Household Consumption Patterns Research Articles

Clustering Residential Electricity Consumption Data to Create Archetypes that Capture Household Behaviour in South Africa

Clustering is frequently used in the energy domain to identify dominant electricity consumption patterns of households, which can be used to construct customer archetypes for long term energy planning. Selecting a useful set of clusters however requires extensive experimentation and domain knowledge. While internal clustering validation measures are well established in the electricity domain, they are limited for selecting useful clusters. Based on an application case study in South Africa, we present an approach for formalising implicit expert knowledge as external evaluation measures to create customer archetypes that capture variability in residential electricity consumption behaviour. By combining internal and external validation measures in a structured manner, we were able to evaluate clustering structures based on the utility they present for our application. We validate the selected clusters in a use case where we successfully reconstruct customer archetypes previously developed by experts. Our approach shows promise for transparent and repeatable cluster ranking and selection by data scientists, even if they have limited domain knowledge.

Migrant Remittance and Household Expenditure Pattern in Nigeria

This research work examined migrants’ remittance and household expenditure pattern in Nigeria. The study adopted survey research method. The quantitative study was utilized with the aid of questionnaire. The respondents were selected using convenient and random sampling techniques. Two hundred copies of questionnaires were administered on migrant households in the study area while one hundred and sixty-six questionnaires were returned. The data collected were analyzed through descriptive statistics, such as frequency tabulation and simple percentage compilation; hypotheses formulated were tested with the use of chi-square statistics. From the findings of the study and the tested hypotheses, it was discovered that there is a significant relationship among remittance, income, consumption expenditure and investments of households in Nigeria. The study therefore proffers some recommendations towards utilizing influx of remittance for households’ expenditure in Nigeria.

Impacto de la inflación de los precios de los alimentos en el bienestar de los hogares en situación de pobreza en México

Objetivo: estimar los patrones de consumo de alimentos de los hogares en condición de pobreza en México para cuantificar el impacto de la inflación, en el periodo entre 2007 y 2019, sobre su bienestar económico. Metodología: se formularon dos Sistemas de Demanda Cuadrático Casi Ideal (QUAIDS, por sus siglas en inglés) para modelar las preferencias de consumo de alimentos de cada zona de estudio. Se introdujeron en el modelo los cambios inflacionarios de los precios de los alimentos del periodo en cuestión. Resultados: la pérdida de bienestar económico de los hogares en condición de pobreza se estimó en aproximadamente 71 % para ambas zonas, esto entre 2007 y 2019. Limitaciones: se contabilizaron tres limitaciones principales: la primera fue que se contó con información incompleta en las encuestas en zona urbana; la segunda fue el no contar con un indicador de aumentos de salarios que estuviera segmentado por zona rural y urbana; la tercera fue que el estudio se realizó utilizando como instrumento la encuesta ENCEL, la cual dejó de tener seguimiento a partir de la entrada de la nueva administración federal en 2018. Conclusiones: las políticas de combate al hambre se pueden segmentar y diseñar de manera más efectiva conociendo los patrones de consumo de la población objetivo.

한국 가계의 지출구조 변화(1990-2018): 렉시스 다이어그램 분석 (Expenditure Patterns of Korean Households between 1990 and 2018: A Lexis Diagram Analysis)

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 1990년, 1998년, 2008년, 2018년의 가계동향조사 지출부문 자료를 활용하여 각 연령대별, 연도별로 가계지출항목 구성비를 비교하고, 코호트의 지출구조 변화추이를 분석하였다. 분석은 연령-시기-코호트 모델(age-period-cohort model)을 설명하는 렉시 스 다이어그램(Lexis Diagram)을 활용하였다(Griffith, 2003; Rau et al., 2018). 렉시스 다이어그램의 세로축은 동일 연도에서 각 연령대의 가계지출구조를 비교하고, 가로축은 동일 연령대의 가계지출구조를 각 시기별로 비교한다. 또한 대각선은 특정 코호트의 가 계지출구조가 어떻게 변화하는지를 보여준다. 연구의 결과 지난 30년간 가계지출구조는 인구통계적, 정책적, 금융환경, 라이프스타일 의 변동상황을 반영하여 변화하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 인구구조의 변화에 따라서 자 녀의 수가 줄어들어 이에 따른 교육비 비중이 줄어들고, 통신기술이 발달함에 따라 개인 통신장치 및 데이터 서비스를 사용하는 비용이 증가하고, 주 5일제가 시행되면서 여가를 중시하게 되어 교통비와 음식문화 등에 사용하는 비중이 증가하는 것 등은 가계를 둘러 싼 환경이 가계의 소비행태에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 보여주었다. 또한 현대의 라이 프사이클은 전통적인 가족의 생애주기의 모습과 함께 그 당시의 트렌드, 환경의 변화 등 을 포함한 라이프스타일을 반영하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. English Abstract: This study analyzes household expenditure patterns using the 1990, 1998, 2008, and 2018 Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by the Korea Statistics Bureau. Using a Lexis diagram of an age–period–cohort model, household expenditures were compared based on the head of the household’s age, the survey year, and life cycle stages. Household expenditures were grouped into 13 categories, and the proportion of each category to total household expenditures was compared based on (1) age group in each survey year (age effect), (2) same–age groups in different periods (period effect), and (3) cohort expenditure pattern changes between 1990 and 2018 (life cycle effect). The results show that during the past 30 years, household expenditure patterns have changed in relation to the macro-environmental changes that encompass Korean households, such as population aging, low birth rates, increases in household income and wealth, changes in technology, changes in values, and other regulatory and policy changes. For example, household expenditures on education are decreasing in proportion to the low birth rates; household expenditures on telecommunications have been increasing due to the changes in IT technology and lifestyles; and expenditures on food away from home and lodging and transportation have increased due to changes in working hours and work-versus-leisure values. The expenditure pattern changes resulting from the Lexis diagrams exhibit how the modern Korean life cycle is gradually changing from incorporating traditional life stages and modern values.

한국 가계의 지출구조 변화(1990-2018): 렉시스 다이어그램 분석

한국 가계의 지출구조 변화(1990-2018): 렉시스 다이어그램 분석

Hourly Firewood Consumption Patterns and CO2 Emission Patterns in Rural Households of Nepal

Nepal has low per-capita energy use and a majority of its rural residents use firewood as their primary energy source. Excessive use of firewood in improperly ventilated buildings degrades the indoor environment and health condition of the inhabitants. This study aims to assess the influence of hourly firewood consumption patterns on CO2 emissions and resulting concentrations in rural households in Nepal. A field survey was conducted for 24 h in 16 households during winter. The results suggest that most of the households tend to use more firewood during the morning and evening hours. Family size and number of animals reared by the households were positively correlated with firewood consumption, whereas family size was negatively correlated with per-capita firewood consumption. Per-capita firewood consumption was found to be 1.8 kg/(capita·day). Household firewood consumption and CO2 emissions were 12 kg/(family·day) and 14.26 kg CO2 e/(household·day), respectively. The larger households spent more time for cooking, while their consumption rate was similar (1.3 kg/h) to that of smaller households. High indoor CO2 emissions in the morning and evening hours due to high firewood consumption may pose severe health risks to the inhabitants. Therefore, intensive awareness programs and pollution control programs are suggested for improving indoor air quality and health condition of the rural population.

Pola Perilaku Konsumsi Keluarga Penerima Manfaat Pkh (Program Keluarga Harapan) Di Kelurahan Pejagan Kecamatan Bangkalan Kabupaten Bangkalan

The purpose of this study was to determine how consumption patterns of behavior before and after the family received PKH assistance in Pejagan Village, Bangkalan District, Bangkalan District. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with a focus of research on the consumption patterns of PKH beneficiary families. Data collection methods are done by interview, observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques were performed using data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. To test the validity of the data using source triangulation. The results showed that the implementation of the Family Hope Program in Pejagan Sub-district, Bangkalan District, Bangkalan District had gone well because the distribution process to poor households was in accordance with procedures. The main objectives of the Harapan Families Program are to break the poverty chain, improve the quality of human resources, and change behavior that is less supportive in improving welfare. In this study welfare measurement is seen from household consumption patterns. It is known that the acceptance of the Family Hope Program assistance received by RTSM is sufficient to reduce the burden of household expenses on children's education costs. While in the household there are various kinds of needs both food and non-food

Development of energy balance table for rural and urban households and evaluation of energy consumption in Indian states

The purpose of this study is to analyze the historical characteristics of energy transition and consumption patterns in rural and urban households in India. By developing a comprehensive database, this study first develops a systematic bottom-up method to construct per-capita energy balance table for rural and urban households in each state in year 2004, 2009 and 2011. Next, characteristics of energy transitions in relation with income levels are analyzed by comparing energy consumption across low, middle and high-income states for rural and urban households. In the study, it was found that cooking is the prime energy consuming service and faster energy transition is happening in higher income households. With increasing urbanization, transition to clean and energy efficient fuels for cooking and lighting services is observed. The quantity and share of biomass and kerosene has been decreasing in total per-capita household energy use, which is getting replaced by Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and electricity in high-income households. The rural high-income households consume more biomass, LPG and electricity than low-income households, whereas urban high-income households consume less biomass but significantly more LPG and electricity than low-income households. Among different drivers of energy demand, per-capita income and urbanization are emerging as most important drivers. Thus, this study explains energy choices in each service type, pattern of energy consumption and disparity in use of advance energies in rural and urban households across all states of India.

Income impacts on household consumption's grey water footprint in China

Urbanization is accompanied by growing household consumption and changing consumption patterns, with both having impacts on the life-cycle water pollution generated. This study uses the indicator of grey water footprint (GWF) within an Input-Output framework to examine the decadal change from 2002 to 2017 of the life-cycle water pollution change for household consumption in China, where rapid urbanization has particularly posed looming environmental challenges. Against the background of enlarging inequality, the results also shed light on the impacts of households within different income groups. From 2002 to 2017, GWF required by urban household consumption has increased significantly from 1586 to 2195 km3 while that for rural households have decreased slightly from 1139 to 964 km3 during the same period. Total Nitrogen required the largest GWF throughout the whole period and throughout all different income groups. Food consumption dominated the GWF for household consumption. However, the share of GWF for food consumption decreases with income increases, from 83% for extremely poor rural households to 71% for very rich urban households in 2012. Urbanites on average require higher GWF for their consumption than their rural counterparts. An average person from the highest income rural households required 2033 m3 GWF for household consumption, which is higher than a person from a very poor urban household (1685 m3) but lower than that of a person from poor urban household (2149 m3). While household consumption volume increase has been the primary driver for GWF increase, pollution intensity reduction has offset such impacts. Household consumption pattern change's impacts differ by household income and by pollutant considered.

Study the Role of Women SHGs Members in Farm Activities and Household Consumption Pattern

Study the Role of Women SHGs Members in Farm Activities and Household Consumption Pattern

Heterogeneity of Electricity Consumption Patterns in Vulnerable Households

A key aspect of the design of specific tariff structures is to identify and characterize homogeneous electricity consumption profiles. Recent research in residential electricity demand has explored load profile segmentation via cluster analysis combined with descriptive data from the dwelling and occupants, which has partly explained electricity load patterns and their underlying drivers but has failed to investigate any consumption heterogeneity among similar households. Thus, the aim of this paper is to reverse this approach and investigate the extent that households with similar characteristics have different electricity consumption patterns. This study combines population-based register data with hourly electricity consumption data for a sample of 67 Danish households. First, a homogenous household group is selected based on several indicators that signal vulnerability. The specific group under investigation is single-person, older, low-income households in detached housing. Second, K-means clustering is used to identify similarities and differences in consumption patterns. The results indicate four distinct vulnerable household profiles characterized by different start and end times of peak and off-peak times, peak intensities, and overall consumption, which vary across seasons. These profiles are discussed concerning the performance of everyday practices and the design of demand-side management strategies targeted at vulnerable households.

Considerations for the design of nutrition-sensitive production programmes in rural South Africa

BackgroundVery little has been researched about the efficacy, effectiveness, feasibility, sustainability and impact of food-based approaches on the diets and nutritional status of populations at risk of hunger and food insecurity. This study contributes knowledge about the impact of food-based approaches on the diets of populations at risk of hunger and food insecurity in four of the poorest rural communities in South Africa. The study investigated the consumption and production patterns of rural households (278 in summer and 280 in winter) in four sites in the poorest municipalities in South Africa.MethodsA multistage stratified random sampling technique was applied to identify the communities and sample households for the quantitative survey and qualitative assessments. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected between 2013 and 2015 through focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews and the two-round panel survey to cover both the summer and winter seasons at each site.ResultsHome gardening led to a significant positive increase in the consumption of white roots and tubers, dark green leafy vegetables, orange-coloured fruit and other fruit in the 24 h prior to the survey. Participation in a community garden led to significant increases in the consumption of dark green leafy vegetables and other vegetables. School gardening did not demonstrate any statistical relationships with the consumption of foods from the crop-related food groups. Crop production improved dietary diversity. Selling produce and irrigation showed a stronger improvement in dietary diversity. Seasonality affected the availability of fresh fruit and vegetables for home consumption in winter.ConclusionsProducing beyond that solely for home consumption has greater benefits for dietary diversity and a consumption-smoothing effect during the post-harvest period. Politicians and the scientific community should recognise the role that household and small-scale crop production plays in supporting household consumption and the provision of essential micronutrients despite constraints and disincentives. Production and education programmes should focus on strengthening existing good consumption patterns and promoting the consumption of foods that can improve dietary diversity.

Temporary versus permanent migration: The impact on expenditure patterns of households left behind

In this paper we investigate whether adult children’s internal migration influences expenditure behaviour of households left behind in rural China, and how this impact differs among different types of migrants. Exploiting unique hukou information from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we explicitly distinguish between temporary and permanent migration. To deal with the endogeneity of migration, we implement an instrumental variable approach. Our results reveal remarkably distinct effects on household expenditure patterns depending on whether children migrate temporarily or permanently to urban areas. Households with temporary migrant children spend more on one key consumption good—food—and invest less. In contrast, permanent migration of children exerts no impact on household consumption but increases productive investment. Therefore, policymakers should view permanent migration as a potential pathway to foster local economic development.

The effects of international remittances on expenditure patterns of the left‐behind households in Sub‐Saharan Africa

AbstractThis article explores the effects of international remittances on the expenditure patterns of households in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). This article focuses on five countries in SSA, which are some of the destinations that account for the highest receipt of international remittances. We analyze both aggregate and distributional effects of international remittances on expenditure patterns of households. To investigate the distributional effect of international remittances, we adopt the instrumental variable quantile (IV‐quantile) regression framework that allows us to simultaneously address the endogeneity of international remittances and possible heterogeneity in the impact of international remittances on households’ expenditure patterns. We instrument for international remittances by using the economic conditions in migrants’ countries as an instrument for international remittances. Our results show that the receipt of international remittances increases expenditures on food, durables, education, and health. Using the IV‐quantile regression, we find the effects of international remittances on household expenditure on food, durables, education, and health increase across the different expenditure quantiles.

CONSUMPTION PATTERN WITHIN RURAL AND URBAN HOUSEHOLD’S

This paper investigates consumption pattern of rural and urban households in Afghanistan. Over the years, the economy has undergone significant structural shifts. Millions of households have experienced dramatic welfare transformation causing substantial changes in the consumption pattern. The main objective of this research is to assess which factors effect on income of households in Afghanistan. And to analyze the important elements of these factors on household income in Afghanistan since the level of incomes in this Country including rural and urban areas differ vastly. The required data was collected from the central statistics office (CSO), ALCS survey, and SFSA 2017. There is quantitative evidence that rural areas are better off than urban areas on a number of different measures, such as unemployment and crime, but there are substantial differences within rural and urban areas. In a few respects rural areas are worse off.

An assessment of household food consumption patterns in Thailand

This study examines household food consumption patterns in Thailand using the 2015 Socioeconomic Survey. A demand system consisting of six main food groups is estimated applying the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System model. The results indicate that the expenditure elasticity for rice and other grains is the lowest among all food groups. Meat and fishes, eggs and dairy products, and food-away-from-home (FAFH) appear to be luxuries. FAFH consumption is highly associated with household income and level of urbanization. All food groups are price-inelastic demand with supportive evidence of food purchase substitution. The responsiveness of food demand with respect to price and income show remarkable differences across socioeconomic status and geographic locations. Specifically, low-income and elderly-headed households tend to be more responsive to food price and income changes. This suggests that they are likely afflicted with inadequate food intake caused by soaring food prices or economic downturn.

Households’ Consumption Pattern of Snail (Archachatina species) in Oluyole Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria

The present study investigates household consumption pattern of snail meat in Oluyole Local Government Area of Oyo State. A multistage random sampling technique was used to administer the questionnaires to a total of 120 respondents. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The socioeconomic factors analyzed showed that age group between 31 and 40 (45.0%) consumed snail more while age group between 51 and 60 (11.70%) consumed less snails. The majority of respondents were Married (60.8%) and possess secondary education (54.2%). Most of the respondents (95.8%) consume snail meat but most of them consume snail meat on a seasonal basis unlike beef and fish. Furthermore, fried form of snail meat is mostly (65%) preferred when compared to cooked form (24.2%). The regression analysis shows that the consumption of snail meat depended on the price, household size, educational level, household income, nutritive value, occupation and its availability. Problems associated with snail meat consumption in the study area include Price, income level, unavailability and cultural belief. Based on the findings, this study recommends that extension workers should engage the public on the need to get involved in the rearing of snails to make it readily available all year round and thus make it more affordable for all sundry.
 Keywords: Snail meat, Consumption, Nutritive Values and Oluyole Local Government Area.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on household consumption pattern of dairy products in India

Besides other things, the effect of COVID-19 pandemic is evident in income and consumption pattern of the households. Income loss, fear of infection and movement restrictions has not only altered the amount and pattern of spending but has also changed the shopping behaviour of the consumers. In the case of food commodities, dairy products seem to be more susceptible to such changes owing to their perishability and comparatively higher income elasticity. But, contrary to this expectation, there were speculations that household dairy consumption in India might have increased during lockdown due to more number of meals at home and immunity boosting qualities of milk. Any change in dairy consumption in India has a direct bearing on household nutritional security as it acts as a major source of protein for a large proportion of population. Thus, the present study attempts to capture the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on household consumption pattern of dairy products across geographical regions, household locations and income class on the basis of a pan-India survey covering around 1000 households. The results revealed that there was a significant decline in the household consumption of milk, paneer, butter and ice-cream during lockdown whereas no significant change was observed in the consumption of ghee, curd and buttermilk. The fall in demand was comparatively higher in the urban households, milk deficit zones and among the lowest income class. Moreover, a shift was also observed towards packaged products and online delivery services.

Household Debt and the Relative Deprivation of Consumption：Based on the Perspective of Housing Debt and Non-housing Debt

The relative deprivation of consumption could directly reflect the real welfare differences among residents. As an important tool of smoothing intertemporal consumption decisions, debt can affect individual relative deprivation by improving the external consumption patterns of households. At present, the credit consumption growth rate of China’s household sectors is rising, and as for its structure, a remarkable feature is that personal housing loans gradually occupy the dominant position. Considering that there is a significant difference between housing debt and non-housing debt in terms of borrowing size, repayment period and consumption orientation, their impacts on the relative deprivation of consumption may also be different.Based on the above analysis, this paper uses the multi-year China Family Panel Studies（CFPS）data to discuss the relationship between household debt and the relative deprivation of consumption. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: （1）As for indebted households and debt-free households, which one has a generally higher level of the relative deprivation of consumption? （2）In terms of indebted households, how does the debt scale affect the relative deprivation of consumption? Is the relationship linear or nonlinear? （3）As for housing debt and non-housing debt, which one could relieve the relative deprivation of consumption? （4）What are the differences among the impact of debt on the relative deprivation of consumption by different groups?Based on the empirical analysis, we find that the average level of consumption relative deprivation of indebted households is significantly lower than that of non-indebted households, which means that indebtedness can alleviate the relative deprivation of consumption to some extent. Furthermore, in terms of indebted households, the empirical result suggests that there is a “U-shaped” nonlinear correlation between the scale of debt and the relative deprivation of consumption. After subdividing the debt category, we find that the scales of housing debt and non-housing debt have opposite effects on the relative deprivation of consumption. The former plays an aggravating role while the latter has a mitigating effect. But when non-housing debt reaches a certain level, it will aggravate the relative deprivation of consumption. In addition, the impact of debt on the relative deprivation of consumption varies across household characteristics and regional characteristics. Also, the two kinds of debt have a certain moderating effect on the relative deprivation of consumption, and they are more effective for the relative deprivation of development and enjoyment consumption.Our findings have important policy implications for the Chinese government. In order to further balancing the relationship between “consumption promotion” and “risk prevention”, reducing the relative deprivation of consumption, narrowing relative poverty, and improving national welfare, the government should coordinate as a whole and adopt the credit strategy of differentiation and “guarantee and pressure” for different households.Compared with previous studies, this paper pays attention to a more detailed perspective. It focuses on housing debt and non-housing debt, and the different effects of the two types of debt on the relative deprivation of consumption. In the meantime, this paper depicts the inequality of consumption by constructing the index of individual consumption relative deprivation, which not only helps us understand the level of residents’ well-being more clearly, but also fits the development goals of improving people’s well-being under the new development concept.

The Role of Rice’s Price in the Household Consumption in Indonesia

The purpose of the study was to analyze the role of rice’s price in household consumption patterns in Indonesia. The method used was the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). The data used were obtained from the National Social Economy Survey in 2016. The results show that when the price of rice increases by one percent, the demand for other carbohydrates, eggs-milk-beans, fruits also Cigarette and processed foods will be increase. Meanwhile, in other groups, when the price of rice rises, the demand will go down. Thus, it can be concluded that households still prioritize rice consumption in their daily consumption patterns compared to other commodity groups. Therefore, the government should develop policies that encourage people to consume more diverse food groups.