Investment Patterns Research Articles

Diving in at the ‘Bottom End’: The Risk Awareness and Risk Management Practices of Sub £65K Landlords

Significant growth in Scotland’s private rented sector over the last 25 years has been led by a large number of individual lay investors/landlords who each own a smattering of properties. These characteristics, which are replicated in several countries where neoliberal housing policies prevail, have implications for the efficacy of PRS investments, but also for conditions and the stability of investment patterns within the sector. This study examines landlord investment risk awareness and behaviours via qualitative interviews with a small sample of Scottish landlords operating at the ‘bottom end’ of the market, which is disproportionately home to vulnerable groups and where some investment risks are believed to be more acute. The findings suggest that some landlords have relatively low levels of risk awareness, fail to adequately consider risk prior to investing in the PRS, have mixed success in selecting and implementing risk management and mitigation strategies, and incur significant risk-borne costs, which can limit returns.

Act East Policy: A Review of India's Trade, Investments, Cultural Exchange, and Strategic Alliances

India's Act East Policy (AEP) is a comprehensive foreign policy initiative that has gained momentum over the past few decades. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the AEP, focusing on its key components, including trade, investments, cultural exchange, and strategic partnerships. The AEP, launched in the early 1990s, represents a significant shift in India's engagement with the Asia-Pacific region, emphasizing economic cooperation, cultural diplomacy, and strategic collaborations. This paper explores the evolution of the AEP, its historical context, and its impact on India's relationships with countries in the East and Southeast Asian regions. The researchers examine the growth in trade and investment ties, highlighting the increasing economic interdependence between India and its eastern neighbours. Furthermore, this review discusses the cultural exchange initiatives that have fostered people-to-people connections and increased mutual understanding. The AEP's role in strengthening India's strategic partnerships in the Asia-Pacific region is a significant aspect of this analysis. We discuss India's engagement with major players like Japan, Vietnam, and the ASEAN nations, along with the implications for regional stability and security. This review synthesizes the existing literature on India's Act East Policy, offering insights into its successes, challenges, and potential for further development. By analysing trade statistics, investment patterns, cultural exchanges, and strategic alliances, this paper provides a holistic view of the AEP's multifaceted approach to regional diplomacy and cooperation.

The Economics of Cryptocurrencies: Finance in Digital Era

Global economic markets are encountering apprehensions and susceptibilities after the pandemic of COVID-19. Investment patterns are becoming restrained because of uncertain global scenarios and reduced GDP worldwide. World economies are moving towards digital era and investors are becoming more open towards the newest forms of investments. Due to the uncertain scenarios, investors globally are looking forward to some lucrative forms of investments and cryptocurrencies are the ray of hope for global investors. The present study is attempt to explore the changing dynamics of cryptocurrencies with the market uncertainties. Volatility of five cryptocurrencies, namely Bitcoin, Ethereum, XRP, Chainlink and Bitcoin Cash are analysed using the Generalised AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model. Results showed that the investors preferred taking cautious decisions and invested more in famous bitcoin rather than other cryptocurrencies.

Analysis of Spreading Investment Pattern in Central Java

The purpose of this research is to analyze the shifting pattern of spreading investment that occurs in Central Java from 2015-2019. This will also classification which area is still low on investment in Central Java in 2019. Furthermore, the research will reveal the factors that affect the spreading of investment in Central Java. The variables used in this research are PMA and PMDN investment, workforce, Consumer Price Index, Regional Minimum Wage and Tax. This research uses datacross-sectionn and time series from 2015 to 2019 that came from DPMPTSP Central Java, Bappenas, and BPS. The method for this research is Entrophy Theil Index, Klassen Typology and Regression.
 Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pola penyebaran investasi yang terjadi di Jawa Tengah tahun 2015-2019, mengklasifikasikan daerah yang masih kekurangan, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penyebaran investasi di Jawa Tengah. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Investasi PMA dan PMDN, Tenaga Kerja, IHK, UMR dan Pajak. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data cross section dan time series dari tahun 2015-2019 yang bersumber dari DPMPTSP Jawa Tengah, Bappenas dan Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Entrophy Theil Indeks, Tipologi Klassen dan Regresi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan adanya pola yang memusat dalam persebaran investasi di Jawa Tengah dan terdapat 8 daerah yang masih minim mendapatkan alokasi investasi di Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2019.

A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE OF TREASURY MANAGEMENT OF URBAN COOPERATIVE BANKS

Purpose: The current study aims in understanding and reviewing of the literature done in the area of cooperative banking sector and with some special reference of Urban cooperative banks. The paper also helps in identifying the gaps in the study conducted till now, and provides the gate way for further study in the area. One such important area is of the investment pattern and cash flow management which is specifically called as treasury management. Methodology or Approach: To conduct the study literature review of papers, articles and other documents related to the cooperative banks and their activities were reviewed. Major research papers conducted in the area of Cooperative banks, fund management of commercial banks and also some of the highlighted activities under the head of banking sector are also studied in this paper. Conduction of literature survey gives an idea to identify the research gap and area available for study further. Special reference given to the Urban cooperative banks which are creating major part of cooperative sector in financial inclusion and money management in rural, urban and semi urban areas of Karnataka. In the study flow, research gap was identified for further study and they were scrutinized using ABCD and SWOC models to understand in academic method. Findings: After in-depth study of literature on UCB and other cooperative banks, it was clear that there is huge scope for study in the area of the banks fund management and treasury management activities which happens as a daily routine work in all the banks. There are better opportunities available for the banks to conduct their investment and sourcing of funds in increasing the mobility of funds to make much profit. But still these cooperative banks are restricted themselves in to specific area of business and this has to be promoted well to develop the UCB’s so that they can compete with the other commercial banks. Originality/value of the study : Here it is not just the study of financial performance of the UCB and other cooperatives, but their investment activities were also included in the study. These type of study are very rare, since many researchers only conducted study on profitability, financial position and growth of cooperative banks only. However in the current study more concentration was given for the treasury management of UCB’s under the heads of cooperative banks. The study will be more effective and useful for the society and even for the organisations in understanding the fund management activity. Paper type : Systematic literature review paper. KEY WORDS: Cooperative, UCB, Fund management, Cash flow, Investment, Performance analysis, Banking, Sources of funds.

BRICS and the Race to Net-Zero Emissions by 2050: Is COVID-19 a Barrier or an Opportunity?

The emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) have significant influence on the global economic and environmental trajectories. They have carbon intensive economic systems, which contribute significantly to total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to climate change. However, BRICS have joined the race to net-zero emissions by 2050 in the quest for a climate neutral and sustainable global economy. The journey, however, is not without challenges and opportunities. The proliferation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had mixed reactions from scientists regarding its implications on net-zero trajectories. While statistical data show a correlation between COVID-19 and a decrease in total emissions, it is envisaged that COVID-19 compromised the efforts to develop carbon neutral economies. Hence, there is still need for more scientific examination of COVID-19’s impact on net-zero ambitions, especially in the emerging economies. This study focuses on India and South Africa’s trajectories. Statistical analysis of secondary data from authentic interactive web-based dashboards for COVID-19 data repositories, namely Our World in Data and Climate Action Tracker was performed in conjunction with the document analysis approach following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Some of the COVID-19 challenges as indicated by the results of the study include curtailing the technology transfer staircase in the energy sector, retaliatory emissions for recovery and resource diversion. The opportunities presented by COVID-19 in the quest for carbon neutrality include behavioural changes in investment, production and consumption patterns with a focus on low carbon options. Governments and stakeholders need to focus on addressing the barriers whilst riding on the opportunities presented by the pandemic to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.

Investment, Savings, and Spending Habits of Indian Digital Natives/Millennials: A Comparative Study of Age Group Cohorts

This research work attempted to study and compare the investment pattern, spending level, and saving habits of three age cohorts, namely pre-millennials (born before the 1980s), millennials (born between 1981 & 1996), and post-millennials (born after 1996) in India. Secondary data from the surveys conducted by YouGov, Mint News, and the Centre for Policy Research (CPR) during the years 2019 and 2020 were used in the study. Major statistical tools used for the study were descriptive statistics, ranking, and chi-square analysis. The demographic study results showed that the money saved by these cohorts varied according to their income levels, and income influenced saving habits more than the age factor. In terms of investment, more proportion of the money was saved in deposit/savings schemes rather than market-related investments. While considering the spending pattern, purchasing vehicles, houses, travel, future needs and priorities, income levels, and financial security were found to play a major role. Post-millennials and millennials preferred savings and investment by purchasing fixed assets and paying for education; whereas pre-millennials saved for retirement, contingencies, and children’s education.

Investment Pattern Javanese Tribe Employees in TV One at Pulogadung Office Based On Ethnographic Approach

Investment is one way to manage finances in order to earn more income than before. Many people realize how important it is to invest early. Investments that can also be called investments to obtain returns have many types. Each type of investment instrument has its own benefits. In addition, each type also has its own advantages and disadvantages. This study aims to determine the investment patterns of Javanese employees in the TV One Pulogadung office. This study uses qualitative techniques using an ethnographic approach. The author conducted direct interviews with 10 employees of TV One Pulogadung who are ethnic Javanese. Based on the research results, there were 47 coding, 12 categories and 2 themes, namely asset investment and business investment. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that Javanese employees at the TV One Pulogadung office prefer asset investment, especially land and buildings. This is in accordance with the Javanese culture which considers land to have a very important or sacred meaning. This is in accordance with the Javanese philosophy which reads "Sadhumuk bathuk, sanyari bumi, ditohi starch". That is, one touch of the forehead, the finger of the earth, the bet is dead. Dare to touch an inch of land can bet your life.

Prospects of Digital Currency in India- A Way Forward

The era of information and communication technologies has created many opportunities in every aspect. The field that has been benefitted the most from these recent developments in the financial and business sector. The scope and speed of evolution in technology, customer perception, and wide acceptance indicate that these technologies and disruptions will transform the finance and banking sector as we know it, providing both opportunities and challenges to financial institutions. Systems that have traditionally been used for savings, investments are not well suited given the scale and agility required for the digital age. Keeping in mind this array, financial institutions are responding with new digitization and innovation initiatives, using analytics, cloud technologies, and other new alternatives to respond to customer expectations. In a country like India, with a large economy and a despotic regime, the country shows decent economic growth even after having a complex system of arbitrary rules and regulations. Amidst all the growth, there is a huge scope of transforming the investment and lending patterns, with the help of technologies becoming more customer-centric and efficient. So, the technologies like blockchain are looking to drive innovation across various industries in India. In the era of blockchain, cryptocurrencies are the main part of it. They are said to be the most disruptive technologies in this area. This paper is an attempt to find the future of digital currency in India from the international experience.

European trajectory of USА direct investment

The present paper focuses on the U.S. direct investment in European countries. To date Europe attracted 60 % of the total volume of US global investment. These ties become more complex, covering a growing number of different fields of activities. The study of this issue implies the analysis of the modern features of outward FDI fl ows and the main directions of their placement in Europe. New technologies have made noticeable changes in the usual investment pattern. A global presence without significant FDI is becoming the most important trend in the international activities of companies. However, 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act which fi rst turned capital outfl ows negative, and hen resolved the tax liability overhang on overseas assets, which have contributed to a jump in cross-border M&A purchases by United States MNEs. Thus, FDI fl ows have received a powerful impetus, including investment growth opportunities in European countries. The top countries receiving US FDI: аre Great Britain (identical US business conditions), Luxembourg and the Netherlands (minimizing tax bills), Ireland (export platform). France and Germany are also joining these countries. The most important directions in the industrial structure of US FDI are the information, the service sector, the chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals. The increased role of intangible assets forces branches of American companies to increase their attention to R&D. Europe remains one of the most competitive regions in the world in terms of scientific and technical potential.

Marketing Equity using a Five-Factor Asset Pricing Model in ASEAN Countries

This research examines the impact of market risk premium, size, book-to-market equity, profitability, and investment as risk factors on stock return. Portfolios are formed to develop the left-hand side and right-hand side portfolios. The objective of this paper is to assess the performance of the equity market and to enhance the generalizability of the five-factor model. A statistical analysis is applied to estimate the asset pricing model to assess their performance in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) equity market. The researchers found that there were value premiums in the average stock returns in all the countries except Malaysia. Traces of profitability premium can be observed in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. However, there was no evidence of investment premiums in any of the countries. The study examines whether the asset pricing models capture the value, profitability and investment patterns in the capital market. The five-factor model performs better than the three-factor model in explaining the average excess returns of the size–BM (book-to-market) and size–profitability portfolios. However, the five-factor model fares poorly in explaining the average excess returns of the size–investment portfolios.

Optimal reinsurance-investment problem for two competitive or cooperative insurers under two investment patterns

The optimal reinsurance-investment problem for two competitive or cooperative insurers is investigated. Each insurer transfers part of the claims risk via reinsurance and invests the surplus in a financial market consisting of one risk-free asset and two risky assets for increasing wealth. Both the aggregated claims of the two surplus processes and the aggregated jumps of the two risky assets are governed by a common Poisson process. We consider two relationships between the two insurers, i.e., competition and cooperation. In addition, we consider two kinds of investment patterns, called the concentration investment and the diversification investment. The objective of the each insurer is to choose the optimal reinsurance-investment strategy so as to maximize the expected terminal wealth while minimizing the variance of the terminal wealth. By the technique of stochastic control theory, the explicit optimal reinsurance-investment strategies and the optimal value functions are obtained in the two investment patterns for the competition case and the cooperation case, and some special cases. Finally, some numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate the effects of model parameters on the optimal strategies and the optimal value functions, which reveal some interesting phenomena and provide useful guidances for reinsurance and investment in reality.

Consequences of the Reproductive Effort of Dioecious Taxus baccata L. Females in a Generative Bud Removal Experiment-Important Role of Nitrogen in Female Reproduction.

Dioecious species differ in the pattern and intensity of male and female reproductive investments. We aimed to determine whether female shoots deprived of generative buds show biochemical features, indicating their less-pronounced reproductive effort. For this purpose, the same branches of mature Taxus baccata females were deprived of generative organs. In the second and third years of the experiment, measurements were made in every season from the control and bud-removed shoots of females and control males. Bud removal caused an increase in nitrogen concentration almost to the level detected in the needles of male specimens, but only in current-year needles. Moreover, differences between male and control female shoots were present in the C:N ratio and increment biomass, but they disappeared when bud removal was applied to females. Additionally, between-sex differences were observed for content of phenolic compounds, carbon and starch, and SLA, independent of the female shoot reproductive effort. The study revealed that nitrogen uptake in seeds and arils may explain the lower nitrogen level and consequently the lower growth rate of females compared to males. At the same time, reproduction did not disturb carbon level in adjacent tissues, and two hypotheses explaining this phenomenon have been put forward.

The impact of COVID-19 on psychiatric and mental health services in Europe: suffering experienced by professionals

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has not only impacted intensive care units, but all healthcare services generally. This PsyGipo2C project specifically investigates how psychiatry and mental health professionals have been affected by the reorganizations and constraints imposed, which have reshaped their often already difficult working conditions.MethodsOur research combined quantitative and qualitative methods, surveying and interviewing health professionals of all occupations working in psychiatric and mental health services. A questionnaire was completed by 1241 professionals from 10 European countries, and 13 group interviews were conducted across 5 countries. In addition to this, 31 individual interviews were conducted in Belgium and France.ResultsAmong the questionnaire respondents, 70.2% felt that their workload had increased, particularly due to their tasks being diversified and due to increased complexity in the provision of care. 48.9% felt that finding a work-life balance had become more difficult, and 59.5% felt their health had been affected by the crisis. The impact of the health crisis nevertheless varied across professions: our data provides insight into how the health measures have had a differential impact on professional tasks and roles across the various categories of occupations, obliging professionals to make various adaptations. The distress incurred has been linked not only to these new constraints in their work, but also to the combination of these with other pressures in their personal lives, which has consequently compromised their well-being and their ability to cope with multiple demands.DiscussionThe COVID-19 health crisis has had varying impacts depending on the profession and access to remote work, sometimes leading to conflicts within the teams. The suffering expressed by the professionals was tied to their values and patterns of investment in work. Our research also highlights how these professionals made little use of the psychological supports offered, probably due to a reluctance to acknowledge that their mental health was affected.

A Research on the Investment Patterns in Banking and Securities: A Study on Indian Investment Behavior

Abstract: The Investment Industry is highly growing amidst the pandemic issues. Today with developing infrastructure we have numerous options in the investing industry. Investments are broadly classified into 2 types, namely the active and passive. The active investment requires investor to change their assets in the portfolio as per the trends of market and requires knowledge, time , patience. The passive doesn’t need you to be active and is termed as buy and hold strategy of the industry. This is for ones who cannot indulge completely. Active includes high investment and the passive includes smaller investments. The risk in active increases with increase in buying and selling of assets and securities where as passive risk reduces with longer time of hold to the securities. Therefore the study solely focuses on both factors and to assess the changes in behaviour pattern of citizens of India in terms of investment. Their behaviour is observed on majority parameters and also how technology has changed the phase of industry. In the present study, the researcher has tried to understand the mindset of Indian citizens and their attitude towards investment and its changing patterns. The researcher tries to convince the readers to understand and be aware of all forms of Investment. The pandemic era has created a vacuum of lack of capital. The study has tried to incorporate maximum aspects to justify the study. The investment industry has totally become electronic controlling with improvement in technology for easy usages, reach and access.

The Baran Ratio, investment, and British economic growth and development

Investment in capital, new technology, and agricultural techniques has not been considered an endeavor worthwhile in a medieval economy because of a lack of strong property rights and no incentive on the part of lords and barons to lend money to or grant rights to peasant farmers. Therefore, the medieval economy and standards of living at that time often have been characterized as non-dynamic and static due to insufficient investment in innovative techniques and technology. Paul Baran’s concept of the economic surplus is applied to investment patterns during the late medieval, mercantile, and early capitalist stages of economic growth in England and the UK. This paper uses Zhun Xu’s Baran Ratio concept to try to develop general trends to demonstrate and reinforce other historical accounts of these times that a productive and sufficient level of public and private investment out of accumulated capital income, taxation, and rents does not have a real impact on economic per capita growth until around the 1600 s in Britain. This would also be about the time of capitalism’s ascent as the dominant economic system in England. Even then, dramatic increases in investment and economic growth do not appear until the late 18th Century when investment more consistently becomes more than one hundred percent of the level of the domestic economic surplus and takes in government spending. The types of investment, threshold amounts of investment out of profits and rents along with government spending seem to matter when it comes to a growth path raising GDP per capita and national income per capita to higher levels. Although much of this knowledge perhaps is embodied in current historical accounts, the Baran Ratio nicely summarizes and illustrates the importance of levels of investment to economic growth.

Development of renewable energy resources by green finance, volatility and risk: Empirical evidence from China

Green finance and investment in renewable energy (RE) sources are two of the most important climate change strategies that might have a long-term impact. Micro- and macro-level data from 2010 to 2021 in China used to gain a new analysis of the impact of green finance, inflationary pressures, and geopolitical risk in improving sustainability. Regression estimation methods were used to tackle this while considering direct and indirect associations between the parameter estimates. According to recent research, environmental taxes, such as those on carbon emissions, have been shown to have a large and favorable effect on profitability in RES. The volatility of oil prices and geopolitical risk, on the other hand, has a negative influence on the investment pattern for sustainable energy sources in China. The research also shows that green rules have a significant role in reducing the impact of green finance on RE production. Green companies in China should be pushed so that RE investments are regarded as a long-term strategy, according to the conclusions of the research. The study's theoretically, and empirically conclusions have supplied policymakers and environmentalists with useful information for developing and implementing environmental initiatives with long-term financial benefits.

Modeling Covid-19 contagious effect between asset markets and commodity futures in India

For the purpose of optimizing an investment portfolio in the Indian market, this research provides an understanding of the connectedness, volatility transmission and investment scenario between different pairs of commodity futures and assets, observing the impact of Covid-19. To do that, we derived a daily dataset spanning from 2016 to 2021 bifurcated into two panels comprising the pre & post-Covid-19 onset periods. First, we employed wavelet coherence plots to check the directional connectedness between asset and commodity futures. The DCC-GARCH model was then applied on both the data panels to investigate and compare volatility transmission. Hedge ratios and optimum portfolio weights have been estimated to demonstrate a comparative investment scenario. We observe a significant long-term volatility transmission from the asset markets to commodity futures for both the onset panel. Commodity futures provide effective hedging and diversification efficiency against the asset markets. DCC, hedge ratio and optimum portfolio weights show the heterogeneous patterns of investment for pre & post-Covid-19 period. Gold, bond, bullion futures and exchange rates are recognized as a gauge of the economy in crisis. This work will provide significant insight to readers about portfolio construction and required changes in portfolio weights in normal and crisis market conditions.

It is time to fix the low financing trap: public spending on education revisited

PurposeThis paper aims to explore whether there is a “low financing trap” that results in underfunding of education systems in low and lower middle income countries (LICs and LMICs). It shows public investment in education has not increased over the last two decades despite extensive advocacy and has equilibrated at about 4% of GDP. More than 6% of GDP is needed to achieve the sustainable development goals.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses large scale data from the UNESCO Institute of Statistics and the World Bank to analyse patterns of investment across sub-Saharan Africa. The most recent data downloaded in 2022 are used for each country. The analysis uses time series analysis to show how flows of resources for education have evolved and illustrates the limits to growth.FindingsThe research develops a taxonomy of countries and identifies three bands of effort for investment in education. Individual countries tend to remain in the same band of expenditure level and only the highest band countries are likely to be able to finance their development goals from their own resources between now and 2030. Escape from the low financing trap is critical for future educational development.Originality/valueInnovative approaches to external assistance are needed which recognise that domestic revenues are at the heart of sustainable financing and that greater efficiency and effectiveness are critical to sustainable solutions. The priority is to accelerate the development of fiscal states, which can finance public goods from domestic revenue and make good use of concessionary assistance.

Life History Assessment of Cusk, a Data‐Poor Species, in U.S. Waters

AbstractCusk Brosme brosme are fished across the northern Atlantic Ocean, but even basic biological data are limited in part by their difficult‐to‐sample deep and structured habitats. We sampled fish from a variety of sources across the Gulf of Maine to provide comprehensive life history information (age and size at maturity, fecundity, sex ratio, growth) for this data‐poor species considered by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries as a species of concern. Gonad histology and gonadosomatic index data indicated peak spawning in late spring (May–June), with limited spawning activity into summer. The histologically derived length at 50% maturity for female Cusk was 39.5 cm TL. Fecundity varied from a quarter million to four million oocytes, with a positive allometry versus size indicating that larger females have proportionally higher fecundity than smaller females. Male Cusk had unusually low gonadal investment for a gadiform, and males of all sizes examined (down to 21 cm) had spermatozoa present. Male maturity was equivocal even when the relative proportions of sperm stages were quantified through image analysis of gonad histology; further anatomical and physiological studies of small males are required to assess functional maturity in male cusk. The sex ratio at length indicated more males at larger sizes, and males had faster growth and larger size at age than females. Condition patterns also suggested lower condition for females than males after spawning and generally less variable condition for males. Gonadal investment, relative condition, and growth patterns all suggest differences in energy allocation between the sexes. This data‐poor species has an uncertain stock status in U.S. waters; therefore, the results of the current work provide important information to its management.