Paw Edema Volume Research Articles

Indolin‐2‐Ones: A New Approach to Inflammation, Targeting LPS via GSK3β/NLRP3

AbstractChronic inflammation is a key pathogenic driver in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Previously we identified highly active GSK3β inhibitors with antidiabetic potential among 3,5‐disubstituted indolin‐2‐one derivatives. We found that these derivatives also possess a direct antioxidant activity, which was shown in in luminol‐H2O2 and ABTS in vitro systems with IC50 level was up to 6.0 and 34.6 µM respectively. GSK3β is an essential part LPS‐induced NF‐κB and NLRP3 pathways activation. Hence, the most active compounds 3 and 5 were evaluated and found to exhibit high anti‐inflammatory activity in LPS‐induced activation of primary murine macrophages with IL‐6 IC50 from 8.7 to 63.5 µM without cytotoxicity and also prevent LPS + ATP‐induced NLRP3 activation in macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Alongside compounds 3 and 5 retain macrophages phagocytic activity unlike dexamethasone. Animal's studies showed effective prevention of LPS‐induced rat paw edema volume, NO, TNFα, and IL‐1β formation after 30 mg/kg per oral administration. Hence, we identified candidates combining antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities promising as agents against inflammation‐linked chronic diseases.

Evaluation of Carrageenan-induced Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Psychotria bisulcata Wight &Arn. in Wistar Rats

Psychotria bisulcata Wight & Arn. (Rubiaceae) is a shrub widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, infertility and impotence. The present research work is focused on in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in ethanolic leaf extract of P. bisulcata. The ethanol extract was subjected to in vitro anti-inflammatory assays such as hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis, heat-induced hemolysis. The in vitro anti-inflammatory assays revealed that the ethanolic leaf extract of P. bisulcata showed a high level of inhibition in hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis in 250 µg/mL as 55.80±1.91and in heat-induced hemolysis as 62.23±4.23. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, with diclofenac as the standard. When compared to the standard diclofenac, the ethanolic leaf extract of P. bisulcata showed considerable anti-inflammatory efficacy in a dose dependent manner, resulting in the reduction of paw edema volume. The rats treated with ethanolic leaf extract of 500 mg/kg showed better activity. The research discovers that P. bisulcata has substantial anti-inflammatory action, indicating that it has medicinal potential in the treatment of inflammatory ailments.

Evaluation of immunomodulatory effect of aqueous extract of aloe vera in Wistar albino rat models

Aim of the study wasto evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of Aqueous extracts of Aloe vera in Wistar albino rats using humoral immune response (antibody titre), a cellular immune response, and a neutrophil adhesion test after oral administration. : 24 healthy Wistar albino rats of either sex were divided into 4 different groups containing 6 rats for each immunomodulatory model. Group I ,the control group received gum acacia suspended in normal saline; Group II rats were treated with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg bw)whereas Groups III & IV received AloeVera aqueous extract at a dose of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg, respectively. Each rat was antigenically challenged by injecting 0.1 ml of 0.5 × 10 SRBCs (suspended in normal saline) intraperitoneally. The study of humoral immune response was seen by measurement of antibody titre obtained on 20 day (7 day of Ag challenge) and 27 day (14 day of challenge) with sRBC considered the primary and secondary humoral immune response, respectively. For the cellular immune response, foot pad edema was calculated due to a hypersensitivity reaction after injection of sRBC into the .rat hind paw. A test of neutrophil adhesion is used to evaluate immunomodulatory activity. Aloe vera aqueous extracts at 250 mg/kg significantly improved a significant increase in paw edema volume indicated increased cell-mediated immunity, and elevated Ab titre on the 20th and 27th days served as a marker of increased humoral immune response. Additionally, AVE 250 mg/kg caused an increase in neutrophil adhesion, demonstrating its immunomodulatory effects. Aloe vera aqueous extracts at a dose of 250 mg/kg demonstrated immunomodulatory activity in a model using Wistar albino rats.Aloe vera extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg significantly increased hemagglutination antibody titers compared to the control group, indicating enhanced humoral immunity. This study demonstrates the immunostimulant properties of orally administered Aloe vera aqueous extract in Wistar albino rats. The extract increased antibody production, enhanced cell-mediated immunity, and improved neutrophil function. These findings support the potential of Aloe vera as a natural immunomodulator and warrant further exploration of its therapeutic applications.

Quercetin and ibuprofen combination displayed anti-inflammatory effects and also extenuates the enteric neurons damage of arthritic rats.

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin on the cellular components of the Enteric Nervous System in the ileum of rats with arthritis. Rats were distributed into five groups: control (C), arthritic (AIA), arthritic treated with ibuprofen (AI), arthritic treated with quercetin (AQ) and arthritic treated with both ibuprofen and quercetin (AIQ). The ileum was processed for immunohistochemical techniques for HuC/D, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Measurements in histological sections, chemiluminescence assays, and total antioxidant capacity were also performed. Rheumatoid arthritis resulted in a decrease in neuronal density, yet neuroplasticity mechanisms were evident through observed changes in varicosities size and neuronal area compared to the control group. Reduced paw edema and neuroprotective effects were predominantly noted in both plexuses, as evidenced by the increased density preservation of HuC/D-IR neurons in the AIQ group. The increase of lipoperoxidation levels and paw edema volume in the AQ group was observed compared to the arthritic, whereas the AIQ group mainly showed similar results to those observed in the control. The enteropathy associated with arthritis proved to be significant in the field of gastroenterology, and the combination of quercetin and ibuprofen demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

Pharmacological evaluation of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimino)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide compound for anti-inflammatory activity in rats

Background: Thiophene, also known as thiofuran, is a heterocyclic molecule represented by the chemical formula C4H4S. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of 2-(2-hydroxy phenylimino)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide compound in Wistar rats by acute carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma methods. Materials and Methods: This study consists of two stages: An acute inflammation study using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, which involves four groups of rats, and a chronic inflammation study using cotton pellet-induced granuloma, which involves three groups of rats. Mean paw edema volume and percentage of inhibition were measured in acute stage. The mean weight of the pellets in each group was determined during the chronic stage. Results: There was increase in the mean paw volume at 3 h and a slow decrease at 6 h and 24 h in control group to thiophene derivative-20 mg/kg/p.o from 0 h to 24 h. The mean difference from control and at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h showed that mean difference was slowly decreased and it was statistically significant. The mean dry granuloma weight in control group, i.e., 10% tween 80 treated group was 146.6 ± 4.38. The mean dry granuloma weight in standard group, i.e., indomethacin 3 mg/kg treated group was 87.7 ± 3.41. The mean dry granuloma weight in substituted thiophene 10 mg/kg group was 101.91 ± 3.76. Conclusions: The newly synthesized substituted (fused) thiophene compound demonstrated inhibition of inflammation in both acute inflammation induced by carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic inflammation induced by cotton pellet-induced granuloma in Wistar rats. The compound’s anti-inflammatory effects were comparable to those of the standard drug indomethacin, with a dosage of 10 mg/kg in the acute model and 3 mg/kg in the chronic inflammation model. This concludes that the test compound has anti-inflammatory activity.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SIDDHA POLYHERBAL FORMULATION SEVVIYADHI CHOORANAM ON CARRAGEENAN INDUCED PAW EDEMA IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of Siddha polyherbal formulation Sevviyadhi chooranam in Carrageenan induced paw edema in wistar albino rats, and compared with the standard drug Indomethacin. Methods: The Siddha polyherbal formulation Sevviyadhi chooranam indicated for sinusitis was prepared based on GMP (Good Clinical Practice) guidelines. Study procedure was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC). The experimental animals were measured for paw edema volume at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 h using Plethysmometer (Model 7150 UGO Basile, Italy). Edema was expressed as mean increase in paw volume relative to control animals. And then, findings were compared with Indomethacin (Standard drug). Results: The findings revealed that test drug Sevviyadhi chooranam at higher dosage 200 mg/kg (Group V) had equal effect on anti-inflammatory activity with percentage protection of 93.2% when compared with the standard drug Indomethacin at about 40 mg/kg (Group III) with percentage protection 93.2%. However, the test drug Sevviyadhi chooranam at a higher dosage 200 mg/kg (Group V) with a percentage protection 93.2% was highly effective when compared with lower dosage about 100 mg/kg (Group IV) with a percentage protection 27.12%. Hence, the study resulted that the Siddha polyherbal formulation Sevviyadhi chooranam has an optimistic anti-inflammatory activity with more therapeutic value. Conclusion: The study concluded that the Siddha polyherbal formulation Sevviyadhi chooranam has a promising anti-inflammatory activity, probably due to the presence of biologically active phytocompounds. However, it is important to admit that there are some scientific evidences of the potential actions of these phytocompounds in anti-inflammatory activity.

Synthesis of some Curcumin derivatives of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory (NSAIDs) Prodrugs for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is the most prevalent chronic gastrointestinal disorder in children and adolescents. IBD is a collection of recurrent and remitting inflammatory gastrointestinal illnesses that mostly includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Amino salicylates, corticosteroids, and biological agents are drugs that are now utilized to treat inflammatory bowel disorders. The research envisaged and plan of work to be carried out can be summarized as adetailed review of curcumin derivatives, synthesis of compound and their derivatives, physio-chemical properties, structure elucidation, and biological evaluation of synthesized compounds for anti-inflammatory potential. Prodrugs are synthesized by conjugation of NSAID derivatives with some curcumin derivatives by the reflux in different solvents in the presence of thionyl chloride as an acid catalyst.The synthetic compounds YK-01 and YK-02 were obtained in a series. The FTIR, NMRspectroscopy, and other physiochemical properties have characterized the structure of the synthesized prodrugs. The anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized compounds was tested in a carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model, and it was discovered that the prodrugs treated compound (YK-02) showed decreased inflammation and paw oedema volume, as well as a better activity than synthesized prodrugs (YK-01).

English

This study aims to characterize chemical groups of metabolites in extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum and Croton zambesicus, and to evaluate their anti-inflammatory activities and their immunomodulatory effect on two pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL6). The phytochemical screening was done on the powders of both plants by staining and precipitation reactions. Anti-inflammatory activity was performed in vivo on rat paw edema induced by 2% formalin and immunomodulatory activity was performed in vitro on rat Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The leaves of the plants contained important chemical groups such as: cachectic tannins, flavonoids, terpenes, saponosides and quinones. The ethanolic extracts of the two plants studied showed good anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the volume of the rat paw edema induced by 2% formalin and by inhibiting the production of TNFα, IL6 by PBMC of rats stimulated by LPS. Key words: Acanthospermum hispidum, Croton zambesicus, extracts, phytochemical screening, biological activities.

Evaluation of ethanolic extract of leaves of Abutilon indicum on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema

Background: Inflammation is described as a localized physical condition whereat part of the body becomes swollen, reddened, hot, and consistently painful, largely as a response to injury or infection. Aim and Objectives: The current study is designed to study the Abutilon indicum for its anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats-induced paw edema by carrageenan. Materials and Methods: Randomly 30 albino rats from both sexes were taken and divided into five groups, six in each. Normal saline 25 mL/kg (control), diclofenac 9 mg/kg (standard), and three different doses of plant extract (EEAI) such as 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg (3 test groups) were given in respective groups, after 1-h injection of 0.1 mL of 0.2% carrageenan solution into the sub plantar region of the right hind paw. At 0 h, after 1, 2, and 3 h, paw edema volume was measured by mercury displacement method using plethysmograph. The percentage of edema inhibition was measured in all five groups. Results: The percentage of edema inhibition for EEAI 500 mg/kg was 6.20%, 17.8%, and 26.72% after 1st, 2nd and 3rd h respectively and for EEAI 1000 mg/kg was 8.26%, 20.7%, 31.61% after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd h, respectively. Significant edema inhibition was observed after 2nd and 3rd h of drug administration (P < 0.05) in both groups treated with EEAI 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of A. indicum had shown dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity.

In vitro and in vivo anti-osteoarthritis effects of tradition Chinese prescription Ji-Ming-San

Ethnopharmacological relevanceJi-Ming-Shan (JMS) is a traditional herbal prescription consisting of seven herbs including Areca cathechu Burm.f., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai, Euodia ruticarpa (A. Juss.) Benth., Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.). It was first recorded during the Song dynasty and has been used extensively for protection against rheumatism, treatment of swelling of tendons, relief from foot pain, gout and diuresis and other forms of inflammation. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritis activity of JMS extracts with the use of different cell lines (RAW 264.7 cells, SW1353 cells and primary cultured rat chondrocytes). MIA-induced rat animal models were used to assess the anti-osteoarthritis activity of the extract. Materials and methodsThis study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of JMS-95E on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. For the in vivo study, male Wistar rats were used and they were randomly assigned in different groups: blank, control, positive control and three different JMS-95E treatment groups (200, 400, 800 mg/kg/d). Paw edema, hind-limb weight bearing, serum inflammatory cytokines including hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining experiments were used to assess the efficacy of the extract in the rat model. ResultJMS 95% ethanol extract (JMS-95E, marker substance: narirutin (5.10 mg/g) and hesperidin (11.33 mg/g) has been identified in the extract using high pressure liquid chromatography. For in vitro assays, JMS-95E did not exhibit cytotoxicity and was able to downregulate the protein expression of iNOS, COX-2 and MMP-13. The production of inflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2 were also reduced with an increase in dose-dependent manner in various cell lines. Inhibitory activity on the key enzyme xanthine oxidase was also observed in this study. In rat animal models, JMS-95E reduced the inflammatory responses such as acute swelling, chondrocyte degradation and pain section of paw edema in rat model. Molecular marker studies of inflammation demonstrated that JMS-95E significantly decrease PGE2 expression in MIA model. ConclusionJMS-95E inhibited the inflammatory pathway leading to the production or expression levels of NO, iNOS, COX-2 and PGE2 in macrophage cells. In primary cultured rat chondrocytes iNOS and SW1353 MMP-13 expression were downregulated after JMS-95E treatment. For the in vivo study JMS-95E significantly reduced the paw volume of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema through each dose and significantly inhibited paw volume, counterweight the distribution of hind-paw weight bearing through the MIA model which means JMS-95E could promote recovery of the acute swelling and chondrocyte degradation of the ankle joints. The above results provided the multiple mechanism of JMS-95E in OA treatment of the scientific founding which supported the description of JMS in traditional use.

Thymoquinone counteracts oxidative and inflammatory machinery in carrageenan-induced murine paw edema model.

Thymoquinone (TQ) is an active constituent in Nigella sativa (black cumin) and is extensively reported for its distinguished antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. Despite the local protective response of acute inflammation, it contributes to the development of various disease conditions such as cell death, organ damage, or carcinogenesis. Hence, in this study, the effects of orally administered TQ (50mg/kg and 100mg/kg) for 14days against edema development, oxidative stress, and inflammation were investigated in paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice. Indomethacin (10mg/kg) was used as a reference drug. The results revealed that TQ reduced the paw edema volume in a time-dependent manner, attenuated acetic acid-provoked writhing movements, and reduced xylene-triggered ear edema. Hematological findings revealed marked normalization of altered counts of WBCs, and platelets. Furthermore, paw tissue levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide showed marked decreases together with increases in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase after TQ administration. Additionally, TQ decreased pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, C-reactive protein, myeloperoxidase, and nuclear factor kappa-B in the inflamed paw tissue. Moreover, appreciable decreases were recorded in cyclooxygenase-2 and its product prostaglandin E2 and the immune reaction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in TQ-treated mice. Histopathological findings further validated the potential antiedematous, anti-inflammatory power of TQ in inflamed tissues. Conclusively, the results encourage the potent application of TQ to subside acute inflammatory events because of its striking antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in inflamed paw tissue.

Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive effects and involvement of opioid receptors in the antinociceptive activity of Eugenia uniflora leaves obtained with water, ethanol, and propylene glycol mixture

Ethnopharmacological relevanceEugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) is a species native to Brazil and has a traditional use in the treatment of inflammation. Aim of the studyTo evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, and the involvement of opioid receptors in the antinociceptive activity of extract and fractions from Eugenia uniflora leaves. Materials and methodsTLC and HPLC were used to characterize the spray-dried extract (SDE) and fractions. In the in vivo assays, Swiss (Mus musculus) mice were used. Carrageenan-induced hind-paw edema and carrageenan-induced peritonitis models were used to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg). Acetic acid-induced writhing, tail-flick, and formalin tests were used to determine the antinociceptive effect of the extract (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg). The aqueous (AqF) and ethyl acetate (EAF) fractions (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg) were then combined with naloxone to evaluate the involvement of opioid receptors in the antinociceptive activity. ResultsIn this work, the TLC and HPLC analysis evidenced the enrichment of EAF, which higher concentration of gallic acid (5.29 ± 0.0004 %w/w), and ellagic acid (1.28 ± 0.0002 %w/w) and mainly myricitrin (8.64 ± 0.0002 %w/w). The extract decreased the number of total leukocytes and neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity (p < 0.05), at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and showed significant inhibition in the increase of paw edema volume (p < 0.05). The treatment per oral route (doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the nociceptive response in acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing (p < 0.05). The effect of the extract on the tail-flick test showed a significant increase in latency time of animals treated at doses of 200 and 100 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The extract and ethyl acetate fraction reduced the nociceptive effect in both phases of formalin at all tested doses. The naloxone reversed the antinociceptive effect of EAF, suggesting that opioid receptors are involved in mediating the antinociceptive activity of EAF of E. uniflora in the formalin test. ConclusionThe current study demonstrates the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of water: ethanol: propylene glycol spray-dried extract from E. uniflora leaves using in vivo pharmacological models in mice. Our findings suggest that spray-dried extract and ethyl acetate fraction exhibit peripheral and central antinociceptive activity with the involvement of opioid receptors that may be related to the presence of flavonoids, mainly myricitrin.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Glabralactone, a Coumarin Compound from Angelica sinensis, via Suppression of TRIF-Dependent IRF-3 Signaling and NF-κB Pathways.

The dried root of Angelica sinensis (A. sinensis) has been widely used in Chinese traditional medicine for various diseases such as inflammation, osteoarthritis, infections, mild anemia, fatigue, and high blood pressure. Searching for the secondary metabolites of A. sinensis has been mainly conducted. However, the bioactivity of coumarins in the plant remains unexplored. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of glabralactone, a coumarin compound from A. sinensis, using in vitro and in vivo models, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of action. Glabralactone effectively inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The downregulation of LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and miR-155 was found by glabralactone. The activation of NF-κB and TRIF-dependent IRF-3 pathway was also effectively suppressed by glabralactone in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Glabralactone (5 and 10 mg/kg) exhibited an in vivo anti-inflammatory activity with the reduction of paw edema volume in carrageenan-induced rat model, and the expressions of iNOS and IL-1β proteins were suppressed by glabralactone in the paw soft tissues of the animal model. Taken together, glabralactone exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro and in vivo models. These findings reveal that glabralactone might be one of the potential components for the anti-inflammatory activity of A. sinensis and may be prioritized in the development of a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Hook. F.

Objective: The medicinal plant Cochlospermum planchonii Hook.f. is used in the management of various ailments in Togolese pharmacopoeia. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of roots and leaves of C. planchonii, and burn wound healing activity of its leaf hydroethanolic extracts in rodents.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activities were assessed using Phosphomolybdenum assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test and the reducing power assay. Visceral pain model, formaldehyde-induced paw edema and vascular permeability test were performed to evaluate anti-inflammatory activities in vivo. Burns were induced in rats by applying on the skin of the dorsal region an aluminum plaque preheated to 100°C for 10 seconds. Animals were treated topically with empty Carbopol gel, C. planchonii leaves extract 2.5 and 5 % in Carbopol gel, and Brulex® (Zinc oxide 15 % cream).&#x0D; Results: C. planchonii extracts exhibited good antioxidant capacities close to standard compound, ascorbic acid. Leaves and root hydroethanolic extracts (1000 mg/kg), compared to control animals, significantly reduced the number of writhings (P&lt;0.001) and the volume of paw edema (P&lt;0.001). Similarly, both roots and leaf extracts at 1000 mg/kg have significantly inhibited vascular permeability by approximately 50% compared to the control group. C. planchonii leaves hydroethanolic extract 2.5 and 5 % in Carbopol enhanced wound healing via significantly increased contraction rates (78.63 ± 1.57 and 79.68 ± 1.48 respectively on day 12, P&lt;0.001), confirmed by histological observations.&#x0D; Conclusion: C. planchonii can promote burn healing due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the plant.&#x0D; Keywords: Cochlospermum planchonii, inflammatory, antioxidant, edema, burn wound

Phytochemical and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Anredera cordifolia (Ten): A Review

Objective : Inflammation is a manifestation of the immune response to eliminate antigens from the body. This process will occur until the antigen is eliminated from the body. This inflammatory process can occur locally or systemically. Anredera cordifolia (Ten) has been used as a traditional medicine as a therapy for inflammation, diabetes, kidney failure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and others. Therefore, this review aims to provide current information and obtain a comprehensive review of the anti-inflammatory activity of Anredera cordifolia (Ten).&#x0D; Methods : This review provides evidence in the literature for the phytochemical and anti-inflammatory activity of Anredera cordifolia (Ten), from August 2011-August 2021. Three bibliographic databases were used as the main sources of information (Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google scholar). The keywords used in this research are as follows: “Phytochemical”, “anti-inflammatory”, “Bioactive compounds”, “Pharmacology” and “Anredera cordifolia”.&#x0D; Results: A total of 10 studies were included in this review according to the required criteria, 5 of which were concerning phytochemical and 5 were concerning anti-inflammatory. Anredera cordifolia (Ten) contains many secondary metabolites such as essential oil, saponins, phenolics, rauninflammatory activity of Anredera cordifolia (Ten) occur mainly through several mechanisms including a decrease in the volume of paw edema, inhibition of hemolysis, inhibition of the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO, and a decrease in the number of neutrophil PMNs.&#x0D; Conclusions: Recent interest in the traditional treatment of the Anredera cordifolia (Ten) plant both in vitro and in vivo has shown potential anti-inflammatory activity attributed to the presence of natural bioactive compounds.&#x0D; Keywords : Anti-inflammatory, Anredera, Phytochemical, Pharmacology

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Water Extract of Luvunga sarmentosa (BI.) Kurz Stem in the Animal Models

The study was aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of water extract of the Luvunga sarmentosa stem in an animal model. Twenty-five Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=5). Group 1 was administered 0.9% normal saline (negative control), group 2 was administered 150 mg/kg diclofenac sodium (positive control), and groups 3 to 5 were administered 50, 300, and 550 mg/kg BW of L. sarmentosa extract, respectively. Carrageenan was injected subcutaneously into each rat's subplantar region of the left hind paw. The paw volume was measured using a plethysmometer. The results showed that the water extract of L. sarmentosa stem (doses of 50, 300, and 550 mg/kg BW) significantly reduced the paw edema volume from the 4th to 5th hour compared to the negative control. The percent inhibition of edema at the 5th hour is 47.45; 46.95; 50.39%. The first phase of the edema (1st and 2nd hour) was not affected by the extract. Meanwhile, diclofenac sodium decreased paw edema volume from the 1st to 5th hour with a percent inhibition of 95.90% at the 5th hour. The histopathology result is relevant to the percentage inhibition of edema. Treatment with L. sarmentosa extract showed slight improvement, destruction of epidermal tissue, hyperkeratotic skin, and subepidermal edema. Meanwhile, positive control showed no inflammatory signs with normal keratin, subepidermal, and subcutaneous layers. The water extract of L. sarmentosa stem has anti-inflammatory activity. This extract effectively reduces the paw edema volume in the late phase with decreased neutrophil infiltration.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of black cumin (BC, Nigella sativa L.) extracts in in vivo model systems

BackgroundBlack cumin (Nigella sativa) is a widely used ingredient of traditional medicine for its broad-spectrum pharmacological actions, including analgesic, bronchial asthma, anti-inflammatory properties, and others. We sought to evaluate BC extracts' efficacy for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties using a comprehensive in vivo and in silico experimental setup. To investigate whether BC extract has anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapeutic potentials in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, analgesic activity by acetic acid-induced writhing test and ingenuity analysis of the BC extracts in inflammation control.ResultsThe acetic acid-induced writhing test had shown a dose-dependent reduction of writhing number following BC administration. Rat paw edema test showed the dose-dependent reduction of paw edema volume following BC administration. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) suggested BC extracts containing ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, and quercetin can inhibit inflammation.ConclusionsThis study suggests that bioactive compounds in BC extract act as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent by regulating several downstream and upstream inflammation pathways.

Inflammation reduction potential of nanostructured lipid carriers encapsulated with rat's bone marrow cells' lysate.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) have been used for treating inflammatory disorders. Due to the large size of BMSCs compared to nanoparticles, BMSCs cannot be loaded into the nanoparticles. It is hypothesized that BMSCs lysate loading into the nanocarriers will effectively deliver cellular contents and regulatory elements of BMSCs at the injury site. This study aimed to investigate nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loading with BMSCs lysate through basic characterization and morphological analysis. Moreover, this study was mainly designed to investigate the role of NLC loaded BMSCs lysate in reducing inflammation via in-vitro and in-vivoassays. The in-vitro study involves cell viability assays, p53, annexin V and VEGF expression through ELISA and immunocytochemistry, real-time BAX, caspase-3, IL-6, IL-8, TOP2A, PCNA, and Ki-67 gene expression analysis. Additionally, to evaluate in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity, the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model was used. In-vitro results showed that NLC loaded BMSCs lysate increased cell viability, decreased apoptosis and pro-inflammatory genes expression and up-regulated angiogenesis and proliferation in H2O2 pre-stimulated cells. Findings of the in-vivo assay also indicated a reduction in rat's paw oedema volume in NLC-loaded BMSCs lysate, and downregulation of BAX, Caspase-3, IL-6, and IL-8 was observed. Enhanced expressions of TOP2A, PCNA, and Ki-67 were obtained. Concluding the results of this study, NLC-loaded BMSCs lysate could reduce inflammation and possibly regenerate damaged tissue mainly via increasing cell viability, angiogenesis and proliferation, and reducing apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Non-enzymatic Ex-vitro Antioxidant, Biosafety, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of Aqueous Polyherbal (ELNA) Extract in Mice.

The polyherbal formulation known as ELNA consists of Moringa oleifera, Crateva religiosa and Curcuma longa. It ethnomedicinal properties include; analgesic, inflammation, cardiac diseases, bacterial infection and immune suppressed diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ex-vitro non-enzymatic anti-oxidant, biosafety, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous ELNA polyherbal extract. Ex-vitro anti-oxidant study was investigated in ELNA extract using standard radical scavenging protocol. Biosafety effect of ELNA extract was understudied with the aid of Locke method. Acetic acid-induced peripheral pain, hot plate-induced central pain and egg albumin-induced inflammatory models were investigated. Results from this study exhibited the scavenging effect of ELNA extract against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryhydroxyl with significant increase in concentration dependent manner. Acute toxicity study of the aqueous extract of ELNA elicited less or no toxic effect, with no mortality and side effect above LD50&gt;5000 mg/kg body weight. Aqueous ELNA extract displayed no damaging effect of the sub-chronic toxicity study administered for 28 days, exhibited no significant difference (p= 0.05) in the organ and body weight. No significant different in the haematological parameters excluding 400 mg/kg with slight significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in platelet count. Graded doses of the extract at 400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight exhibited significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in central and peripheral pain. Significant reduction in paw edema volume. Specifically at higher doses, the extract showed an effective activities against the selected study. In conclusion, this study validated the ethnomedicianl evidence of ELNA aqueous extract of the formulation.

Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Prasiola japonica, an Edible Freshwater Green Algae, and Its Various Solvent Fractions in LPS-Induced Macrophages and Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema via the AP-1 Pathway

Prasiola japonica possesses several biological activities. However, reports on the anti-inflammatory activities and molecular mechanisms of its different solvent fractions remain limited. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory activities of P. japonica ethanol extract (Pj-EE) and four solvent fractions of Pj-EE made with hexane (Pj-EE-HF), chloroform (Pj-EE-CF), butanol (Pj-EE-BF), or water (Pj-EE-WF) in both in vitro (LPS-induced macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced acute paw edema mouse models) experiments. The most active solvent fraction was selected for further analysis. Various in vitro and in vivo assessments, including nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, luciferase assays, real-time polymerase chain reactions, and immunoblotting analyses were performed to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. In addition, the phytochemical constituents were characterized by Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In in vitro studies, the highest inhibition of NO production was observed in Pj-EE-CF. Further examination revealed that Pj-EE-CF decreased the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and suppressed subsequent AP-1-luciferase activity by inhibition of phosphorylation events in the AP-1 signaling pathway. Pj-EE-CF treatment also demonstrated the strongest reduction in thickness and volume of carrageenan-induced paw edema, while Pj-EE-BF showed the lowest activity. Furthermore, Pj-EE-CF also reduced gene expression and cytokines production in tissue lysates of carrageenan-induced paw edema. These findings support and validate the evidence that Pj-EE, and especially Pj-EE-CF, could be a good natural source for an anti-inflammatory agent that targets the AP1 pathway.