Payment Conditions Research Articles

Collective PES Contracts Can Motivate Institutional Creation to Conserve Forests: Experimental Evidence

ABSTRACTIncentives are a widely used tool for addressing deforestation and are often implemented as collective contracts. Local institutions are crucial to the solution of collective action problems associated with forest conservation, but we still have little knowledge of how to encourage institutional creation through policy. Since collective contracts do not eliminate freeriding incentives, we argue that their success hinges on their ability to stimulate the creation of institutions for collective action. To test these ideas, we analyze data from an incentivized lab‐in‐the‐field experimental collective action game played with natural resource users in four developing countries. The experiment simulates management of a common forest, and groups were randomly assigned to a conservation incentive payment condition. We observe how much group members attempt to coordinate on the creation of institutional rules and find experimental evidence that an external incentive program can stimulate the endogenous creation of informal institutions.

Self‐directed productivity investment on the job

AbstractThis paper considers a hidden action agency model in which an agent can be incentivized to simultaneously work and exert effort to invest in human capital or process innovation so as to increase productivity in a future period. We characterize the conditions under which the principal would and would not want to incentivize such multitasking and the conditions under which the agent would want to participate. The firm's support for investment is contingent on the agent's outside market option not being too high, and sufficient conditions for a separate contingent payment for productivity increase are presented.

The Role of Secure Online Payments in Enabling the Development of E-Tailing

ABSTRACT Online security is a concern for customers who wish to purchase products and services online in a safe environment. A particular aspect of the online shopping process that is prone to security issues is the payment mechanism. This study focuses on the impacts of secure online payments and their interplay with other determinants on the development of e-tailing in Lebanon. To achieve this research goal, an online survey has been designed and distributed to gather feedback from 306 participants who make online purchases on regular basis. FsQCA methodology was implemented to obtain causal configurations of security-related variables that establish various ways in which they contribute to the increase in customers’ online purchases. According to the research findings, gender of the customer, secure e-commerce website, secure payment information, and secure online payment conditions significantly influence customers’ online purchasing intentions, leading to higher online purchases. The results have important novel contributions to academia and practitioners in the e-tailing domain.

Can employment salvage payments be entitled to a maritime lien and allowed in the general average? A comparative analysis of the UK, US, and China

The International Convention on Salvage 1989 established the basic framework on the “no cure, no pay” principle and also allowed for freedom of contract. Employment salvage is defined as services performed under a contract to pay a given sum or per diem or horam wages, payable at all events, regardless of the salvage is successful or unsuccessful. This study provides a thorough analysis of the differences between employment salvage payments and “no cure, no pay” salvage rewards, identifying key distinctions in their legal natures, principles for calculating remuneration, and conditions of payment. By comparing the legal frameworks in the United Kingdom, the United States, and China, it is determined that claims for employment salvage payments should not be entitled to maritime liens. Moreover, if such claims satisfy the criteria of general average, they should be allowed in general average and contributed to by the relevant beneficiaries. To prevent the dilution of the "no cure, no pay" principle in maritime salvage due to the increased freedom of contract, this study advocates for a stricter scrutiny of contractual freedom in employed salvage to avoid potential abuses by salvors. It is crucial to balance the interests of salvors and other maritime stakeholders, ensuring that while salvors are incentivized for their risky work, other parties are also safeguarded against excessive or unwarranted financial burdens. Additionally, to reduce legal conflicts among nations, it is advisable for countries to coordinate their legislation and establish appropriate international guidelines to promote a greater harmonization of international maritime law.

Legal nature of the firefighter’s equivalent

The article concerns the legal nature of the cash equivalent as a benefit paid to firefighters of the Volunteer FireDepartment for participating in a rescue operation, rescue operation, training or exercise. This benefit was grantedto members for rescue activities in order to show gratitude for risking life and health to save other people,property and the environment by performing work identical to that of professional firefighters without receivingremuneration. This article presents legal regulations regarding the concept and conditions of payment of thebenefit in question, as well as regulations regarding exemptions from the collection of public law liabilities, compensationfor lost earnings and waiver of the right to obtain an equivalent. Due to the multi-faceted nature of thebenefit in question and the narrow regulation, it is necessary to supplement the knowledge with developed thesesof case law, in particular regarding the calculation of compensation for breaks in training, remaining in combatreadiness, the time of arming the vehicle and securing mass eve nts.

New Regulation on Membership and Investor Shares in Credit Unions. Comparative Interpretation of Polish Law on Credit Unions

This paper analyses the 2023 amendment to the Act on Credit Unions of 9 November 2009 using dogmatic and comparative methods. First, the author considers membership of partnerships in credit unions in the context of the requirement of a common bond for membership. Second, the author analyses the legal status of investor shares, conditions of dividend payment on their basis, as well as their termination. In conclusion, the author indicates that Polish regulation on membership of partnerships requires establishing multiple common bond credit unions and that restrictions for holders of investor shares in credit unions are similar in Poland and the UK.

Integrated Agent-Based Simulation and Game Theory Decision Support Framework for Cash Flow and Payment Management in Construction Projects

Effective cash flow management has become crucial for projects and stakeholders given the wide payment-related problems and financial risks encountered in the construction industry worldwide. Previous studies mostly addressed cash flow and payments from the perspective of a specific stakeholder, resulting in an imbalanced cash flow management culture that is further intensified by the power asymmetry of the top-down payment decision-making process. This research proposes an adaptive decision support framework for evaluating and negotiating payment options in construction projects while incorporating the individual and collective financial roles of stakeholders. The framework is comprised of three modules for data acquisition, payment simulation, analysis, and negotiation, as well as decision support. It integrates agent-based simulation, data envelopment analysis, and game theory for a multi-level study of project performance while capturing the driving forces of stakeholders in payment negotiations. A case study project is used to demonstrate the framework implementation under varying payment conditions and interest rates. The results provide quantitative profiles of stakeholders to identify incurred charges, balanced payment conditions, and suitable compensation. Finally, the framework can be utilized by stakeholders and jurisdictions to move towards enhanced contractual arrangements that alleviate economic and financial risks with the informed collaboration of its entities.

Research on Customers' Decisions to buy a Laptop at Metta Company

This study identifies the factors affecting customers' decisions to buy a laptop at Metta company. The findings of this study revealed that six of variables statistically influenced customers' decisions to buy a laptop at Metta company, name all the six Price and payment conditions, Brand, Design, Technical characteristics, The ability to connect and mobile, After-sales Service. This study provides useful information to the managers in understanding factors affecting customers' decisions to buy a laptop. From that can help managers in making appropriate policies, strategies and solutions to rise the revenue.

Bottle Refill Water Payment Using E-Card

The high demand for drinking water makes drinking water sold in many stores, it makes buyers have to enter the store first and queue to pay for it. Even though there are people who cannot wait too long. This makes people want fast and easy payment for drinking water. So a fast and easy payment tool is needed. This paper describes the payment of refillable water bottles using ESP32-based E-Card. Testing is done in three stages: (1) E-Card reading distance testing, (2) payment testing in successful conditions, and (3) payment testing in failed conditions. The first test found that the E-Card reading distance is 3.5 cm but when given an aluminum plate barrier, the E-Card cannot work. From the results of the second test the payment was as expected. And the third test states that the tool works well even in conditions of inappropriate payment. The weakness of this tool is that it cannot pay with coins.

Factors Influencing the Laptop Buying Behavior of Students in Vietnam

This study examines the various factors related to sales and laptop features that directly impact the buying behavior of students in Hanoi. Specifically, it demonstrates how specifications, enhanced features, price and payment conditions, design, and brand directly influence students' laptop buying decisions. This was done through the design and distribution of questionnaires. The study obtained 214 responses that were encrypted and cleaned using SPSS software, followed by reliability testing, exploratory factor analysis, correlation, and multivariate regression analysis.

ПРИНЦИП РІВНОСТІ ЯК СКЛАДОВА ЗАГАЛЬНИХ ЗАСАД ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЗМІ У ХОДІ ПЕРЕДВИБОРНОЇ АГІТАЦІЇ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the principle of equality in mass media using in the course of election campaign. In particular, its essence, legal regulation and problems of practical implementation. According to the current election legislation of Ukraine, this principle has a complex nature, which is manifested in the aggregate: first, equal access conditions for candidates, parties (local organizations of parties) – subjects of the election process to specific mass media, as well as airtime or printed space ; secondly, equal conditions for candidates, parties (local organizations of parties) – subjects of the election process regarding payment for a unit of printed space and a unit of air time and is limited only to the maximum amount of expenses of the election fund. However, establishing that the amount of pre-election campaigning of a specific entity in mass media is limited exclusively to its financial capabilities, which are determined by the volume of its election fund and cannot exceed the established limit of such a fund, the legislator provides the opportunity for a candidate or party to independently decide what part of the funds of its election fund of the fund to be spent on financing pre-election campaigning in the mass media, but at the same time they cannot exceed the limit of the fund. At the same time, the VC determines the maximum size of election funds only in national elections. In turn, the maximum size of election funds for candidates and party organizations in local elections has not been determined. At the same time, if the equality of conditions of access to specific mass media, as well as airtime or printed space is guaranteed first of all by the ban on denying such access to mass media, then the equality of payment conditions is guaranteed by the obligation to publish prices in advance, as well as by the ban on providing a discount on the payment to an individual candidate, party (party organization) – the subject of the election process That is, it is established that it is inadmissible to make changes to the estimates established at the beginning of the election process until the end of the pre-election campaign during the relevant elections. Key words: the principle of equality, absolute equality, proportional equality, pre-election campaigning, election legislation.

Payer reimbursement practices and incentives for improving interpretation of germline genetic testing.

Germline genetic testing for inherited cancer risk has shifted to multi-gene panel tests (MGPTs). While MGPTs detect more pathogenic variants, they also detect more variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) that increase the possibility of harms such as unnecessary surgery. Data sharing by laboratories is critical to addressing the VUS problem. However, barriers to sharing and an absence of incentives have limited laboratory contributions to the ClinVar database. Payers can play a crucial role in the expansion of knowledge and effectiveness of genetic testing. Current policies affecting MGPT reimbursement are complex and create perverse incentives. Trends in utilization and coverage for private payers and Medicare illustrate opportunities and challenges for data sharing to close knowledge gaps and improve clinical utility. Policy options include making data sharing (i) a condition of payment, and (ii) a metric of laboratory quality in payment contracts, yielding preferred coverage or enhanced reimbursement. Mandating data sharing sufficient to verify interpretations and resolve discordance among labs under Medicare and federal health programs is an option for the US Congress. Such policies can reduce the current waste of valuable data needed for precision oncology and improved patient outcomes, enabling a learning health system.

Trade credit, payment duration, and SMEs’ growth in the European Union

Long payment durations are commonly considered a major drag on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) growth by public policies and practitioners. At the same time, long payment durations mean that customers have more time to assess to product quality, which reduces information asymmetries and thus facilitates the establishment of strong business relationships. Building on these conflicting views, we investigate the relationship between payment duration and two dimensions of firm growth, namely growth in sales and growth in employment. Our results, based on a large sample of SMEs located in the European Union, show a positive relationship between payment duration and growth. Moreover, we observe that in countries characterized by a strong quality of payment conditions, the positive relationship between payment duration and growth is amplified. We interpret our findings as evidence that SMEs, by accepting long payment durations, act positively upon their ecosystem by facilitating other SMEs financing conditions, thus creating a “virtuous cycle” in environments characterized by supportive institutional context.

Subsidy or not? How much government subsidy can improve performance level of energy-saving service company?

Contract energy management model is a new energy-saving mode based on single market mechanism. Due to its externality, the energy efficiency market cannot realize the optimal allocation of resources. Government energy-saving subsidy can solve the market failure of energy-saving service market and improve the performance level of energy-saving service company. However, due to the unbalanced support fields and single incentive tools in the government incentive policy, the incentive effect of the government subsidy policies for contract energy management projects is not satisfactory. Based on a two-stage dynamic decision-making model, this article analyzes the impact of different forms of government subsidy policies on the performance-level decision-making of energy service company, and draws the following conclusions: (1) The effect of the government's variable subsidy policy with payment conditions is better than the fixed subsidy policy without payment conditions. (2) Government incentive policy for contract energy management needs to be directed against different energy-saving fields. (3) The government should adopt different forms of incentive policies for energy-saving service companies with different energy-saving levels in the same energy-saving field. (4) When the government implements the variable subsidy policy with preset energy-saving target, each within a reasonable range, with the increase of which, the incentive effect on energy-saving service companies with lower energy-saving level decreases. When the subsidy policy has no incentive effect, it is more unfavorable for the energy-saving service companies which are below the average level of the industry.

Stress in performance-related pay: the effect of payment contracts and social-evaluative threat

There is some evidence that performance-related pay (PRP) leads to higher levels of stress as it incentivizes employees to work harder for longer. However, PRP in the workplace also typically involves performance monitoring, which may introduce an additional source of stress via social-evaluative threat (SET). The current study examined the effect of PRP on stress while varying the level of performance monitoring/SET. Using an incentivized mixed design experiment, 206 participants completed a simulated work task after being randomly allocated to either a PRP contract (£0.20 per correct response, n = 110) or minimum-performance fixed payment contract (£5 for ≥10 correct responses; £0 for <10, n = 96) condition. All participants completed the task during a high SET (explicit performance monitoring) and low SET (no monitoring) condition. Subjective and objective stress were measured through self-report and salivary cortisol. High SET led to higher levels of self-reported stress but not cortisol, whereas there was no effect of the payment condition on either self-reported stress or cortisol. A statistically significant interaction revealed that high SET-fixed payment participants were significantly more stressed than those in the high SET-PRP group. Estimating the regressions separately for high- and low-performing individuals found that the effect was driven by low-performing individuals. These results suggest that fixed payment contracts that have a minimum performance threshold and which include performance monitoring and SET can be more stressful than traditional piece-rate PRP contracts. The current study suggests that incorporating performance monitoring and SET into payment contracts may affect the well-being of employees.

A model on an EOQ optimal ordering policy varying with time-dependent cubic demand and variable deterioration under delay in payment conditions

A model on an EOQ optimal ordering policy varying with time-dependent cubic demand and variable deterioration under delay in payment conditions

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Abstract. The article examines the state of small and medium-sized businesses in the years of the COVID-19 pandemic and after the beginning of the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine. The main directions of Ukraine's state programs for the stabilization and development of the economy under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as state measures to support small and medium-sized businesses, were analyzed. In the article, we noted that today small and medium-sized businesses are affected differently by military operations, depending on their geographic location. It was found that, in general, the regions of Ukraine can be divided into four categories: "partially occupied regions" (a zone of hostilities), "front-line regions" (at risk of invasion), "support regions" (play a decisive role in the logistics of defense and humanitarian goods) and "safe regions" (regions that are conditionally safe for business activity and have a minimal risk of invasion) We also considered the urgent needs of small and medium-sized businesses and the key problems that stand in the way of their effective functioning during the period of martial law. A number of state support measures, which are already in place to improve the functioning of SMEs, were singled out. We have also proposed a number of initiatives that can be implemented alongside government programs to stabilize economic activity. After conducting research, we came to the conclusion that in the conditions of the financial crisis caused by the pandemic and military actions, it is important to set priorities for certain regions, sectors and types of activities that have strategic and different importance for the region or the state as a whole. In our opinion, the most significant for Ukraine are the introduction of the following measures: ? extension of the period of cancellation of strict tax payment conditions for a certain period; ? postponement of tax payment deadlines and remaining tax payments in case of failure to pay on time; ? suspension of utility payments for SMEs in dangerous areas; ? to develop a system of state insurance of enterprise property in case of damage or loss due to enemy shelling; ? reduction by 50% or cancellation for at least 6 months of the EES with retention of all jobs at the employer; ? reduction or cancellation of the corporate income tax for at least 6 months with full resumption of activity; ? additional tax benefits that will quickly restore and accelerate the pace of economic development; ? creation of favorable conditions for enterprises developing their business on the Internet. Key words: small and medium-sized business, economy, COVID-19, pandemic, martial law, state support, relocated enterprises, front-line enterprises.

PAYMENT METHODS IN THE CREDIT MARKET IN THE MODERN PERIOD

The article talks about the special role of credit in the banking system and the ways of its organization in the conditions of the market economy. Currently, a large amount of cash settlements and payments are made by enterprises, organizations and people all over the world through credit, and at the same time, it turns free money instruments, people’s savings and income into active working capital, many different loans, insurance, brokerage, investment, trusts, carries out consulting transfers and other operations. Although secondary to production, the credit system is always and largely preferred. As a result of the research, it was determined that the loan increases the volume of savings many times, ensures the flow of funds from one sector to another, and thereby creates conditions for increasing the efficiency of production. The role and meaning of the credit system is characterized by a number of indicators: the total amount of credit, the share of bank loans in the formation of fixed and working capital of enterprises and organizations, total payment turnover, etc. The purpose is to create credit relations as a result of the credit system performing its function, to determine the content of credit relations by economic relations between credit organizations and various subjects based on return and payment conditions for the collection and redistribution of free funds within a certain period of time, etc. is to investigate issues. Methodology – economic, statistical and comparative analysis methods were used in the research work. Research results – the content of credit relations is not limited to the accumulation of monetary capital and the temporary use of legal and natural persons. In the process of lending, a mass of financial instruments is formed in addition to the production costs, that is, the money circulation of reproduction.

MECHANISM OF STATE REGULATION OF LABOR PAYMENT IN UKRAINE

The article examines the essence and significance of state regulation of wages as an important tool in the field of social and economic policy. It is noted that state intervention is aimed at ensuring fairness, stability and efficiency in the labor market. The purpose of the article is to generalize the results of research and formalize the theoretical foundations of state regulation of the organization of labor remuneration, taking into account the specifics of today's challenges and trends in the development of economic conditions. The research method is a theoretical and logical substantiation of the mechanism of state regulation of labor remuneration as a complete system aimed at ensuring justice, stability and efficiency in the field of labor. The main purpose of the functioning of the mechanism is defined as the creation of fair, efficient and sustainable conditions of remuneration, which ensure a decent standard of living for employees, contribute to social justice and the development of the labor market. The main principles (social justice, equality and protection; transparency and comparability; stimulation of productivity; flexibility and adaptability; democracy), functions (establishment of the minimum wage, protection of workers' rights, regulation of tax and social contribution systems, stimulation of the development of industries and markets, monitoring and analysis of the labor market, ensuring equal payment conditions for employees, improving social protection systems, forming effective labor standards) and the goals of state regulation, as well as its importance in ensuring decent wages and social justice. The importance of continuous improvement of the system to meet changes in society and economy is emphasized. The advantages of partnership regulation, where the state cooperates with employers and trade unions to achieve common goals, are analyzed. The conclusion indicates that state regulation of wages is necessary to support sustainable development and ensure fair and cost-effective conditions in the labor market.

MECHANISM OF STATE REGULATION OF LABOR PAYMENT IN UKRAINE

The article examines the essence and significance of state regulation of wages as an important tool in the field of social and economic policy. It is noted that state intervention is aimed at ensuring fairness, stability and efficiency in the labor market. The purpose of the article is to generalize the results of research and formalize the theoretical foundations of state regulation of the organization of labor remuneration, taking into account the specifics of today's challenges and trends in the development of economic conditions. The research method is a theoretical and logical substantiation of the mechanism of state regulation of labor remuneration as a complete system aimed at ensuring justice, stability and efficiency in the field of labor. The main purpose of the functioning of the mechanism is defined as the creation of fair, efficient and sustainable conditions of remuneration, which ensure a decent standard of living for employees, contribute to social justice and the development of the labor market. The main principles (social justice, equality and protection; transparency and comparability; stimulation of productivity; flexibility and adaptability; democracy), functions (establishment of the minimum wage, protection of workers' rights, regulation of tax and social contribution systems, stimulation of the development of industries and markets, monitoring and analysis of the labor market, ensuring equal payment conditions for employees, improving social protection systems, forming effective labor standards) and the goals of state regulation, as well as its importance in ensuring decent wages and social justice. The importance of continuous improvement of the system to meet changes in society and economy is emphasized. The advantages of partnership regulation, where the state cooperates with employers and trade unions to achieve common goals, are analyzed. The conclusion indicates that state regulation of wages is necessary to support sustainable development and ensure fair and cost-effective conditions in the labor market.