Payment Conditions Research Articles

Understanding consumers’ intention and behaviour towards functionalised food

Purpose – In recent years, the food industry has developed and brought to the market a number of “functional food” with healthy characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to study and compare the effects of knowledge and food technology neophobia on individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for functionalized healthy food. Design/methodology/approach – In order to explore these effects in hypothetical vs real settings, an experiment defined by a within-subject design with two treatments (functionalized vs conventional food) on two auction payment conditions (hypothetical vs real) has been conducted. The products chosen for the experiment were two different types of crushed tomatoes: conventional crushed tomatoes (control product) and a crushed tomatoes enriched with lycopene (functionalized product). Findings – Results showed that participants stated, on average, a higher WTP for tomatoes enriched with lycopene than for conventional. This positive premium price was not affected by socio-demographic variables, political orientation and tomato-related preferences. As expected, the level of knowledge about lycopene exerted a significant positive effect on premium price in both auctions condition. Also the Healthy choice subscale of the Food Technology Neophobia Scale (FTNS) was a significant predictor of premium price, but only when the auction was hypothetical. Originality/value – This paper might shed some light upon the predictive power of the FTNS on individuals’ behavior in a real market setting.

Labor effect on depressive state of oncological patients / disabled during vocational rehabilitation

Aim of research. To study psychological condition of persons with oncological diseases and the labor effect on neutralization of their depressive state.Methods. The work was carried out on the base of ““Argus” association of disabled persons rehabilitation” attached to the Social policy ministry where disabled persons with oncological diseases underwent vocational rehabilitation. One group included disabled persons who worked on the base of economic accountability production workshops attached to the association of disabled persons rehabilitation and the other one included disabled persons who did not work and only received material or financial help. Jmurov tests for detecting depression in disabled persons were used for assessment of psychological condition.Results. Among working disabled persons with oncology an improvement of psychological condition was observed in 19 patients with oncological disease (12 disabled persons of III group, 7 disabled persons of II group) – the decrease of depression level in 8 weeks at working in conditions of rehabilitation center. The depressive state was not changed in 5 disabled persons (3 disabled persons of III group and 2 disabled persons of II group). The program of social welfare was carried out for disabled persons with oncological diseases who did not work. They received material and financial help. Psychological testing demonstrated the absence of changes in depressive state of 23 disabled persons with oncological diseases who did not work (11 disabled persons of III group, 12 disabled persons of II group). Positive changes in decrease of depression were detected in 5 disables persons (2 disabled persons of III group and 3 disabled persons of II group).Conclusions. The analysis of received results demonstrated that giving material or financial help to disabled patients with oncology does not have any positive effect on correction of their depressive state. At the same time the work of disabled persons in the conditions of economic accountability production workshops attached to the rehabilitation center under constant control of medical workers and on the conditions of piecework payment decreases their level of depression

How (Not) to Pay The Impact of Conditionality Design on the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Avoided Deforestation

Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) can use many design features. We investigate the impact of payment conditionality types, i.e. different specifications when to pay and when not to pay, for PES on deforestation and agricultural production in a lab-in-the-field experiment. Our experiment also tests variations in contract period and payment volatility. We designed a highly visual simulation game to characterize the decision situation of a cattle rancher in Brazil. The player can expand extensive pasture by deforestation or intensify existing pasture. The model includes both a land and a capital constraint. We applied the game in an economic, framed lab-in-the-field experiment in Tocantins, Brazil. Payments conditional on forest carbon stock lead to slow, but steady deforestation, while payments conditional on forest carbon stock-change suppressed deforestation more strongly. But payments conditional on stock increase cattle production while payments conditional on stock-change have no effect on production. Thus, depending on the level of leakage, either type of conditionality can be more cost-effective in reducing global carbon emissions. Contracts with limited periods lead to strong deforestation after the end of the payment period. Payment volatility had no significant effect.

Development of Factoring Market in Russia

1. Introduction Factoring develops gradually in Russia. While in the countries of Western Europe, factoring turnover constitutes more than 5% of GDP (in Great Britain and Italy 10%), in Eastern Europe--1.5-2% of GDP, in Russia it accounts for less than 0.1% of GDP. Around 67% of factoring turnover accounts for Europe, 22%--for America, 11%--for countries of Asia, and 1%--for Africa. Approximately 1,000 companies are involved with factoring in the world, and the volume of debit debt reaches EUR 1 trillion (Russian factoring market, 2015). At present, it is impossible to speak about successful business without external financing--i.e., crediting and factoring. Factoring is a type of trade and commissioning operation, combining with crediting of client's current capital. The basis of factoring operation is purchase by bank (or factoring company--Factor) of commercial invoices of supplier for delivered products under the conditions of immediate payment and transfer by supplier to bank or Factor the right of demand of payment from debtor. There are two types of factoring in the global banking system: conventional and confidential. In case of conventional factoring, requirement is sold to bank and supplier reflects it on his accounts. In case of confidential banking, contractors of supplier do not know about bank's crediting its sales (Hughes & Mester, 2012; Grigorian & Manole, 2011). 2. Research Methods The main goal of factoring is financing of current business, which shows a serious difference from crediting, which supposes investment activities on the whole. Factoring is a certain complex of financial services, the aim of which is transfer or cession of right for existing debit debt of organization. That's why factoring is a type of crediting aimed at received products or performed services. That is, when organization provides service of installment payment plan, there is no need for waiting until the end of designated term, for there is a possibility to receive money for commodities or services after their delivery from factoring agency, so-called intermediary (as a rule, these are credit organizations), not from buyer. The principle of debt collection is based on cooperation of bank and organization, without business. In this case, factoring agency takes responsibility to pay the debt, which provides advantages for business, as it has money. The above shows that factoring is an excellent possibility for business to receive payment for products or services before their realization to final buyer. Attractiveness of factoring is caused by the fact that it combines several functions: * firstly, financing of current capital; * secondly, collection of client's debt; * thirdly, if envisaged by contract, factoring takes up risk of non-payment, thus playing the role of insurer of financial risks. This complex of functions makes factoring an irreplaceable mechanism for small and medium enterprises, which traditionally have difficulties with access to credits. Factoring members are: * firstly, supplier--factor's client, i.e., creditor; * secondly, buyer, i.e., debtor; * thirdly, factoring agency (intermediate), which is called factor. * Factoring servicing of clients is a multi-stage process, each stage of which has its purpose. It is advisable to distinguish three stages of this process: 1st stage--preliminary work; 2nd stage--documents preparation; 3rd stage--monitoring of factoring deal. Factoring helps the agreement parties to stay with their interests with the least possible risks. That is, supplier receives his assets, buyer sells products, and factor receives certain commission from the deal. Unlike crediting, factoring does not require guarantee or warrantor. Besides, factoring terms are flexible, and final interest rates are much lower than with other types of crediting (Nadezhdina & Sandakov, 2015). …

Comportamento do consumidor: fatores que influenciam o consumo virtual nas redes sociais (Consumer behavior: factors affecting the virtual consumption in social networks)

The study had as main objective to identify the determining factors in the purchasing decision of virtual consumers store Treko’s Mania, a small business, the bazaar segment. The specific objectives, which seek to identify the profile of consumers who shop through the Fan page Treko’s Mania, identify the advantages and the difficulties listed by consumers for the virtual purchase. It was developed a research of an applied nature, with a quantitative approach and exploratory objective, and the methodological procedures bibliographic research and data collection, with structured questionnaire based on the Likert scale. In data analysis, using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software was applied to descriptive statistics and simple correlation. The results stated that the following criteria influence the purchase decision of the customer’s Fan page Treko’s Mania: receiving products on time provided, good relationship, product variety, conditions of payment and receipt of the products as described. Keywords: Relationship marketing. Consumer behavior virtual. Social networking.

Adjusting Population Risk for Functional Health Status.

Risk adjustment accounts for differences in population mix by reducing the likelihood of enrollee selection by managed care plans and providing a correction to otherwise biased reporting of provider or plan performance. Functional health status is not routinely included within risk-adjustment methods, but is believed by many to be a significant enhancement to risk adjustment for complex enrollees and patients. In this analysis a standardized measure of functional health was created using 3 different source functional assessment instruments submitted to the Medicare program on condition of payment. The authors use a 5% development sample of Medicare claims from 2006 and 2007, including functional health assessments, and develop a model of functional health classification comprising 9 groups defined by the interaction of self-care, mobility, incontinence, and cognitive impairment. The 9 functional groups were used to augment Clinical Risk Groups, a diagnosis-based patient classification system, and when using a validation set of 100% of Medicare data for 2010 and 2011, this study found the use of the functional health module to improve the fit of observed enrollee cost, measured by the R(2) statistic, by 5% across all Medicare enrollees. The authors observed complex nonlinear interactions across functional health domains when constructing the model and caution that functional health status needs careful handling when used for risk adjustment. The addition of functional health status within existing risk-adjustment models has the potential to improve equitable resource allocation in the financing of care costs for more complex enrollees if handled appropriately. (Population Health Management 2016;19:136-144).

The changing nature of the Australian welfare state: A critical analysis of the ACOSS campaign to increase the Newstart Allowance

The Australian Council of Social Service (ACOSS) is Australia's leading welfare advocacy group. During 2011–13, ACOSS coordinated a high-profile campaign to lift the rate of the Newstart allowance for the unemployed. The campaign used a number of advocacy strategies such as policy reports, petitions, media releases, support from other key interest groups and consultations with parliamentarians, but was unsuccessful in persuading the Labor government to amend the payment rate. This article argues that the campaign was always going to struggle to succeed given the Australian welfare state's historical preference for labour market engagement over broader social rights. Other barriers included the budget deficit, the increasing influence of social-investment philosophy which prioritises active rather than passive social protection, the general international trend towards payment conditionality and the challenge of advocating policy change against combined opposition from the two major political parties.澳大利亚社会服务委员会是该国首要的一个福利促进团体。在2011年到2013年间，该团体组织了一场很高调的运动，要求提高失业人员的补贴。该运动采取了一系列促进措施，如政策报告、请愿、媒体发布、争取其他重要利益群体的支持、接触国会议员等等，但未能说服工党政府修改支付率。鉴于澳大利亚福利政府历史上一向重劳动力市场的约定而轻广泛的社会权利，该运动也就总在奋斗不辍。其他障碍包括预算赤字、社会投资哲学（优先积极而非消极的社会保护）日增的影响、薪酬限制的国际大趋势、促进针对两个主要反对党联盟的政策改变的问题，等等。

Impact of pricing and outsourcing models on Indian information technology service outsourcing

Purpose – The information technology (IT) industry has grown owing to the increase in IT outsourcing prompted by the need for cost reductions in organizations. The IT industry contracts are based on pricing models, which establish the terms and conditions of payment to be made to vendors by clients. The pricing models followed in the industry are mainly Fixed Time Fixed Price (FTFP) and Time and Material (TnM) and the remaining are mostly variations of these. Using the information collected from vendors, the purpose of this paper is to draw a comparison between these pricing models to see which one is more acceptable to vendors along with researching on the reasons behind that. The outsourcing engagement is also based on a set of processes to be used during the contract time and that is known as the Outsourcing Model (OM) being used. This research also derives how pricing models, OMs and Client Vendor Relationship (CVR) being developed are related. Design/methodology/approach – Hypothesis have been formulated on the basis of the literature survey conducted by the authors, subsequently questionnaire was formulated and data were collected from – a total of 500 people were targeted, out of which 70 people responded. Out of these 70 only 50 were usable responses. The respondents were at the manager and above level in different organizations classified on the basis of number of employees. Statistical tests were conducted on these data to check the reliability, prove the hypothesis and establish the mediation and moderation relationships between the pricing model, OM and CVR. Findings – The following paper has established through statistical analysis which pricing model is more befitting to the IT service outsourcing industry and has also demonstrated the moderation and mediation relationship between pricing model, OM and CVR variables. Research limitations/implications – The major reserach limitation is that it is for only IT vendors in Indian geography. The research can be extended to different businesses and geographies. Practical implications – The paper has practical implications for the IT service outsourcing industry in India and for their clients to understand the comparison between the pricing models and to study the impact of pricing and OMs on the CVRs. Originality/value – The research presented is original as no similar work has been found to be published in the journals so far specifically in the Indian context.

Use of Insurance Against a Small Loss as an Incentive Strategy.

The success of extended warranties and buyer protection plans suggests that insurance against a small loss has high decision utility. We explore whether the behavioral insight that people are highly averse to small chances of loss can be used to create a powerful incentive that has very low expected value. We compare decisions of individuals offered fixed payments for healthy choices to those offered insurance in exchange for healthy choices. We test the prediction that aversion to small losses will result in very high rates of health behavior uptake in exchange for insurance. Three hundred participants endowed with a $2 bonus randomly received one of two incentives for completing a scheduled health risk assessment: (1) an insurance guarantee against the 1% risk of losing the $2 bonus or (2) a fixed payment at the expected value of the insurance. Relative to the fixed payment condition, participants in the insurance intervention were 70% more likely to meet their health risk assessment appointment (p < 0.01). Fixed payments of $2.59 were needed for every $1 spent on insurance to achieve the same behavioral effect. Loss aversion, probability weighting, and the certainty effect may account for this result. Incentive design may benefit from utilizing an insurance paradigm.

Modelling price scenarios for sustainable collective action and farm production: pepper in El Roble settlement, Costa Rica

Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is considered a non-traditional cash crop for enhancing local development in Costa Rica and a suitable activity for small farmers. Trade of pepper has been done by using contractual agreements between producers and processors, which provides at least three functions: insurance, incentives and information. Contracts also require a high level of commitment from contracting parties to keep the equity, efficiency, and sustainability of the trade relationship. The shift of trade conditions from a competitive to a monopsony market encouraged a group of farmers to start an association that aims to bulk and process pepper from members. Breaching contracts by members of the association endanger this effort of sustainable entrepreneurship. This usually happens when temporary market conditions yield higher procurement prices by other competitors. This situation is also worsened by the lack of proper information on production and processing costs between the contracting parties, and then, the disagreement on the procurement price fixation and payment conditions. By using a mixed integer linear optimization model, we aim to identify the ‘best’ price of fresh pepper traded between both parties. We make use of primary information from 12 different farms on production costs and from the association on processing costs. The model incorporates minimum required net margins for all contracting parties, while modelling the net margins of each party, the amount of traded fresh pepper and preferred contract possibilities, given different fresh pepper price scenarios. At lower prices, some of the farmers that supply pepper, do this to just break-even. At higher prices, more is supplied by more farmers. Under monopsony conditions and individual contracts between parties, it is in the interest of the buyer to offer higher fresh pepper prices in order to buy and process more pepper, up to the point that the marginal costs of buying more pepper are equal to the marginal benefits of that extra pepper. This is because the processor has fixed costs, next to variable costs. Higher volumes reduce the average total costs of processing per kg of pepper, and thereby increase profit. When group contracts are possible, thus under bilateral monopoly conditions – farmers acting as ‘one’ seller and the processor as the only buyer – more fresh pepper is supplied at higher prices than under monopsony conditions as more farmers would have higher surpluses. At the same time the processor would have a higher profit than using individual contracts.

REDESIGN AND IMPROVEMENT OF SUPPORT PROCESSES TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PROCESSES IN CRISES – CASE STUDY: WATER AND SEWERAGE SPLIT COMPANY

Business process management (BPM) in partially process oriented companies, such as public utility companies and Vodovod i kanalizacija Split are, in crisis, requires from top management the redesign of business processes and primarily of business activities which flow through support processes. Since all the activities and changes in BPM are human based, it is essential to strenghten the support sector. IT management, changes in human resources, increasing the level of power and authority, disciplining activities in financial flow and improvement of controlling. In this key study, activities that have been undertaken for the past three years by top management, have brought up to the improvement of all business performances of the company, especially financial ones. Activities, undertaken by top managemant, have streghten the authority of IT sector, so the processing time of consumers' requests and reports has been reduced by 40%, internal fluctuations of the employees and working efficiency have been increased by 32%, and delegating the authority and power to middle management has been increased, which again brought up to reducing the decision making operational time. More evident public procurement, strenghtening the controlling, better payment conditions and adequate desposition of available fiancial resaurces have improved the efficiency of the company on the whole and financial performances have been improved by 105 %.

Comparison of Two MCDM Methodologies in Aircraft Type Selection Problem

In order to provide a satisfactory choice while dealing with multiple criteria, planners apply some of the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methods as an aid to decision making. As the aircraft type selection embodies inherent multi-criteria decision making, two MCDM methods, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Even Swaps Method (ESM), are applied and illustrated with the case study of a hypothetical regional airline. These methods are compared, as well as solutions they arrived at. Considering the difference between the AHP and ESM, a sensitivity analysis is carried out in different ways. In the AHP, the sensitivity of alternative ratings in respect to different pairwise comparisons of the alternatives is analysed, showing that the AHP is sensitive to this kind of changing. In the even swaps method, the objective ranking across alternatives is varied showing that the ESM is not sensitive at all. The final priority weight for specific aircraft type decreases with the decrease of the domination measure of one aircraft over another with respect to payment conditions, for all aircraft types in the solutions obtained by AHP.

Формирование стратегии участия гостиничного предприятия в выставочных мероприятиях: теоретический аспект

This article suggests that the exhibition activity in the current market conditions is an instrument of promotion of hotel services or brands, while the focus is on the need to consider the specifics of the market in the planning arrangements and the financial costs of participation in the exhibition. In this regard, the article describes the main stages of planning and implementation of exhibition activities for the hospitality industry, as well as recommendations on the formulation of overall marketing objectives for hotels, including trademarks, pricing, distribution (sales) and communication sub targets. In the commodity objective the authors emphasize selection and implementation of effective policies to build a portfolio of services by providing a variety of existing range of hotel services of the required quality. In the pricing objective the study focuses on the selection and implementation of an effective pricing policy, including the definition of the range of prices, terms and payment terms and conditions and the magnitude of price discounts.&#x0D; &#x0D; The article provides a brief overview of the main instruments of marketing communications with consumers of exposure services, such as advertising, promotional activities, public relations, direct marketing and personal selling. The authors highlight the need to update competent approach to the design of exhibition booth of the hotel, so the main recommendation are suggested for the organization of the hotel stand at the exhibition, with a focus on the unity of the concept of the brand, which should be reflected in the design decisions of presentation materials, the appearance of the representatives of the hotel, in announcing, as well as in the design of the stand and other activities.

Model of the co-operative trade alliance for independent retail networks in Czech Republic

The main objective of the contribution is proposal of the model of co-operative trade alliance for independent trade alliances with fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) in Czech Republic. Reason of the choice of this topic is sustain of variety of retail formats in Czech market in connection with position small and medium sized trade firms in comparison with transnational trade chains. Independent trade firms face to much bigger competitors operating supermarkets and hypermarkets, namely not even in size of sales area, width and depth of the assortment but also in possibility of negotiation of more profitable trade conditions with their suppliers. Effort of these independent trade firms, which operate mostly just in local or maximally regional market, is then mutual co-operation in form of consumer co-operatives, associations, alliances and networks. These groupings then mainly through common trade negotiation and purchase get for much more advantageous delivery and payment conditions from their suppliers. Besides they can participate in mutual financing of using of promotion instruments. Partial aim of the paper is investigation of opinion and willingness of Czech trade alliances with FMCG to utilize the opportunity of mutual co-operation in common trade alliance. Next partial goal is identification of the factors affecting formation of joint co-operative grouping and its structure, eventually definition of entry conditions which should be fulfilled by individual members.The system approach will be used to realize the given objective. This approach appears as the most suitable in consideration of anticipated structure and character of supposed model. The result will be then proposal of model of mutual co-operation between individual trade alliances.

Risk-integrated cash flow forecasting for overseas construction projects

Construction firms have long attempted to forecast a project cash flow at the initial stage of a project, which is closely related to the payment conditions and financing schedules. There are, however, diverse risk factors influencing project cash flow, in particular for the domain of international projects, which often fluctuate because of a myriad of external as well as internal uncertainties. In this research, risk factors that impact the soundness of cash flow are classified into two categories: financial risks and project-specific risks. The former refers to the external economic conditions such as exchange rate, cost escalation, and interest rate which can be analyzed through a probabilistic financial algorithm. Then, the project-specific risks such as host country’s geotechnical conditions, weather and climate differences, and resource delivery conditions are further assessed through utility curves to represent the firm’s unique risk perceptions and thresholds to the amount of risk exposures. Results of cash flow forecasts by the proposed approach are compared with the actual cash flow of a retrospective case project. It is found that construction firms better decide on a decent level of cash contingency and the probable net-profit at completion by the adoption of the proposed approach.

Государственная политика привлечения иностранных специалистов на уральские заводы (первая половина XIX в.)

The article considers the policy of foreign technical specialists to Russia the referring to documents reflecting the activities of state metallurgical factories in the Urals in the 1st half of the 19th century. An important element of the administrative system in the industry was the management of foreign specialists’ activities. Not only did it include the regulation of their work as participants of the production process, but also a number of additional forms and methods of influence. The author draws upon studies of employment and higher payment conditions, means of recruitment, forms of social welfare and measures for maintenance of the high social status of foreigners and concludes that the provision of profitable conditions of service, welfare and comfort in everyday life was the key method of attracting foreigners. Apart from invitations and recruitment, mechanisms for keeping specialists at the factories proved significant in foreigner-related policy.

수요자 선호도 분석을 통한 미분양 아파트 마케팅 전략

본 연구는 미분양 아파트 수요자를 대상으로 선호요인을 분석하고 향후 민간측면에서 미분양 아파트 해소를 위한 마케팅 전략에 대해 연구하고자 한다. 연구방법은 미분양 아파트 수요자 선호요인을 도출한 뒤 컨조인트 분석을 통해 가장 중요하게 판단하는 요인과 상대적으로 포기할 수 있는 요인을 도출하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 미분양 아파트 수요자들은 주택 구매 선택에 있어 미분양에 따른 혜택(분양가 인하 및 보장제)을 입지환경 및 거주환경 보다 우선적으로 고려하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 미분양 아파트 수요자들은 입지환경과 관련해 대중교통 이용이 양호한 환경을 가장 중요하게 고려하며, 거주환경과 관련해서는 단지 내 친환경 수준을 중요하게 고려하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 미분양 아파트인 만큼 가격전략에서는 납부조건 완화보다는 분양가 인하를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 홍보전략은 주택전시관이나 설명회를 통해 홍보하는 것이 가장 효과적인 것으로 분석되었다. The main purpose of this research is considering further marketing strategy to resolve unsold housing matters in private sectors through an analysis of preference factors for those housing customers. This study used one of the most widely-used research methods in marketing to figure out the preference factors for those customers and then it was categorized which factors are more or less important by conjoint analysis. According to the result, the home buyers for the unsold apartments were more paying attention some social and financial benefits for instance, a decline of housing price and a guarantee of housing securities rather than geographical conditions and residential environment before they make the decision to purchase a home. Secondly, they concerned some factors such as the most importance in location and geographical condition which were easy access to the transportation. Furthermore, a standard of eco-friendly apartment buildings was essential matter in residential environment. The third, those properties were on the stocks of unsold homes so they more tended to buy their houses with lower price than the terms and conditions of housing payment. Finally, it was explored that the most efficient way to promoting them through housing exhibitions or presentations as the PR strategy.

Investigating the effect of quality of work life on quality of family life

A healthy and good family condition is often involved with other factors such as work conditions. In this paper, we present an empirical investigation to study the effects of the quality of work life on quality of family life. The study uses a standard questionnaire and distributes it among all 35 full time employees of a prison in province of Semnan, Iran. Cronbach alphas for quality of work life and family life are 0.967 and 0.840, respectively. In our survey, quality of work life consists of eight components including fair and sufficient payment, safe and healthy work conditions, human development capabilities, growth and secure opportunities, social integration, rule of law, general atmosphere of work life and social dependence of work life. The survey has used Pearson correlation ratios as well as stepwise regression analysis and the results have confirmed that having safe and healthy work conditions strongly influences quality of family life.

Revisiting Tversky's Trail—How Money Makes a Subtle Difference in Similarity Effect Experiments

ABSTRACTRecent findings in research on context effects indicate that, as opposed to choices under hypothetical settings, compromise effects are significantly attenuated in binding settings that include real payments for products. The present investigation examines to what extent this finding applies to yet another context effect, namely the similarity effect (SE). The SE stipulates that, compared with initial shares of two options A and B in a binary choice set, the introduction of an option C that is dissimilar to B but similar to A will hurt the latter more than the nonadjacent option B. The conducted online survey examines the SE in unforced choices of experienced consumers between real brands across three consumer good categories. The results confirm that the SE is evidently reduced under real payment conditions, hence confirming the hypothesis that the applied choice setting moderates the efficacy of the composition of choice sets.

DSL-009 Drug Shortages: The Challenge of Importing

Background Drug shortage has been reported since several years but has recently reached critical levels. Shortage occurs not only in Europe but worldwide, in all healthcare practise settings and affects...