Pause In Activity Research Articles

Virus Is Other People

Abstract While we disavow or renounce the virus that is ourselves in viral cultures such as a pandemic or systemic racism, we envy the viral force of others who are trending on social media. In viral cultures, we tend to think that virus is other people, forgetting our own viral potential or threat. In any case, all viral cultures make us sick; if not, we make one another sick. And when a vaccine is not available, rest is all we have at our disposal. We also tend to forget or belittle this rest. To break from viral cultures, then, this intervention calls for a general pause in human activity, which must include thinking, and which, if ever possible, would take place in common among all humans.

Risk factors associated to musculoskeletal disorder perception in college students, Bogota, 2016

ObjetivoAnalisar fatores de risco (pausas activos e posto de trabalho) associados à percepção de distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos (MSD) em estudantes de pós-graduação de uma universidade, Bogotá 2016. Métodosrealizou-se um estudo transversal; um questionário de auto-relato (variáveis sociodemográficas, conteúdo de trabalho e questionário nórdico) por e-mail enviado; uma amostra aleatória de 304 estudantes de pós-graduação da universidade e a análise estatística em SPSS Versión 24 foram feitas. Resultados89,5% (272) algum tipo de desconforto ocular e/ou DME nos últimos 7 dias; diferença significativa entre não ter pausas e sintomas (S) na χ2 do pescoço = 7.227 (P = 0,007); não executa alongamentos vs (S) no pescoço O = 2.4048 (1.0133–5.707); uso de laptop versus olhos (S) OR = 2.7132 (1.457–5.0526), (S) ombros OR = 10.6364 (4.9905–22.6697), (S) cotovelos χ2 = 6.407 (P = 0,04); não usa o mouse externo vs (S) cotovelos (χ2 = 4849 P = 0,028, (S) mão pulso χ2 = 4095 (P = 0,043), não suporte do antebraço na tabela vs. (S) parte inferior das costas: χ2 = 6894 (P = 0,009), houve alteração na (S) do ombro, cotovelo, pulso, costas altas, joelho e tornozelo (P < 0,05) (teste de Mcnemar). Conclusõesos resultados correm em associação entre não realizar pausas ativas, alongamento e (S.) Pescoço; uso de laptop e (S) nos olhos, ombros (S) e cotovelo esquerdo, sem uso de mouse externo e (S) no cotovelo e mão/pulso direito, sem suporte do antebraço na mesa e (S) na parte inferior das costas; A mudança em (S) nos membros superiores e inferiores foi apresentada.

Effects of Electrical Stimulation of NAc Afferents on VP Neurons' Tonic Firing.

Afferents from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are a major source of input into the ventral pallidum (VP). Research reveals that these afferents are GABAergic, however, stimulation of these afferents induces both excitatory and inhibitory responses within the VP. These are likely to be partially mediated by enkephalin and substance P (SP), which are also released by these afferents, and are known to modulate VP neurons. However, less is known about the potentially differential effects stimulation of these afferents has on subpopulations of neurons within the VP and the cellular mechanisms by which they exert their effects. The current study aimed to research this further using brain slices containing the VP, stimulation of the NAc afferents, and multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings of their VP targets. Stimulation of the NAc afferents induced a pause in the tonic firing in 58% of the neurons studied in the VP, while 42% were not affected. Measures used to reveal the electrophysiological difference between these groups found no significant differences in firing frequency, coefficient of variation, and spike half-width. There were however significant differences in the pause duration between neurons in the dorsal and ventral VP, with stimulation of NAc afferents producing a significantly longer pause (0.48 ± 0.06 s) in tonic firing in dorsal VP neurons, compared to neurons in the ventral VP (0.21 ± 0.09 s). Pauses in the tonic firing of VP neurons, as a result of NAc afferent stimulation, were found to be largely mediated by GABAA receptors, as the application of picrotoxin significantly reduced their duration. Opioid agonists and antagonists were found to have no significant effects on the pause in tonic activity induced by NAc afferent stimulation. However, NK-1 receptor antagonists caused significant decreases in the pause duration, suggesting that SP may contribute to the inhibitory effect of NAc afferent stimulation via activation of NK-1 receptors.

Neocortical Slow Oscillations Implicated in the Generation of Epileptic Spasms.

Epileptic spasms are a hallmark of severe seizure disorders. The neurophysiological mechanisms and the neuronal circuit(s) that generate these seizures are unresolved and are the focus of studies reported here. In the tetrodotoxin model, we used 16-channel microarrays and microwires to record electrophysiological activity in neocortex and thalamus during spasms. Chemogenetic activation was used to examine the role of neocortical pyramidal cells in generating spasms. Comparisons were made to recordings from infantile spasm patients. Current source density and simultaneous multiunit activity analyses indicate that the ictal events of spasms are initiated in infragranular cortical layers. A dramatic pause of neuronal activity was recorded immediately prior to the onset of spasms. This preictal pause is shown to share many features with the down states of slow wave sleep. In addition, the ensuing interictal up states of slow wave rhythms are more intense in epileptic than control animals and occasionally appear sufficient to initiate spasms. Chemogenetic activation of neocortical pyramidal cells supported these observations, as it increased slow oscillations and spasm numbers and clustering. Recordings also revealed a ramp-up in the number of neocortical slow oscillations preceding spasms, which was also observed in infantile spasm patients. Our findings provide evidence that epileptic spasms can arise from the neocortex and reveal a previously unappreciated interplay between brain state physiology and spasm generation. The identification of neocortical up states as a mechanism capable of initiating epileptic spasms will likely provide new targets for interventional therapies. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:226-241.

Computational method for monitoring pauses exercises in office workers through a vision model

A sedentary routine at work can cause various muscular, skeletal or visual diseases, however these can be prevented with what is known as active pauses. This article is intended to illustrate how software can help reduce the risk of occupational disease due to the sedentary lifestyle of an office job, for this purpose a web application was developed under the SCRUM methodology, which makes use of the TensorFlow, Flask PoseNet model and python, for an active pause control application which is a proven practice of reducing the type of diseases already mentioned. With these tools it was possible to develop an algorithm capable of comparing two human figures; which serves to compare whether the user of the program is performing or not correctly performing the active pause exercise, with an average error squared on the order of 10−32. Finally, The application can keep track of the figure and exercises performed by the user just by using the user personal webcam and the comparison algorithm developed, leaving behind the use of tools such as Kinect.

M189. A PILOT RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL TO ASSESS THE FEASIBILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING (HIIT) AMONG INPATIENTS WITH SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS (SMI)

BackgroundHigh intensity interval training (HIIT) is a type of exercise involving alternating short bursts of high intensity exercise with recovery periods of rest or light exercise. HIIT has been shown to improve physical and mental health in healthy individuals and those with physical illnesses, such as cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. Initial work has shown that HIIT may have similar benefits in people experiencing mental illnesses. The primary aim for the trial is to investigate whether HIIT is acceptable and feasible amongst inpatients with severe mental illnesses (SMI), including schizophrenia. The secondary aim is to investigate the impact of the HIIT intervention on potential outcome measures for a definitive multi-centre RCT, including mental health symptoms, cognition, psychiatric symptoms and cardio-metabolic risk factors.MethodsA randomised, non-blinded controlled design of HIIT compared to treatment as usual (TAU) in inpatients with SMI will be undertaken. The RCT will act as a feasibility trial and a pilot study. Up to forty 18-60-year olds with a diagnosis of SMI will be recruited and randomly allocated to either 12 weeks of HIIT or 12 weeks of TAU in a 1:1 ratio. Those in the HIIT group will take part in two one-to-one sessions of HIIT each week for 12 weeks on a stationary bike. Each session will comprise: a 4-minute warm-up, followed by 5X 60 second intervals with 85–95% of maximum heart rate (HRmax), with active pauses of 90 seconds cycling at approximately 60–70% of HRmax, followed by a 4-minute cool-down, although this will be adapted for those with lower fitness. In comparison, participants allocated to TAU will be provided with details of their local hospital gym availability and instructed to maintain their usual dietary habits. Acceptability and feasibility will be measured using multiple primary endpoints including the proportion of wards that agree to hosting the project, the proportion of people who consent to take part, adherence and attendance rates, and the proportion of participants who experience any adverse events. Multiple secondary endpoints will be assessed including, mental health markers (psychiatric symptoms, cognition, global functioning, sleep quality, depression, anxiety and stress), self-esteem, cardiometabolic markers (BMI, weight, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), daily activity levels, and cigarette usage.ResultsPrimary endpoints will be reported post-trial completion and summarised by treatment arm over the course of the study. Secondary endpoints will be reported as pre-post intervention change, and overall group differences will be reported. For these secondary endpoints, a statistical analysis will be conducted based on the intention-to-treat sample. Additionally, a subgroup analysis will be conducted whereby we will measure secondary outcome effects in a sub-sample of participants with ‘high’ attendance (>64%).DiscussionFollowing the pilot study, if HIIT is considered to be feasible and acceptable amongst inpatients with SMI, including schizophrenia, a further large-scale multi-centre study can be developed and undertaken to assesses the effectiveness of HIIT in ameliorating mental and physical health parameters, and time to discharge, in this population group.

Pausa activa y clima laboral en áreas académicas y administrativas de la Universidad Peruana Unión, 2018

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el nivel de práctica de Pausa Activa y Clima Laboral en áreas académicas y administrativas de la Universidad Peruana Unión. Metodología: El diseño de estudio fue cuantitativo no probabilístico, tipo descriptivo, correlacional de corte transversal; se aplicó la encuesta de pausa activa y el clima laboral a 200 personas que participaron anteriormente del programa “Pausa activa en la Universidad Peruana Unión”. Resultados: El 59.5% a veces practica la pausa activa y el 86% mantiene un clima laboral bueno, en el análisis estadístico de correlación Tau-b de Kendall tuvo un puntaje p-valor = 0,307, lo que indica que no existe relación entre pausa activa y el clima laboral, al igual que las dimensiones de Organización p-valor = 0,178, Comunicación p-valor = 0,525, Condiciones de trabajo p-valor = 0,376 que tampoco tienen relación significativa, a diferencia de las dimensiones de Interacción social p-valor = 0,038 y el de Identidad y pertenencia p-valor = 0,025, que tienen relación significativa con la variable de pausa activa. Conclusiones: No existe relación enambas variables, ni en tres dimensiones (organización, comunicación y condiciones de trabajo), solo en dos de ellas (interacción social e identidad y pertenencia).

Indirect pathway control of firing rate and pattern in the substantia nigra pars reticulata.

Unitary pallido-nigral synaptic currents were measured using optogenetic stimulation, which activated up to three unitary synaptic inputs to each substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) cell. Episodic barrages of synaptic conductances were generated based on in vivo firing patterns of globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) cells and applied to SNr cells using conductance clamp. Barrage inputs were compared to continuous step conductances with the same mean. Barrage inputs and steps both slowed SNr neuron firing and produced disinhibition responses seen in peristimulus histograms. Barrages were less effective than steps at producing inhibition and disinhibition responses. Barrages, but not steps, produced irregular firing during the inhibitory response. Phase models of SNr neurons were constructed from their phase-resetting curves. The phase models reproduced the inhibition and disinhibition responses to the same inputs applied to the neurons. The disinhibition response did not require rebound currents but arose from reset of the cells' oscillation. The differences in firing rate and irregularity in response to barrage and step inhibition resulted from the high sensitivity of SNr neurons to inhibition at late phases in their intrinsic oscillation. During step inhibition, cells continued rhythmic firing at a reduced rate. During barrages, brief bouts of intense inhibition stalled the cells' phase evolution late in their cycle, close to firing, and even very brief respites from inhibition rapidly released single action potentials. The SNr cell firing pattern reflected the fine structure of the synaptic barrage from GPe, as well as its onset and offset.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The pallido-nigral pathway connects the striatum to spontaneously active basal ganglia output neurons in the substantia nigra. Each substantia nigra neuron receives powerful inhibitory synaptic connections from a small group of globus pallidus cells and may fire during pauses in pallidal activity. Despite lacking any hyperpolarization-activated rebound currents, they fire quickly to even brief pauses in the pallido-nigral inhibition. The mechanism of their rapid disinhibitory response is explained by features of their phase-resetting curves.

Parar pandêmico: educação e vida

This essay debates education in Covid-19 times from the problematization of the role of the State, the linguistic paradigm in curricula and content due to the break and suspension of face-to-face activities. Two fronts to be fought are discussed: schooling linked to the future and content productivity that relegates education. Being multi-referencial, we have a dialog with Boaventura Souza Santos, Byung-Chul Han, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault and others to question the educational itineraries in this context. With Friedrich Nietzsche, we think of an education linked to the present and to life. Questions are asked about the government of bodies, the role of educational institutions, power relations in public policies and educational reconfigurations in the face of social isolation. In defense of the potentialization of training processes based on a loving ethic with the world, it is demanded that educational institutions allow themselves active pauses in the reinvention of pedagogical paths. Keywords: Contentism. Covid-19. Education.

El Complejo Volcánico Bahía Laura en la zona del distrito minero Manantial Espejo

El levantamiento geológico detallado junto con el análisis petrográfico y geoquímico de las unidades litológicas relevadas en la zona del distrito minero Manantial Espejo, permitió plantear la evolución del volcanismo Jurásico en esa zona del Macizo del Deseado (Provincia de Santa Cruz, Patagonia argentina). Se interpretaron tres ciclos de actividad volcánica, favorecidos por la tectónica distensiva que dominó esta provincia geológica durante el Jurásico Medio a Superior. El primero, el Ciclo Volcánico Inferior, corresponde a la efusión de lavas de composición andesítica (Formación Bajo Pobre) con una intercalación de areniscas tufíticas y niveles de aglomerados volcánicos producto de remoción en masa. La efusión de estas lavas se produjo sobre un basamento conformado por esquistos y granitos. El segundo, Ciclo Volcánico Medio, se inicia con una ignimbrita de composición dacítica a la que le siguen dos unidades ignimbríticas riolíticas, denominadas 1 y 2. La Ignimbrita dacítica y la Ignimbrita riolítica 2, son rocas con fuerte soldamiento, texturas reomórficas y muy alta participación de cristaloclastos, características que indican una elevada temperatura de depositación a partir del colapso de columnas eruptivas de baja altura, de relativa baja energía, elevada densidad y un bajo contenido de gases, originadas a partir de fontanas tipo ?boiling-over?. La Ignimbrita riolítica 1, intercalada entre las anteriores, se caracteriza por incluir grandes fragmentos líticos de naturaleza polimíctica, se correlaciona con las ignimbritas de extra-caldera formadas durante el colapso y erupción de la Caldera Cerro Primero de Abril, ubicada al norte del distrito Manantial Espejo, en las inmediaciones de Mina Martha. Continúa un período inter-eruptivo, durante el cual se depositan tufitas y travertinos que evidencian una actividad hidrotermal del tipo ?hot spring? controlada por estructuras de rumbo NNE y NNO a NO. El aporte de calor y la fuente de CO2 del sistema geotermal habrían estado vinculados a la desgasificación de un nuevo pulso de magma riolítico que marca el inicio del Ciclo Volcánico Superior, y que habría ascendido a través del mismo sistema extensional, evidenciado por diques riolíticos de rumbo NNO. El ascenso de lavas riolíticas dio lugar a la formación de dos centros volcánicos, el Centro Volcánico Norte, compuesto por un complejo extrusivo de domos riolíticos con depósitos de colapso tipo block and ash, y el Centro Volcánico Sur con el desarrollo de una compleja asociación de facies que sugieren que se trató de una erupción de tipo hidromagmática, con la formación de un aparato volcánico de tipo maar-diatrema al que se asocia un depósito de brecha constituida por fragmentos de lava acompañados por cantidades subordinadas de litoclastos de ignimbritas, tufitas y rocas laminadas silicificadas. Asociado a este evento explosivo se reconoció un depósito de tobas de caída con lapilli acrecionales que apuntan también a un probable origen hidromagmático. La interacción entre el magma y agua líquida sobrecalentada habría sido el responsable para la generación de esta erupción. Luego de un corto periodo de calma volcánica, la continuidad en el régimen deformacional distensivo permite nuevos asensos de magmas con la generación de nuevas unidades ignimbríticas riolíticas de similares características a las del segundo ciclo. El volcanismo andesítico a riolítico de la zona pertenece a una serie calcoalcalina de moderado a alto potasio, con afinidades de arco, mayoritariamente peraluminosas y subalcalinas. Dentro de este esquema, el Ciclo Volcánico Inferior es de composición netamente andesítica, el Ciclo Volcánico Medio registra la evolución de los magmas desde dacitas a riolitas y, por último, el Ciclo Volcánico Superior es típicamente riolítico en composición.

The impact of continuous positive airway pressure on cardiac arrhythmias in patients with sleep apnea.

Background:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can lead to cardiac complications: brady and tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard for the treatment of OSA. The present study aims to demonstrate the efficiency of CPAP in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with OSA. The study also recorded the frequency of arrhythmias in patients with untreated OSA and assessed the association between the severity of OSA and the occurrence of arrhythmias.Materials and Methods:This is a prospective cohort study. Ninety-three patients with OSA were included, aged 60 (58–64) years, with female/male sex ratio of 1:4. They were subjected simultaneously to home respiratory polygraphy examination and Holter electrocardiogram monitoring, in two different stages: at diagnosis and at the 3-month checkup after CPAP treatment. The presence of supraventricular and ventricular arrythmias was noted. Respiratory parameter values were also recorded.Results:Statistically significant decrease in the occurrence of supraventricular (P < 0.001) and ventricular extrasystoles (P < 0.001), atrial fibrillation (AF) (P = 0.03), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) (P = 0.03), and sinus pauses (P < 0.001) was observed 3 months after treatment with CPAP, compared with baseline. The apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was correlated with the ventricular extrasystoles (r = 0.273; P = 0.008). The ejection fraction of the left ventricle was inversely correlated with the episodes of NSVT (r = −0.425; P < 0.001). AF was associated with the longest apnea (r = 0.215; P = 0.04). Cardiac activity pauses were correlated with AHI (r = 0.320; P = 0.002), longest apnea (r = 0.345; P = 0.01), and oxygen desaturation index (r = 0.325; P = 0.04).Conclusion:The prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with OSA was reduced after 3 months of CPAP therapy. Cardiac arrhythmias were correlated with the severity of OSA.

EEG-Based Mental Workload Estimation.

Knowledge of the level of mental workload induced by any task is essential for optimizing load share among the operators. This helps in assessing their capability; besides, helping in task allocation. Since a persistently high workload experienced by operators such as aircraft pilots and automobile drivers many times compromises their performance and safety. Despite the availability of various mental workload evaluation techniques such as heart rate variability, pupil dilation, sac-cades, etc., assessment of mental workload is still a challenging task. In this work, we aim to evaluate the workload of the operator involved in long duration tasks. For this, experiments have been carried out in a working environment which provides tasks to be done simultaneously, tasks with a pause or break in activity and cross-functional tasks. The experiment data is recorded continuously in different modes and analyzed in segments to show the change in mental workload. The artificial neural network (ANN) architecture classified the workload data with an accuracy of 96.6%. The brain connectivity analysis shows the efficacy of the proposed approach.

Abstract 209: Sex Differences in Characteristics, Symptoms, and Management of Geriatric Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Insights from the SAGE-AF Study

Background: Data from previous studies that examined sex differences in the characteristics, clinical presentation, and management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have been inconsistent. Objective: To use data from a large contemporary cohort of older patients with AF to examine sex specific differences in baseline characteristics, symptoms, and management practices. Methods: We used data from baseline interviews and the review of medical records of participants in the Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Elements in AF (SAGE-AF) study. Participants were ≥ 65 years old with AF and a CHA2DS2-VASc≥ 2. Results: Of the 1244 participants, 49% were female. Women on average were slightly older (76.3 (7.4) vs. 74.8 (6.7) years, p&lt;0.01), and less often had a history of coronary heart disease, diabetes, renal disease, dyslipidemia, smoking, or alcohol abuse, in comparison with men. Women reported higher rates of anxiety, depression, and frailty (27% vs. 20%, 34% vs. 23%, and 18% vs. 10%, respectively, p&lt;0.01) when compared with men. Women had higher average CHA2DS2-VASc (4.9 (1.6) vs. 4.0 (1.5), p&lt;0.01) but lower HAS-BLED (2.7 (1.0) vs. 3.0 (1.0), p&lt;0.01) scores compared with men. Women more frequently reported AF-related symptoms of palpitations, irregular heartbeat, pause in heart activity, and dizziness (29% vs. 16%, 22% vs. 15%, 11% vs. 6%, and 25% vs. 19%, respectively, p&lt;0.05) than men. Women were more likely to have paroxysmal AF (54% vs. 65%, p&lt;0.01) than persistent AF (30% vs. 20%, p&lt;0.01) than men. Approximately 85% of study participants received oral anticoagulants (OACs). There were no significant differences in either the rates of prescription of OACs or their classes between men and women. There were no sex differences in the choice of rate or rhythm control treatments by sex. Multivariable adjusted models showed that women were less frequently treated with cardioversion (OR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.54-0.90), pacemaker (OR= 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56-0.96), or an implanted defibrillator (OR= 0.32, 95% CI: 0.21-0.50) compared with men. Conclusion: Women with AF were older, had more psychosocial but less comorbidities, and were more symptomatic than men. While no differences in the receipt of OACs were detected, women continue to be treated more conservatively with lower rates of receipt of interventions than men.

«Dobrudzhan Catastrophy» as a reflection of Russian-Romanian military-political relations in summer–autumn period of 1916.

Romania’s entry into the First World War was considered by Russian military-political leadership primarily from the point of view of its own military interests, without taking into account possible negative consequences and prospects of Russian-Romanian military cooperation. According to General Headquarters' estimations, Romanian army attacks in Transylvania, together with Thessaloniki Allied army actions, were to restrain considerable enemy forces and thus ensured the success of Russian army attacks.&#x0D; At the same time, in spite of the fiercest battles on the SWF, the enemy succeeded in forming two new armies in Transylvania by creating a qualitative and quantitative advantage against the 1st and the 2nd Romanian armies operating at this region. When in mid-September of 1916 the need for direct military assistance to Romanian army became obvious for General Alekseyev, who was the immediate Russian army commander, he did not have enough will to insist on his decision. Thus, the South-Western Front attack, which had lost its military significance by that time, was continued. As a result, the plan of military aid to Romania, embodied by General Headquarters, was essentially defensive, and included only indirect assistance, in the form of limited 9th Russian Army attacks from Northern Moldova, and a slight strengthening of the Dobrudzhan army.&#x0D; In addition to this, the incorrect assessment of the situation, both by Russian and Romanian military forces, was obvious. A long pause in enemy's activity in the south, caused by waiting for reinforcements, and enemy's activity in the north, instilled confidence that the main attack would come from there. As a result, all Romanian reserves from the South were transferred to the North, while the enemy struck in the South in Dobrudzh. When Russian General Headquarters realized the consequences of Chernovody-Constanza railway loss, it simply could not transfer Russian military reserves in time. Thus, the lack of coherence between Russian and Romanian sides and their allies, the pursuit of each side's selfish interests led to the loss of military initiative by the allies in Romania, which was completely transferred to the enemy.

Factors that Influence the Timing of Calling and Oviposition of a Lotic Frog in Northwestern California

Abstract Species that breed in stream environments with unpredictable interannual variability in hydrological regimes may exhibit plasticity in the timing of their breeding activities. Breeding phenology should coincide with conditions and habitats that maximize a species' reproductive success. For the lotic-breeding frog Rana boylii, the timing of breeding activities of a population can vary by more than a month among years. To examine the influence of abiotic factors on the variation in the timing of onset and patterns (i.e., peaks and pauses) in breeding activity of R. boylii, we sampled seven geographically separated sites that covered an extensive portion of the species' range in northwestern California for two breeding seasons. We collected daily environmental and male vocalization data and conducted weekly egg mass surveys at breeding sites. Here, we found the timing of calling activity and oviposition varied markedly among geographically separated sites and between years. Water depth and water tem...

Modeling High‐Resolution Pressure‐Temperature Paths Across the Himalayan Main Central Thrust (Central Nepal): Implications for the Dynamics of Collision

AbstractHigh‐resolution, garnet‐based pressure‐temperature (P‐T) paths were obtained for nine rocks across the Himalayan Main Central Thrust (MCT) (Marsyangdi River transect, central Nepal). Paths were created using garnet and whole rock compositions as input parameters into a semiautomated Gibbs free‐energy‐minimization technique. The conditions recorded by the paths, in general, yield similar T but lower P compared to estimates from mineral equilibria and quartz‐in‐garnet Raman barometry. The paths are used to modify a model based on a two‐dimensional finite difference solution to the diffusion‐advection equation. In this model, P‐T paths recorded by the footwall garnets result from fault motion at specified times, thermal advection, and alteration of topography. The best fit between the high‐resolution P‐T paths and model predictions is that from 25 to 18 Ma, samples within the MCT footwall moved at 5 km/Ma, while those in the hanging wall moved at 10 km/Ma. Under these conditions, topography grew to 3.5 km. A pause in activity along the MCT between 18 and 15 Ma allows heat to advect and may be due to a transfer of tectonic activity to the structures closer to the Indian subcontinent. During this time, the topography erodes at a rate of 1.5 km/Ma. Thrusting within the MCT footwall reactivates between 8 and 2 Ma with exhumation rates up to 12 mm/yr since the Pliocene. The results suggest the potential for the highest‐resolution garnet‐based P‐T paths to record both the thermobarometric consequences of fault motion and large‐scale erosion.

The effect and safety of aerobic interval training according to the intensity of exercise in acute coronary syndrome

High intensity aerobic interval training (HAIT) increases maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) more effectively than moderate-intensity continuous training (MCT) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, even within the same category of high intensity interval training protocols, higher intensity might be better for improving VO 2 max. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect for increasing VO 2 max and the safety of maximal-intensity aerobic interval training (MAIT) compared to HAIT. Patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention and attended cardiac rehabilitation within two weeks after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to either a MAIT or a HAIT protocol three times a week for six weeks. The MAIT protocol was set up for four cycles of maximal-intensity (95–100% of HRR, four minutes/cycle) walking with three cycles of active pause with low intensity intervals walking alternatively for every session. In contrast, the HAIT protocol was composed of three cycles of high intensity (85% of HRR, eight minutes/cycle) walking training and two cycles of active pause with low intensity intervals walking alternatively for every session. The change of VO 2 max, rate pressure product, echocardiographic findings, body mass index, Borg's rate of perceived exertion scale were examined before and after training. After completion of six-week aerobic interval training, there were significant increase of VO 2peak in both groups. But the increment of VO 2peak in MAIT group was significantly greater than HAIT group ( P < 0.05). The percentage increases for the MAIT and HAIT were 31% and 17%, respectively. And a total of 670.5 exercise-hours during MAIT and HAIT, we found no major cardiovascular complication and musculoskeletal complication. The results of the current study indicate that six-week supervised MAIT is significantly more effective than HAIT in improving VO 2peak in ACS patients. Also it appeared safe after both MAIT and HAIT in a CR setting.

Pauses in Cholinergic Interneuron Activity Are Driven by Excitatory Input and Delayed Rectification, with Dopamine Modulation

SummaryCholinergic interneurons (ChIs) of the striatum pause their firing in response to salient stimuli and conditioned stimuli after learning. Several different mechanisms for pause generation have been proposed, but a unifying basis has not previously emerged. Here, using in vivo and ex vivo recordings in rat and mouse brain and a computational model, we show that ChI pauses are driven by withdrawal of excitatory inputs to striatum and result from a delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr) in concert with local neuromodulation. The IKr is sensitive to Kv7.2/7.3 blocker XE-991 and enables ChIs to report changes in input, to pause on excitatory input recession, and to scale pauses with input strength, in keeping with pause acquisition during learning. We also show that although dopamine can hyperpolarize ChIs directly, its augmentation of pauses is best explained by strengthening excitatory inputs. These findings provide a basis to understand pause generation in striatal ChIs.Video

Voluntary Exercise Modifies Olfactory Circuits in Control‐ and Fat‐Fed Mice

Consumption of a fatty diet causes loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), loss of olfactory discrimination assessed by olfactometry and electroolfactogram, and increased inflammation in the olfactory epithelium. Because of potential anti‐inflammatory properties of voluntary exercise, we hypothesized it could mitigate the detrimental effects of a fatty diet on the olfactory system. Mice with reporters for the olfactroy receptor M72 (Olfr160) and those with resistance to diet‐induced obesity (Kv1.3−/−) were challenged with control (CF) vs. moderately‐high fat (MHF) diet for 6 months upon weaning, with (running wheel; RW) and without access (sedentary; SED) to a Med Associates vertical wireless running wheel and sensor. MHF/RW mice (n=10; mean 7 month body weight = 40.1 g) gained less body weight than MHF/SED (n=10; 33.3 g, p&lt;0.001) and were able to clear plasma glucose as efficiently as CF/SED mice. Although mice of all treatment groups ran at the same velocity, those provided MHF diet (distance run/day = 11.2 km) increased running distance compared to both CF‐fed WT (n=10) and Kv1.3−/− (n=5) mice (6.85 km/day and 8.29 km/day respectively; p=0.02). Actogram analysis demonstrated that CF‐fed Kv1.3−/− and MHF/RW spend 20.2% and 28.3%, respectively, more time running and exhibit shorter pauses in running activity than CF/RW. Whole‐mount brain images were examined to evaluate M72 staining as quantified by the pixel density of the lateral glomerulus and projections. MHF/RW M72 pixel density was twice as much as MHF/SED mice, but CF/RW pixel density was 31.6% lower than that of CF/SED mice. Our results indicate that in addition to combating weight gain and glucose intolerance, voluntary exercise may reduce the detrimental effects of a MHF diet on olfaction, but exercise may also affect the olfactory system independent of diet composition.Support or Funding InformationThis was supported by NIH grant RO1 DC013080 from the NIDCD and a Dean's Arts and Sciences Scholarship in the Chemical Senses from FSU.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Wave energetics of the southern hemisphere of Mars

An assessment of the energetics of transient waves in the southern hemisphere of Mars is presented using the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) dataset (v1.0) and the eddy kinetic energy equation. The dataset is divided into four representative periods covering the summer and winter solstices, a late fall period, and an early spring period for three Mars years. Spring eddies are the most intense, with eddies during the fall being less intense due to a marginally more stable mean-temperature profile and reduced recirculation of ageostrophic geopotential fluxes compared to the spring. Eddy kinetic energy during winter is reduced in intensity as a result of the winter solstitial pause in wave activity, and eddy kinetic energy during the summer is limited. Baroclinic energy conversion acts as a source in fall and spring but disappears during the winter as a result of a stabilized vertical temperature profile. Barotropic energy conversion acts as both a source and a sink of eddy kinetic energy, being most positive during the solstitial pause. Eddies take a northwest to southeast track across the southern highlands in the fall but have a more zonal track in the spring due to stronger eddy kinetic energy advection. Wave energetics is less intense in the southern compared to the northern hemisphere as a result of a shallower baroclinically unstable vertical profile.