Pavonana Larvae Research Articles

Induction of Resistance to Larvae Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) using Rhizobacteria to the Cabbage

Crocidolomia pavonana is a significant pest on cabbage that reduces the quality and quantity of cabbage. Utilizing microorganisms such as rhizobacteria is an alternative environmentally friendly control that can potentially suppress the development of this pest. The study aimed to obtain rhizobacteria isolates capable of colonizing cabbage tissue and inducing plant resistance to C. pavonana larvae. The research was conducted at the Biological Control Laboratory and Greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Andalas, Padang. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with ten treatments and five replications. The treatment consisted of rhizobacteria isolates, including Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, as well as a negative control (aquadest sterile) and a positive control (Cypermethrin insecticide). The test was carried out by soaking the seeds in a suspension containing rhizobacteria with a population density of 10⁸ cells/ml. The variables observed were larval mortality, pupa and imago formation percentage, and increased salicylic acid production. The data were analyzed using variance and continued with the LSD further test at the 5% level. The results showed that all rhizobacteria isolates colonized into cabbage plant tissue could kill C. pavonana larvae and inhibit these insects' biological development. B. thuringiensis KJKB7.3 showed better results with the highest mortality value (62.67%). Soaking cabbage seeds with rhizobacteria can increase the content of salicylic acid. Based on this research, the rhizobacteria used in the research have the potential to be developed as biological agents to control C. pavonana.

EFEKTIFITAS EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN KARI (<i>Murraya koeginii</i>) DAN CABAI JAWA (<i>Piper retrofractum</i>) TERHADAP LARVA <i>Crocidolomia pavonana zell</i>

The use of chemical pesticides at the level of vegetable farmers is indicated in excessive amounts, while this is very dangerous for both the environment and humans. Chemical pesticides can pollute the environment because they are toxic and overused. Curry leaves (Murrayakoeginii) and Javanese chili (Piper retrofractum) can kill larvae, are safe for animals, and safe for the environment. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of methanol extract of curry leaves (Murraya koeginii) and Javanese chili (Piper retrofractum) against Crocidolomia pavonana Zell larvae. Research method: using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern consisting of two factors, namely the extraction material factor (I) consisting of 2 levels, namely I1 = Javanese Chilli Extract, I2 = Curry Leaf Extract. Furthermore, the extract concentration factor (K) which consists of five levels. The concentration of the extract was determined based on the results of preliminary testing of the test larvae which could cause 15% and 50% mortality of the larvae. Thus, 10 treatment combinations were obtained, each treatment was repeated 3 times, so there were 30 experimental units. In each petri dish, 10 C. pavonana larvae will be introduced, so that the total number of petri dishes is 30 plates along with 300 C.pavonana imago and all of them are observed. Results: Statistical analysis found that to control C. pavonana larvae, Java chili (Piper retrofractum) extract (I1) with a concentration of 0.35% (K1) could be used.

The toxicity of Annona squamosa seeds and Anacardium occidentale seed shells from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, against cabbage caterpillar (Crocidolomia pavonana)

Abstract. Nenotek PS, Londingkene JA, Ludji R, Harini TS, Kapa MJ, Nguru ESO, Roefaida E, Konanin M. 2022. The toxicity of Annona squamosa seeds and Anacardium occidentale seed shell from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, against cabbage caterpillar (Crocidolomia pavonana). Intl J Trop Drylands 6: 39-44. The study objective was to determine the effect of methanol extracts of Annona squamosa L. seeds and seed coat of Anacardium occidentale L. from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia on the Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius, 1794), cabbage caterpillar. Bioassay was done using with a residue method in feed for one minute at each concentration of A. squamosa seed extract (0.01%; 0.03%; 0.06%; 0.125%; 0.25%; and control) and extract A. occidentale (0.06%; 0.125%; 0.25%; 0.5%; 1%; and control). The results showed that the methanol extract of A. squamosa seeds was more toxic to C. pavonana larvae compared to the methanol extract of A. occidentale. The LC50 and LC95 values of A. squamosa seed extract against the tested insects were 0.04% and 0.16%.

Joint Action of Azadirachta indica and Barringtonia asiatica Seed Extracts against Crocidolomia pavonana

A high population of Crocidolomia pavonana larvae reduces Brassicaceae crop productivity. To control the pest population, mixed plant extract as botanical insecticides is one of the alternatives. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the joint action between mixed extracts of Azadirachta indica and Barringtonia asiatica seed extracts against C. pavonana larvae and the effect on feeding behavior. The seeds are extracted with ethanol using the maceration method. Bioassays are conducted by a feeding method. Each level of concentration tested and controlled is repeated five times. The concentration-mortality relationship is analyzed using probit. Feeding behavior assayed by choice and no-choice at concentrations equivalent to LC25, LC50, and LC75. The results show the mixture of A. indica and B. asiatica seed extract at a ratio of 3:2.3 has a strongly synergistic action with an LC50 of 0.04% and a combination index of 0.27. The extract mixture at a concentration of 0.02-0.08% is reduced feeding activity 77.16-92.84%. Further research is needed to evaluate the extract mixture in the field.

Effectiveness of Cordyceps sp. and Beauveria Bassiana Against Large Cabbage-heart Caterpillar, Crocidolomia Pavonana Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Crocidolomia pavonana Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a major pest on various cabbage crops in Indonesia. Various insecticides have been used to control this insect pest including several entomopathogenic fungi, and this cabbage caterpillar has become resistant to various insecticides. In order to develop insecticides from entomopathogenic fungi, species or varieties from natural area such as forest are needed. A bioassays of Cordyceps sp. and Beauveria bassiana has been carried out in the laboratory. Inoculum of Cordyceps sp. obtained from the Dipterocarpaceae forest in South Kalimantan, Indonesia recovered from dead ants by the mycelium of Cordyceps sp. Four concentration of Cordyceps sp. and Beauveria bassiana inoculum and tween80 as a control were tested against 3rd instar larvae of C. pavonana with five replications. Field efficacy trial was carried out in a screen house (8 x 12 M2) using Chinese cabbage plants (Brassica juncea) aged 28 days after sowing, with a spacing of 0.4 M between rows. Three formulation of Cordyceps sp. and tween80 as a control were used with 6 replications. The result of the bioassays in the laboratory showed that Cordyceps sp. with concentration of 1 x 107 conidia mL-1 was able to give 100% mortality od C. pavonana larvae, while B. bassiana with the same concentration caused morality of C. pavonana larvae of 98.33%, although statistically not significantly different. The results of probit analysis also showed that LC90 Cordyceps sp. against cabbage caterpillar larvae was 1.57 x 106 conidia mL-1, while B. bassiana required a concentration of 2.6 x 106 conidia mL-1 to reach the LC90 value. The results of filed trial showed that the formulation of Cordyceps sp. 1 x 107 conidia mL-1 using palm oil cooking oil was able to give an average mortality of 86.7%, and significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other treatment. The results of this study indicate that the inoculum of Cordyceps sp. from Dipterocarpaceae forest is very promising to be developed as an insecticide to control C. pavonana in cabbage

NANOEMULATION OF MIXED Tephrosia vogelii AND Piper aduncum AS AN ALTERNATIVE CONTROL OF CABBAGE PEST Crocidolomia pavonana

Nanoemulsion is a preparation consisting of an oil phase and a water phase with particle sizes in the range of 20-200 nm. The study aimed to obtain a mixed nanoemulsion from Piper aduncum fruit and Tephrosia vogelii leaves as an active botanical insecticide against larvae of Crocidolomia pavonana. Nanoemulsions were made using a low energy method, namely spontaneous emulsification using a magnetic stirrer and then followed by a toxicity test. The nanoemulsion toxicity test was carried out singly and in a mixture on C. pavonana larvae using the deep leaf method. The results showed that at the LC50 and LC95 nanoemulsion of mixture T. vogelii and P. aduncum extract was synergistic and showed higher activity than a single nanoemulsion of T. vogelii and P. aduncum.

THE EFFECT OF PANGIUM SP. AND TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA LEAVES EXTRACT AS VEGETABLE PESTICIDES TO CROCIDOLOMIA PAVONANA (LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE) LARVA MORTALITY

Pangium sp. and Tithonia diversifolia have the potential to become vegetable pesticides due to the content of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins in their leaves, which are plant protection agents. This study aims to determine the mortality of Crocidolomia pavonana larvae after application of Pangium sp. and Tithonia diversifolia. C. pavonana is one of the main pests affecting cabbage production in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pangium sp. and T. diversifolia leaf extraction separately were carried out by immersion method using methanol (CH3OH) solvent and followed by current-current distribution method. The result of crude extract was partitioned in a 95% mixture of hexane methanol (C6H14 - CH3OH). Then, the 95% methanol fraction (CH3OH) was further partitioned with a mixture of ethyl acetate and water (EtOAc - H2O), and the extract from the ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) was then used in testing as a vegetable pesticide. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments, namely 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and carried out three replications, where each treatment used 10 larvae. Larval mortality observations were carried out at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 HAA (hours after application). The results indicated that there was a mortality rate of C. pavonana larvae, so that the Pangium sp. and T. diversifolia have the ability to act as botanical insecticides, although T. diversifolia extract treatment showed a higher mortality rate, compared to Pangium sp. Larval mortality above 50% (LC 50) was found in P3 (0.3%) treatment after 72 HAA, is of 53.33% (Pangium sp. extract) and 63.33% (T. diversifolia extract), successively. Then, at 120 HAA, the same larval mortality rate from both extractions in P3 treatment, increased to 76.67% using Pangium sp. extract, while the same mortality rate (76.67%) using T. diversifolia extract occurred in 96 HAA observations. ANOVA test showed significantly different results for the two extraction uses of Pangium sp. and T. diversifolia. LC 50 in Pangium sp. extract, at a concentration of 0.136% or 1360 ppm and in T. diversifolia extract of 0.1103% or 1103 ppm.

Effectiveness Test of Piper methysticum Extract Against Crocidolomia pavonana larvae

Application synthetic insecticide with high frequency and continuously can give to negative impact. Alternative control which secures is botanical insecticide. This research aimed to effectiveness tests of P. methysticum plant against C. pavonana larvae using root and leaves this plant. The tested insecticide activity including mortality and feeding inhibition tests. The extract was tested at five concentration levels and repeated five times. The results showed that P. methysticum root extract was able to cause C. pavonana larvae mortality of 94% with a concentration of 419.7 gram/100 ml in water meanwhile, the testing using leaves extract causes mortality 98% from concentration 342 gr/100 ml in water. The feeding inhibition test showed the P. methysticum roots extract give effect with very weak criteria at some concentrations used a no choice method while Leaves extract P. methysticum does not show feeding inhibition.

Insecticidal activity of the extracts of Piper retrofractum fruit and Tephrosia vogelii leaf and their mixtures against Crocidolomia pavonana

This laboratory work was carried out to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the extracts of Piper retrofractum (Piperaceae) fruit and Tephrosia vogelii (Fabaceae) leaf and their mixtures against the cabbage head caterpillar, Crocidolomia pavonana. Ground plant materials of the two plant species were extracted separately with n-hexane and methanol. The results of leaf-residue feeding bioassays showed that P. retrofractum (Pr) and T. vogelii (Tv) hexane extracts had strong insecticidal activity against C. pavonana larvae (LC95 < 0.5%) and were more active than their respective methanol extracts. Pr and Tv hexane extract had a moderate and a rather weak contact effect on C. pavonana larvae, respectively. In feeding tests, Pr + Tv (1:1) hexane and methanol extract mixtures indicated synergistic joint effect both at LC50 and LC95 level, whereas in the contact test, the mixture of Pr + Tv (1:1) hexane extract was synergistic at the LC50 level but antagonistic at the LC95 level. In choice tests, antifeedant effects of Pr and Tv hexane extracts at LC25 to LC70 levels on C. pavonana larvae followed a concentration-dependent fashion. Thus, separate or mixed P. retrofractum and T. vogelii extracts are potential alternatives for the control of C. pavonana.

Design of nanoemulsion of Tephrosia vogelii extract as botanical insecticide to control cabbage pest

Nanoemulsion is a technology that can improve the performance of botanical insecticides. Nanoemulsion can increase the stability of active substances, prevent the decomposition of active ingredients by microorganisms, allows to activate ingredients directly on the target site, which aims to reduce damage. This research was conducted at the Sumatra Biota Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy and Insect Bioecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, from June to August 2018. The purpose of this research was to obtain T. vogelii formulations in the form of nanoparticles using spontaneous emulsification as a botanical insecticide that can control cabbage pests of Crocidolomia pavonana larvae. The result of this research showed the particle size nanoemulsion of formula A is 206.7 (nm) formula B is 432.6 (nm). The distribution of formula A nanoemulsion particles are classified as polydispersion, and Formula B is monodispersed. Mortality larvae instar 2 C. Pavonana in both formulas showed good results, namely >50%. This shows that nanoemulsion T. vogelii is very effective for controlling C. pavonana cabbage pests.

Encapsulation of Metarhizium anisopliae spores with zeolite nanoparticles and magnesium silicate nanoparticles against mortality and lethal times of Crocidolomia pavonana larvae

Encapsulation of Metarhizium anisopliae spores with zeolite nanoparticles and magnesium silicate nanoparticles against mortality and lethal times of Crocidolomia pavonana larvae

Insecticidal activity of nanoemulsion of Piper aduncum extract against cabbage head cartepillar Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Botanical insecticide nanoemulsion formulation is an insecticide with spontaneous emulsion system. Nanoemulsion formulation is an oil phase-in-water dispersion stabilized by a surfactant molecule which has size ranging from 50 nm to 500 nm. The oil phase consists of Piper aduncum extracts and bioethanol, while the water phase consists of aqudest and emulsifiers. The experiment was conducted in Insect Bioecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Andalas Padang from October 2018 to March 2019. The purpose of this research was to obtain nanoemulsion from P. aduncum extract and to observe the activity of P. aduncum nanoemulsion against C. pavonana. Nanoemulsion formulation was prepared using spontaneous emulsification method then followed by toxicity test against C. pavonana larvae. Nanoemulsion formulations with high insecticidal activity were analyzed using Zetasizer Nano (ZS) Malvern for particle size and zeta potential. The results showed that particle size of AT.1 and BA.1 nanoemulsions were 141.1 nm and 172.5 nm respectively, and they were categorized as nano particles. AT.1 and BA.1 nanoemulsions caused mortality of C. pavonana larvae with LC95 value were 0.85% and 0.76%, respectively. Besides the toxic effect, the AT.1 and BA.1 nanoemulsions were also interfered growth and development of C. pavonana larvae.

Antifeedant properties of fractionation Lantana camara leaf extract on cabbage caterpillars (Crocidolomia pavonana fabricius) larvae

Lantana camara is known as a noxious weed but it has the potential for pest control. Currently, the insect pest of cabbage (Crocidolomia pavonana) larvae reported has been resistant to certain synthetic insecticides. The fractionation L. camara leaf extract has been extensively studied to find out the phytochemical active constituents and bioactivity on C. Pavonana larvae. The antifeedant active fraction and the minimum effective concentration were investigated. The fractionation using polar (ethanol), semipolar (ethyl acetate), and nonpolar (n-hexane) solvents were tested on 4th instar of C. Pavonana larvae. Experimentally choice and no-choice antifeedant tested was carried out with 7 concentration levels: 0 ppm (control) and 500-5000 ppm (treatments) exposed 24 hours with 4 replications. The parameters were mean leaf areas consumed and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U non-parametric. The results were showed that ethyl acetate fraction was an active antifeedant fraction on the 3rdinstar larvae of C. pavonana, the minimum effective concentration was 1000 ppm in both of antifeedant test, and the ethyl acetate fraction at 1000-5000 ppm was considered in good deterrents category. The phytochemical constituents of ethyl acetate fraction including alkaloids, saponins, and steroids that potentially as antifeedant against the 4th instar larvae of C. pavonana.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) sebagai Insektisida Nabati untuk Pengendalian Larva Crocidolomia pavonana Zell. pada Tanaman Kubis

One of the pests that attack cabbage plants is Crocidolomia pavonana Zell. As an agrarian country, Indonesia has various types of plants that can be used as plant-based insecticides. Fragrant lemongrass plants (Cymbopogon nardus) is one type of plant that can be used as a vegetable insecticide. This study aims to analyze the mortality of C. Pavonana larvae. and know the effectiveness of C. nardus extract in controlling C. Pavonana larvae. . The research was conducted at the Center for the Protection and Testing of Food Crops and Horticulture in North Sulawesi Province, for 6 (six) months from November to May 2019. Using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications and 1 control as a comparison. The research process includes preparation of tools and materials, propagation of test insects, planting cabbage as feed, extraction processes and so on. The results showed that C. nardus extract was effective in controlling C. Pavonana larvae. The highest percentage of mortality (mortality) was at a treatment concentration of 40% with a mortality rate of 93,3% on the third day of observation. analysis of variance shows that the use of fragrant lemongrass (C. nardus) has a very significant effect on mortality of C. pavonana larvae.

Lama Penyimpanan Ekstrak Buah Bitung (Barringtonia asiatica L. ) terhadap Mortalitas Hama Crocidolomia pavonana F. pada Tanaman Kubis

One way to reduce various problems due to the use of synthetic insecticides is to develop effective and environmentally friendly means of control by using insecticides derived from plants (plant-based insecticides). The aim of this study was to study the storage duration of B. asiatica beetroot (seed) extracts stored at 100C (refrigerator) against mortality of C. paconana pests. The study was conducted at the Center for the Protection and Testing of Food Crops and Horticulture in North Sulawesi Province, for 6 (six) months from November 2018 to May 2019. Using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 7 (Seven) treatment and 5 (Five) replications . The treatment is the storage time of bitung fruit (seed) extract (0 days, 6 days, 12 days, 18 days, 24 days, 30 days and 36 days). The results showed that the feeding activity and the motion activity of C. pavonana larvae after application with the extract of B. asiatica greatly decreased and eventually died. The results showed a relationship between the fast and long days of storage of B. asiatica extracts and mortality of C. pavonana larvae, the faster the application of B. asiatica extracts, the higher the mortality rate of test insects. B. asiatica extracts stored at 100C (refrigerator) for up to 36 days show mortality above 50%, this proves that the application of extracts stored at 100C (refrigerator) is effective in controlling C. pavonana larvae test insects.

The Effect of Neem, Citronella, Castor Oil, and Their Mixtures against Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Cabbage-heart caterpillar ,Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is one of the important pests in Brassicaceae family. Alternative control for cabbage-heart caterpillar that can be used is plant extracts. Neem, cirtonella and jatropha are reported to have an insecticidal effects. This study aimed to determine the effect of combination of neem, citronella, and jatropha oil to against C. pavonana larvae and to obtain the most effective ratio and concentration of oil combinations. The experimental method used in this research was Randomized Block Design with 41 treatments, i.e. control, single neem, citronella, jatropha oil and its combination each tested at 1%; 0,5%; 0,25%; and 0,1% concentration. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. The results of this experiment showed that single oil or combination of neem, citronella and jatropha oil at 1% and 0,5% consentration caused 100% larvae mortality, 1:3:2 ratio at 1% concentration was able to reduce food consumption, 3:2:1 ratio at 0,25% concentration was inhibit larvae development and reduce the weight of pupae, and 3:1:2 ratio at 0,5% concentration can reduce the weight of larvae.

Effect of Castanopsis megacarpa Extract on Mortality, Longevity Development and Feeding of Crocidolomia pavonana Larvae

As several reports of impacts arise due to the use of synthetic insecticides, the investigation for safer alternative insecticides should be continued. Using plant material that has several bioactivities is a promising way out to control insect pest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of leaf and seed extract of Castanopsis megacarpa on mortality, longevity development and feeding preference of Crocidolomia pavonana larvae. Extraction conducted by infusion method. The bioassay assesment was carried out using the residual method. The concentration-mortality relationship was analyzed by probit. The antifeedant test was tested using choice and no-choice methods. Both extracts showed the same strong insecticidal activity, LC 50 of 0.18% (leaf) and 0.12% (seed). Leaf and seed extracts at concentrations equivalent to LC 50 and LC 75 in both methods used showed consistent antifeedant properties. The antifeedant activity of extracts in the no-choice method at both concentrations showed a range of activities of 40.1%-53.7% (leaf) and 74.4%-82.7% (seed) extracts. The leaf and seed extracts of C. megacarpa did not significantly extend the larval development period. Plant material that has more than one bioactivity will be better for suppress the insect pest populations in the field.

Effect of the Initial Temperature of Extraction of Neem Cake (Azadirachta indica A. JUSS) on its Toxicity on Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) Larvae

Effect of the Initial Temperature of Extraction of Neem Cake (Azadirachta indica A. JUSS) on its Toxicity on Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) Larvae

Testing The Effect of Temperature, Storage Time, The Residual Test of Neem Oil Formulation (Azadirachta indica A. JUSS) and Bitung Formulation (Baringtonia asiatica) to Its Toxicity Against Large Cabbage Heart Caterpillar (Crocidolomia pavonana F)

This study aims to determine the effect of temperature and storage time of neem formulation and residual test of neem formulation and bitung formulation to its toxicity on C. pavonana larvae. The formulations tested on the storability and temperature test using the newly prepared, neem formula has been stored for 19 months at room temperature 24.6-31,7 C, and stored in low temperature (4 degree Celsius) as well as controls. The toxicity of the neem oil formulation was tested at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%. Residual testing was performed by spraying and the residual test samples were taken on days 0,1,2,3,5,7,9,11, and 13 days after application of insecticide spraying. The results showed that storage at low temperatures (temperature 4 degree Celsius) for 19 months can maintain the toxicity of the neem formulation to C. pavonana larvae. while storage at room temperature for 19 months resulted in a decreased toxicity. The residual activity of the neem formulations of concentration 0.8% and 2.4% ceased to cause the death C. pavonana larvae at the residual age of 13.34 days and 14.66 days. The activity of Bitung formulation concentration of 1.1% and 2.8% ceased to causing death C. pavonana larvae at the residual age of 11.33 days and 16.26 days.Keyword: Azadirachta indica, Baringtonia asiatica, Crocidolomia pavonana, Residue test, Storability test, Temperatures, Toxicity.

Laboratory Evaluation of Neem formulation bioactivity against Crocidolomia pavonana F. larvae

This study aims to evaluate the bioactivity of the formulation of Neem 50 EC against Crocidolomia pavonana larvae in the laboratory. The study using six treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of the formulation of neem 50 EC at concentrations of 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.3%, 2.3%, and control. The treatment was done by leaf feeding method and tested on C. pavonana instar II. The results of the research showed that the formulation of neem 50 EC at concentration of 2.3% caused mortality of C. pavonana larvae with mortality rate of 95% and has LC50 value aqual to 0.83%. Neem formulation can inhibit the development of C. pavonana larvae from instar I to instar IV, decrease food consumption, and decrease the dry weight of C. pavonana larvae instar IV.Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Bioactivity, Crocidolomia pavonana, neem formulation