other toxic contaminants, dominant sources, and potential bioavailability upon human exposure.

Spatial distribution, pollution level, and health risk of Pb in the finer dust of residential areas: a case study of Xi'an, northwest China

The spatial distribution, pollution level, and exposure risk of Pb in the finer dust (particle size < 63μm) of residential areas in Xi'an, northwest China were investigated in this study. Geographical information systems and geodetector methods were used to analyze the spatial variability of Pb content in the finer dust of Xi'an and its forming mechanism. The enrichment factor was used to assess the extent of Pb pollution, and the hazard index was used to evaluate the health risks to children and adults exposed to Pb. The results showed that the average content of Pb in the finer dust of residential areas in Xi'an was 99.9mgkg-1. In the Xi'an urban area, a higher Pb content was mainly found in the finer dust near the Second Ring Road of Xi'an City, and the Pb content in the old town of Xi'an City was relatively lower than that near the Second Ring Road. The results of geodetector analysis indicate that the spatial variability of Pb in the finer dust of the Xi'an urban area was primarily controlled by the interaction among vehicle emissions, daily behavior of residents, and industrial emissions. Pb in the finer dust from residential areas in all districts showed moderate enrichment. The non-cancer risks of Pb in the finer dust were within the safe range for both children and adults. However, the prolonged exposure risk of Pb in the finer dust of residential areas should be considered for children.

Oxidative stress–inducing effects of various urban PM2.5 road dust on human lung epithelial cells among 10 Chinese megacities

PM2.5 Road dust samples were collected from 10 representative cities in southern and northern China for examination of chemical components and oxidative stress levels in A549 cells. Downtown road dust was abundance of heavy metals, EC and PAHs compared to nondowntown road dust. Source apportionment also revealed the relative higher contribution of vehicle emission to downtown (35.8%) than nondowntown road dust (25.5%). Consequently, downtown road dust induced much higher intracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels than that from nondowntown (p < 0.05). This study highlights that the ROS-inducing capacity of road dust in China is lower at lower latitudes, which resulted in a significantly higher ROS-inducing capacity of road dust from northern cities than southern ones. Hotspot analysis demonstrated that heavy metals (i.e., Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb) in road dust were the most closely associated with ROS production in A549 cells. Vehicle emission and combustion emission in road dust were identified to be correlated with cellular ROS production. The findings highlight the ROS-inducing effect of PM2.5 road dust and also serve as a reference to make the targeted solutions for urban road dust pollution control, especially from a public health perspective.

Spatial Distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Ni in Dust, Plants, and Water along Jhang Road, Faisalabad

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Concentrations, sources, and health risk assessment of metals in indoor dust collected from visual arts studios of selected tertiary institutions in Southern Nigeria

This study provides data on the concentrations and occupational risk of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn, and Fe in indoor dust from visual arts studios of nine tertiary institutions in southern Nigeria. The dust samples were digested in aqua regia and their metal concentrations were quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of metals in dust from visual arts studios ranged from not detected (nd) to 91.5 mg kg−1 Cd, 4.5 to 540 mg kg−1 Pb, 0.10 to 1,100 mg kg−1 Cr, 0.50 to 1,150 mg kg−1 Ni, 10 to 15,600 mg kg−1 Cu, 0.5 to 146 mg kg−1 Co, 3.0 to 3,680 mg kg−1 Mn, 93.5 to 9,600 mg kg−1 Zn, and 853 to 237,000 mg kg−1 Fe. The degree of contamination of the dust particles by metals was assessed by making use of the contamination/pollution index, geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor. These indices suggested that dusts from these visual arts studios were impacted with Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn. The hazard index (HI) and cancer risk values relating to adults’ exposure to metals in dust from these arts studios were within safe limits. Principal component analysis indicated that the sources of metal contamination in dust from these visual arts studios were related to inputs from constituents of the artist’s materials and vehicular emissions.