Payment Mechanisms Research Articles

A secure and privacy blockchain-based data sharing scheme in mobile edge caching system

Today, mobile devices provide their users with a range of multiple services and powerful applications. Despite being beneficial, these applications are massively relying on gathering sensitive information from the mobile devices, which creates numerous challenges regarding security and latency problems. For instance, these applications’ stakeholders take their time to select mobile device for gathering necessary resources. Therefore, this process of recruiting mobile devices will not be practical with sensing information which has an expiration date, which the time of collecting and recruiting these types of sensing information are surpassing its expiration date. As device-to-device (D2D) paradigms have been established as relevant communication for sharing sensing information in a low latency and minimum cost, it still suffers from mobility problems. Hence, mobile edge caching (MEC) system has been developed to increase efficiency of information sharing with mobility of high-flexibility. Nonetheless this paradigm has some challenges with regards to constructing a satisfactory resource sharing system concerning security and trust ability. The aim of this paper is to propose a novel security and privacy blockchain sharing (SPB-DS) system based on MEC system. A searchable keyword will be recorded on the system’s blockchain for every sensing information and all requester devices that require to download specific sensing information, it will generate a trapdoor first for looking for the matching keyword in the blockchain system. To incentive provider devices an optimal payment mechanism has been developed for those who wish to partake in the system. An analysis of security demonstrates that the suggested protocol can satisfy many security goals, while an evaluation on performance illustrates high feasibility and scalability of the MEC system’s proposed scheme.

FedAB: Truthful Federated Learning With Auction-Based Combinatorial Multi-Armed Bandit

Federated Learning (FL) emerges as a new distributed machine learning (ML) paradigm that enables thousands of mobile devices to collaboratively train ML models using local data without compromising user privacy. However, the FL learning quality highly relies on the data contribution from the distributed mobile devices. Therefore, a well-designed incentive mechanism with effectiveness, fairness, and reciprocity is in urgent need to guarantee the stable participation of users. In this paper, we propose FedAB, an incentive and client selection strategy based on a novel multi-attribute reverse auction mechanism and a combinatorial multi-armed bandit (CMAB) algorithm. First, we develop a local contribution evaluation method based on importance sampling in the FL context. We then design a novel payment mechanism that is able to preserve individual rationality and incentive compatibility (truthfulness). At last, we design a UCB-based winner selection algorithm that is proven to achieve the server’s utility maximization with fairness and reciprocity. We have conducted extensive experiments on real datasets. The results demonstrate the superiority of FedAB, with a 10-50% improvement in total reward, final accuracy, and convergence speed compared to state-of-the-art solutions.

Dedollarization of the Global Economy: Trends and Perspectives

The quantitative indicators of dedollarization in the global economy are given. It is revealed that in the short-term the measures to abandon the U.S. dollar may have a limited impact on the global foreign exchange market, but in the longerterm the demand for the U.S. dollar may weaken. The implementation of transactions directly by countries on a bilateral basis using national currencies will thus make the global foreign exchange market more balanced. It is found that the development of dedollarization process is influenced by three major factors: the U.S. dollar’s usage as an instrument of sanctions pressure; the strengthening of the U.S. dollar; the emergence of new technological innovations. The article concludes that the development of dedollarization process along with the creation of new international payments mechanisms in the middle-term will continue to reduce the role of the U.S. dollar in the modern international monetary and financial system.

Determination of the Decision of the Jamaah Masjid to Pay Infaq Through the Qris Application (Case Study of the Ar-Rahman Masjid Hm. Yamin Field of Fight)

Technology has made life more comfortable and efficient for people today. The use of QRIS and other innovative payment systems is influenced by technological developments in all areas, including the banking industry. One of the technological advancements that are in demand today is the use of QRIS as a non-financial payment mechanism. The use of QRIS has become one of the alternative payments in mosques in addition to being used for shopping payments. The Ar-Rahman Mosque is one of the mosques that uses QRIS to raise funds for infacts. This research is intended to study the variables that affect the decision of the Mosque of Ar-Rahman to inflate using QRIS.Ketua BKM Mosque and Jamaah Mosque Ar- Rahman became the main source of data in this research, which is carried out with qualitative descriptive methodology. Secondary data sources come from literature surveys. The percentage of Ar-Rahman Mosque jamaahs using QRIS is currently around 20%; however, as the BKM of the mosque continues to socialize, this number will probably continue to increase. Awareness of QRIS, the ease of using QRIS and the satisfaction of the QRIS users are factors that influence the decision of the Masjid Ar-Rahman to inflate through QRIS.

Current Reimbursement Landscape of Artificial Intelligence

One of the biggest hurdles to widespread adoption of new procedures and technology such as artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms is payment and coverage policy. Noninvasive assessment of coronary fractional flow reserve is one AI imaging algorithm that will successfully achieve reimbursement through multiple pathways of CMS payment mechanisms in 2024. CMS is the largest provider of health care in the United States. Understanding how this AI algorithm is paid through the different fee schedules will help to understand the challenges CMS has in paying for new services and innovation in the United States.

Tinjauan Yuridis Pengembalian Uang Negara Pada Tindak Pidana Korupsi

The criminal act of corruption in essence is an act that can harm state finances and the country's economy; therefore, corruptors must return the state money they have taken. The problem is how to return the state's money to criminal acts of corruption? What are the legal consequences if the perpetrators cannot return state money from the proceeds of corruption?The approach taken is normative juridical and empirical juridical. Primary and secondary data types. Primary, secondary and tertiary data sources. Data collection by literature study, field study. Data processing includes data selection and data classification. Data analysis used is qualitative analysis.In conclusion, the return of state funds for corruption has been regulated in the Attorney General's Decree Number Kep-518/JA/11/2001 dated 1 November 2001 concerning the mechanism for payment of replacement money. Based on the research results, it is known that the obstacle faced in returning state finances to corruption is that corruptors prefer to serve prison terms rather than having to pay compensation due to legal consequences if the perpetrators cannot return state funds from the proceeds of corruption based on applicable laws that the perpetrators only carry out subsidiary crimes and imprisonment. Indeed, in substance this is very detrimental to the state because corruption only convicts the perpetrators without being able to return state finances. So that until now state money resulting from corruption cannot be fully returned to the state. Suggestions, for the legislature to review the law on corruption which regulates the return of state finances resulting from corruption so that state finances resulting from corruption can be returned to the state. For the wider community, it is better for the government to eradicate criminal acts of corruption, starting from their own environment and themselves.

SCAN-BARCODE TRANSACTION GROWTH OF FNB MSMES IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA (GROWTH OF MSME FNB SCAN-BARCODE TRANSACTIONS IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA)

The advancement of the technology industry is forcing MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) particularly in the FnB (Food and Beverages) MSME sector to become more familiar with digital financial transaction activities. The need for a payment mechanism that is fast and safe has given rise to new ideas for digital financial transaction services in the form of payment via e-wallet or scan-barcode (QR Code). QR code inside this study refers to the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) which has been implemented by Bank Indonesia since January 1, 2020 as a means of payment tool for digital transactions nationally and an official QR Code set by the Central Bank of Malaysia. The largest digital payment application that is widely used by Micro, Small and Medium businesses in Indonesia, namely GoPay, Ovo, GPN, Dana, and Shopeepay, while in Malaysia, namely Grabpay, Alipay and Wechatpay. Along with increasing access to technology in digital payments, a new service was developed in the form of a digital wallet as a successor electronic money. This study aims to examine the effect of digital payment instruments on the total daily income transactions of MSMEs, as well as their role in supporting efficient operations and credit scoring. The research method employs a qualitative approach for MSMEs in Indonesia and Malaysia. Additionally, a quantitative approach will be employed, surveying respondents using questionnaires with a Likert scale specifically designed for QR code users. This hypothesis analysis will prove that the transaction growth variable digital payments together have a positive and significant effect on value MSME income contribution. Therefore, this research will find that interest high MSMEs by providing QR Code digital payment options have an impact on increasing efficiency in managing business and making customers feel satisfied.

Incentives, Rewards or Both in Payments for Ecosystem Services: Drawing a Link Between Farmers' Preferences and Biodiversity Levels

Agri-environmental-climate schemes provide payments for ecosystem services by compensating farmers to implement management actions or obtain ecological results. To compare farmers' preferences for action-based schemes, result-based schemes, or a hybrid, we conduct a discrete choice experiment in a case study from Germany. We elicited farmers' preferences for alternative grassland biodiversity payments through an in-person survey and measured farm ecological performance using a biodiversity index. Our findings indicate that farmers are more reluctant to accept action-based schemes. However, the payment mechanism is not the only driver of farmers' decision-making. The applicability of the prescribed management practice to the farming system, and the achievability of the outcome, are also key for adoption. Intensive farmers are more likely to choose hybrid solutions than extensive farms, which prefer a result-based approach. Farms with higher biodiversity tend to accept result-based schemes more frequently and are willing to enrol a greater share of their land. Our findings suggest a potential lack of additionality, but also that farmers' awareness about their farms' ecological potential influences the adoption of result-based payments. To encourage farmers to participate and enrol more land in these schemes, policy-makers should tailor the payment-mechanism to different farmers and provide on-site technical advice.

Central bank digital currency: Payment choices and commercial bank profitability

This study examines how the issuance of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) affects consumers' payment instrument choices, asset allocation decisions, and the profitability of financial intermediaries. Specifically, we advance a theoretical model in which introducing an interest-bearing CBDC expands market participants' payment and investment options but also poses a potential threat to financial intermediaries if it raises their borrowing costs significantly. The existence of a network externality further complicates the analysis by affecting consumers' choice of payment mechanism. Our results suggest that the issuance of a CBDC is a double-edged sword for an economy. Although it provides additional payment and investment options for market participants, it increases competition and weakens financial intermediaries' margins.

Fiscal and Tax Policy Response to New Challenges and Budget Performance in the First Quarter of 2023

The beginning of 2023 allows us to draw the first results of the Russian economy response to the impact of external and internal shocks in 2022. The structure of the Russian economy remains relatively stable, many catastrophic forecasts have not materialized. However, the sanctions that have come into force and the rapid measures of the anti-crisis policy pose a threat to fiscal stability. The main burden falls on the federal budget, but in the medium term, the depletion of federal reserves will also affect the state of the regional budgets. The paper analyzes the dynamics of indicators of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation and the budgets of state off-budget funds, as well as separately – the federal budget. In conditions of limited access to data on budget execution, some conclusions are hypotheses and assumptions. In addition, the statistics were distorted by the introduction of the unified tax payment mechanism. The paper distinguishes between the mechanism of the impact of temporary and permanent exogenous shocks. The response of fiscal policy is considered in the context of the division of measures into temporary and structural changes, and appropriate recommendations are given.

The person of the victim as an element of the criminal characteristics of criminal offenses committed with the use of information technologies

The article considers the victim's identity as an element of forensic characterization of criminal offenses committed using information technologies. The article provides data on judicial statistics concerning victims and material and moral damage caused from criminal offenses provided for in Section XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine during 2021-2022. It is indicated about the procedural features of the status of an injured person provided for in articles 55-57 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. The provisions of regulatory acts concerning compensation for damage to victims are analyzed. It is proposed to adopt a separate law that would regulate the grounds, conditions, mechanism and sources of payment of state funds to victims. It is also proposed to create a fund for compensation at the expense of the state for material and moral damage, including for cybercrime (criminal offenses committed using information technologies). Taking into account the specifics of the commission of these criminal offenses, namely, the fact that they are committed remotely and using information technologies (personal computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone, etc.), which in modern conditions are intensively developing, the characteristic features of the victim's personality in these illegal acts are highlighted: 1) Age; 2) use of the operating system and awareness of the person in the use of Information Technologies; 3) location of the victim; 4) nature of the damage caused; 5) social status (status) of the victim. Attention is drawn to the special importance of finding out the age of the victim's identity. It is noted that there is a certain category of these criminal offenses committed against the elderly; another category against minors. It is stated that information about the identity of the victim plays a significant role in the investigation of criminal offenses committed using information technologies. Understanding and analyzing such information, the investigator, Inquirer, and prosecutor can put forward appropriate versions of the investigation, which will contribute to the rapid and effective pre-trial investigation of these illegal acts.

Integrated care models in Swiss primary care: An embedded multiple case study.

Healthcare systems are confronted with a rising number of patients with chronic conditions and complex care needs, requiring the development of new models of coordinated, patient-centred care. In this study, we aimed to describe and compare a range of new models of care recently implemented in primary care in Switzerland, as well as to gain insight into the type of coordination or integration implemented, the strengths and weaknesses of each modeland the challenges they face. We used an embedded multiple case study design to describe in-depth a series of current Swiss initiatives that specifically aim to improve care coordination in primary care. For each model, documents were collected, a questionnaire was administeredand semistructured interviews with key actors were conducted. A within-case analysis followed by a cross-case analysis were performed. Based on the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care framework, similarities and differences between the models were highlighted. Eight integrated care initiatives were included in the analysis, representing three types of models: independent multiprofessional GP practices, multiprofessional GP practices/health centres that are part of larger groupsand regional integrated delivery systems. Recognized effective activities and tools to improve care coordination, such as multidisciplinary teams, case manager involvement, use of electronic medical records, patient educationand use of care plans, were implemented by at least six of the eight initiatives studied. The main obstacles to the implementation of integrated care models were the inadequate Swiss reimbursement policies and payment mechanisms and the desire of some healthcare professionals to protect their territory in a context where new roles are emerging. The integrated care models implemented in Switzerland are promising; nevertheless, financial and legal reforms must be introduced to promote integrated care in practice.

Hundi payment mechanism on the border trade between Myanmar and Northern Thailand: what you do not know about?

PurposeThis study aims to convey the understanding of the ecosystem – how “hundi” works on the border trade between Myanmar and northern Thailand, which is an informal transfer system and is widely used as an alternative banking system. Even though the role of hundi is unable to declare the sources of money under the standard settlement of formal banking system, a failure to operate of its official mechanism are carrying using hundi, as a financial platform across the border between Thailand and Myanmar. This study surveys the best practice mechanism for the regional and international cooperation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on relevant literature, open-source reporting, and interviews with more than 30 interviewees on the border between Thailand and Myanmar. Interviewees includes border-trader, money changer, money transfer operators, business leaders, hundi operators, immigrant labors, government officials and commercial banking staffs.FindingsThis study provides a unique insight of hundi system, which work as the alternative mode of formal banking. It is an informal fund transfer payment platform used on the border between Thailand and Myanmar in the past five decades. It insists that hundi plays a significant role in both substitution and complementary on the trade and payment across the border of Myanmar–Thailand. Even though confronting with the barriers of financing of terrorism (anti money laundering AML/combating the financing of terrorism CFT) risk, the competition with the expanding and modernizing formal banking sector, and the introduction of Fintech and mobile money services. In the short term, these are unlikely to eliminate the hundi system completely, but may instead push hundi operators towards adopting these networks and technologies in their own operations.Social implicationsThis paper will be a useful source for academics, development professionals, policymakers, law enforcement agencies and business actors who are seeking to understand Myanmar’s informal payment system, hundi.Originality/valueThis is the latest work for border trade payment or trade financing role of hundi which has hidden under the informal market of the border for several decades. It has few research of hundi on border trade and payment, particularly after the military coup in 2021 which made hundi return to be on the spotlight and simultaneous mechanism of border trade and payment ecosystem of Myanmar. This paper will be a useful source for academics, development professionals, policymakers, law enforcement agencies and business actors who are eager to understand Myanmar’s informal payment system, hundi, especially during the hardship.

IMPLEMENTASI FATWA MPU ACEH NO. 9 TAHUN 2013 PADA PERUSAHAAN TAMBANG DI PROVINSI ACEH

Aceh as one of the provinces in Indonesia which is famous for its area that stipulates Islamic law as a whole in all aspects, be it the relationship between humans and with Allah SWT. This is evidenced by the existence of special sharia rules or called Qanun set by the MPU. These rules must of course be accompanied by appropriate practices, not limited to a single product. The practice in question is, carrying out all kinds of rules that have been established as a society with the application of applicable law. The implementation of zakat has encountered many obstacles because it is still not followed by an adequate level of understanding on how to implement zakat. The lack of understanding of the types of assets that are obligatory on zakat and the payment mechanism guided by Islamic law causes the implementation of zakat worship to be highly dependent on each individual. The type of research that the writer uses is descriptive qualitative research with the method of case studies (case studies) and field studies (field research). In this study, the authors conducted a study directly in the field to obtain concrete data regarding the preparation for mining zakat in Aceh. The research approach that will be used in this paper is a normative juridical approach and an empirical juridical approach. The rules regarding zakat in Aceh itself are certainly sufficient, especially on mining zakat, as written in Aceh Qanun Number 10 of 2012, but the practice of enforcing Qanuns faced by the current government is still the main factor in hampering the process of collecting and distributing zakat. there are still many groups who think that zakat on mining goods is the same as trade zakat, which is then paid by the company when it reaches the haul. As for the mining zakat itself, scholars have ordered that your haul is not set.

Conservation intensification under risk: An assessment of adoption, additionality, and farmer preferences

AbstractConservation practices used on agricultural cropland can provide important ecosystem services. The United States relies largely on voluntary programs to incentivize adoption of conservation practices, but the success of these efforts relies on good program design. We use a choice experiment to evaluate farmers' willingness to adopt more intensive in‐field conservation practices (continuous no‐till, conservation crop rotation, cover crops, and variable rate application of inputs) using a nonlinear extended expected utility framework that incorporates risk under a conservation contract. We contribute to the literature by providing insights regarding producers' preference for incentive payment mechanism (federal program or carbon market) and the incentive payment needed to induce additionality and practice continuity. We find that although an additional payment might be needed to promote practice continuity among farmers who have previously adopted cover crops, in the case of continuous no‐till, adopters might be willing to forgo additional payment to continue benefiting from the use of this practice. Our results also revealed producers prefer conservation contracts accruing higher off‐farm environmental benefits and federally administered over carbon market programs. This is an important result given an increased public interest in climate change and new proposed carbon mitigation policies and private carbon market initiatives.

ANALYSIS OF THE IJARAH CONTRACT IN THE PRACTICE OF RENTING RICE FIELDS: CASE STUDY IN NORTH KLUET DISTRICT, SOUTH ACEH REGENCY

In North Kluet Subdistrict, South Aceh District, the farming community, rice fields become objects of rent for the benefit of cultivation so as to obtain crops for living needs. The purpose of this research is to find out the risk coverage of rice field crop failure and the payment mechanism, the forms of rental risk coverage at the time of crop failure to the parties, and the perspective of the ijarah contract on the risk coverage of rice field rental in North Kluet District, South Aceh Regency. This research uses a normative sociological approach and descriptive qualitative research analysis with data collection techniques through interviews/interviews, observation, and documentation data. The results showed that among the farming community of North Kluet Sub-district, South Aceh District, the risk coverage for the lease of paddy fields is carried out at the time of the lease agreement. At the time of the lease transaction, the owner of the paddy field will explain the condition of the land and the yields that are usually achieved, the payment of the rental of paddy fields is made when the harvest period is completed by the farmer with the same rental price as the previous harvest or raised slightly above the previous rent, with an explanation of the consequences of renting land, such as crop failure and others. For the case of crop failure, the parties agree on the consequences of crop failure either due to lack of water, pests, and force majeure then the solution offered that the losses incurred including all operational costs will be borne by the tenant, but the one who bears a lot of losses here is the land tenant even though the owner of the rice field also shares the loss because the rental price is adjusted to income by putting forward the principle of ‘mutual understanding’ due to lack of yield or crop failure, and payment of land rental prices will differ in amount from the initial lease agreement. The application of the lease of paddy fields among the people of North Kluet District, South Aceh Regency is not in accordance with Islamic law, because the tenant must work on it first and then get the results, and the results obtained are also not benefits.

Drug treatment service procurement: A systematic review of models, goals, and outcomes.

Aim: To explore the goals and outcomes of public procurement of drug treatment services in OECD countries. The study explores how these complex services are procured and delivered. Methods and data: A systematic review of the literature (1990-2020) identified four partly overlapping models of drug treatment service procurement that are here labelled traditional, value-based, outcome-based, and innovative. Results: Even though different forms of drug treatment services procurement are common, only 12 empirical studies that focused on procurement were found. The four models differ in their approaches to design and performance specifications and the role of competition and collaboration in the co-creation of value. Conclusions: Competition and incentives improve neither the efficiency nor the quality or the outcomes of complex drug treatment services. Whereas many studies focus on payment mechanisms, there are important research gaps that relate to the co-creation of value with and for the service-users and other stakeholders.

The Financial Architecture of Turkish Healthcare PPPs

Turkey's Healthcare Transformation Program has successfully leveraged Public-private partnerships (PPPs) to address the growing demand for infrastructure funding in the healthcare sector. Before the Covid-19 pandemic struck Turkey, the influx of private capital played a crucial role in expediting the construction and upgrading of healthcare facilities. This timely collaboration between the public and private sectors not only expanded the capacity and capabilities of the healthcare system but also ensured its readiness to address the increasing demands caused by the pandemic. This paper examines the financial aspects of healthcare PPPs in Turkey, shedding light on the economic implications, payment mechanisms, and financial sustainability of these partnerships. By emphasizing the financial mechanisms and hurdles unique to the Turkish situation, the intention of this paper is to provide valuable insights to policymakers, researchers, and practitioners engaged in healthcare infrastructure projects and present viewpoints on the broader debate concerning the long-term viability of PPP models in comparable environments.

Hospital Detention for the Inability to Pay: A Qualitative Study of Patient Experiences in Cameroon

IntroductionEquitable access to quality surgical care and low-cost healthcare services for all segments of the population remains a big problem in many African health systems. In Cameroon, it is very common to find medically discharged patients who have received surgical treatment and are unable to pay the resulting bills. These patients can be held in detention in hospitals until payments are complete. Even the corpses of patients who die with unpaid medical bills can be withheld until their family members pay off the debt. While this practice has been ongoing for many y, there remains very little scholarship on the issue reported in the literature. The main objective of this study was to uncover the lived experiences of discharged patients residing in hospital detention for being unable to pay their medical bills. MethodsIn-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observations were conducted with purposefully selected patients living in detention in 2 rural private hospitals in the Fundong Health District in Cameroon. A thematic framework technique was used to analyze the transcribed data. The study was ethically approved by the Cameroon Bioethics Initiative, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. ResultsLiving in hospital detention after receiving treatment constitutes an economic, social, and psychological burden for patients. Economically, it exacerbated poverty for the patients unable to purchase food, medications, and clothing due to lack of jobs and financial support. Socially, many of these individuals suffered from isolation, loneliness, shame, stigma, risk of contracting other diseases, and precarious sleeping conditions. The psychological burden was comprised of stress, depression, trauma, nightmares, and suicidal thoughts. ConclusionsThe experiences of discharged patients in hospital detention suggest that they live in very deplorable conditions. There is a need for a functional healthcare protection mechanism, such as universal health coverage, to reduce the cost of healthcare services and surgical operations. Alternative payment mechanisms should also be considered.

A Game Theory Study of Big Data Analytics in Internet of Things

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics (BDA) has gradually stepped into the spotlight of IoT research. However, existing research mostly focused on improving the efficiency of data mining, the wishes and profits of the participants in BDA are largely ignored. In real systems, it is always supposed that the IoT data owners accept the big data analytics in IoT (BDA-IoT), the theoretical modeling of BDA-IoT is needed to be constructed urgently. In this paper, aiming to provide theoretical modeling of the practical application of BDA-IoT, we prove the feasibility of participants voluntarily participating in BDA-IoT for the first time. Subsequently, a non-cooperative game theory model with incentive and payment mechanisms is constructed, and the multi-parties interaction process in BDA-IoT is simulated. The overall benefits of all participants are then discussed, the rationality and feasibility of our study are proved. Simulation results show the feasibility of our model in improving the benefits of all stakeholders in a non-cooperative game, and the best choice for all participants is to accept BDA-IoT.