Hierarchy Of Patterns Research Articles

Spheres of citizenship: The role of distinct perceived threats in legitimizing allocation of political, welfare and cultural rights in Israel

Abstract The question of who is excluded from full citizenship stands at the heart of the political and scholarly debate. This issue is highly relevant considering the gap between those whose substantive citizenship is taken for granted and various “strangers”. This paper addresses the issue by exploring the motivations that shape patterns of exclusion from full citizenship. The aim is to understand the attitudes of the dominant group regarding allocation of different kinds of rights to minorities under the impact of intergroup hostility and threat perception. Looking at dominant group perceptions makes it possible to explore the role of economic, symbolic and security threat perceptions as antecedents of exclusionist attitudes towards welfare, cultural and political rights for three dissimilar minorities in Israel: Palestinian citizens of Israel, non-Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union and ultra-Orthodox Jews. Analysis has indicated that regardless of the dissimilarity between the three minority groups there is a clear pattern of hierarchy of attitudes toward rights allocation. However, only the symbolic threat plays an identical role in shaping these attitudes toward the three groups. These findings emphasize the significance of the cultural dimension of citizenship.

Residence advantage in heterospecific territorial disputes of Erythrodiplax Brauer species (Odonata, Libellulidae)

Residence advantage in heterospecific territorial disputes of Erythrodiplax Brauer species (Odonata, Libellulidae). Territories are the outcome of interactions determining where and how long individuals settle. To odonate species, aggressive disputes are not so common since the outcome can be predetermined by advantages such as residency, age, and body size. However, it is possible to predict that at heterospecific disputes, larger body-sized or more aggressive species have some profits overcoming these individual advantages, generating patterns of species hierarchy. Here, I studied the aggressiveness of five Erythrodiplax species (Odonata, Libellulidae) during territorial disputes and verified if larger body-sized species are more aggressive than smaller ones or if the residence advantage prevails on the heterospecific disputes. Larger species were not more aggressive than smaller ones and winners of intra- and interspecific territorial disputes were defined mainly by the residence. So, the residence advantage between heterospecific opponents appears to prevail over any other asymmetry among these species. This pattern may occur because, despite the territorial behaviour in dragonfly males, heterospecific disputes may not increment male reproductive success because it may not increase their access to females.

The Spatial Patterns of Networks, Hierarchies and Subsidiaries

This article reviews evidence and arguments linking the networking behaviour of firms with geographic distance, before examining the spatial relationships of electronics firms in the three major electronics centres in Spain. The focus is on the spatial pattern and extent of different types of inter-firm relations. Based on the analysis of 184 surveyed establishments, displaying different ownership and organization characteristics, the results show that while regional linkages are important, significant extra-regional linkages are also maintained by firms in regional clusters. The spatial extent of linkages depends on the mode of relations; arm's length, network and hierarchy relations show different spatial patterns, as do different types of cooperation. The importance of extra-regional linkages also varies with firm- and plant-specific characteristics. Extra-regional linkages are more common among larger and more R&D-intensive firms, firms with greater presence in the rest of the country and firms with more experience of cooperation and more stable relationships.

ON CULTURAL CAPITAL AND TASTE

ABSTRACT Through the application of Bourdieu's ideas of culture and cultural capital to a specific city located in Southeastern Turkey, this article identifies the forms of cultural capital, including education and consumption, that became important in class formation since the end of the nineteenth century. The article identifies changes in the historical forms which symbolic and cultural capital have taken. In this city, as non-Western pre-capitalist culture was abandoned, partly due to forced modernization, previous patterns of hierarchies that generated the social groups/relations began to transform. While a nuanced set of practices were distinguishing features of social life, the whole set of practices of generosity, kindness or politeness was filtered through the prism of paternalist domination. From the end of the nineteenth century onwards, however, a symbolic struggle involved questions of taste and culture. Drawing on the struggle between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ wealth, this article scrutinises the role of cultural capital in class formation from a historical perspective in relation to family, embodiment and education.

Re-evaluation of the T2KK physics potential with simulations including backgrounds

The Tokai-to-Kamioka-and-Korea (T2KK) neutrino oscillation experiment under examination can have a high sensitivity to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy for a combination of relatively large ( ∼ 3.0°) off-axis angle beam at Super-Kamiokande (SK) and small ( ∼ 0.5°) off-axis angle at L ∼ 1,000 km in Korea. We elaborate previous studies by taking into account smearing of reconstructed neutrino energy due to finite resolution of electron or muon energies, nuclear Fermi motion and resonance production, as well as the neutral current π0 production background to the νμ → νe oscillation signal. It is found that the mass hierarchy pattern can still be determined at 3σ level if sin22θRCT ≡ 4|Ue3|2(1 − |Ue3|2) ≳ 0.08(0.09) when the hierarchy is normal (inverted) with 5 × 1021} POT (protons on target) exposure, or 5 years of the T2K experiment, if a 100 kton water Čerenkov detector is placed in Korea. The π0 backgrounds deteriorate the capability of the mass hierarchy determination, whereas the events from CC nuclear resonance productions contribute positively to the hierarchy discrimination power. We also find that the π0 backgrounds seriously affect the CP phase measurement. Although δMNS can still be constrained with an accuracy of ∼ ±45° (±60°) at 1σ level for the normal (inverted) hierarchy with the above exposure if sin22θRCT ≳ 0.04, CP violation can no longer be established at 3σ level even for δMNS = ±90° and sin22θRCT = 0.1. About four times higher exposure will be needed to measure δMNS with ±30° accuracy.

Expression Hierarchy of T Cell Epitopes from Melanoma Differentiation Antigens: Unexpected High Level Presentation of Tyrosinase-HLA-A2 Complexes Revealed by Peptide-Specific, MHC-Restricted, TCR-Like Antibodies

Peptide Ags presented by class I MHC molecules on human melanomas and that are recognized by CD8(+) T cells are the subjects of many studies of antitumor immunity and represent attractive candidates for therapeutic approaches. However, no direct quantitative measurements exist to reveal their expression hierarchy on the cell surface. Using novel recombinant Abs which bind these Ags with a peptide-specific, MHC-restricted manner, we demonstrate a defined pattern of expression hierarchy of peptide-HLA-A2 complexes derived from three major differentiation Ags: gp100, Melan-A/Mart-1, and tyrosinase. Studying melanoma cell lines derived from multiple patients, we reveal a surprisingly high level of presentation of tyrosinase-derived complexes and moderate to very low expression of complexes derived from other Ags. No correlation between Ag presentation and mRNA expression was found; however, protein stability may play a major role. These results provide new insights into the characteristics of Ag presentation and are particularly important when such targets are being considered for immunotherapy. These results may shed new light on relationships between Ag presentation and immune response to cancer Ags.

Vida material, religiosidad y sociedad colonial. Espacios, objetos y prácticas de consumo en el colegio jesuita de la ciudad de Antioquia 1726-1767

This article explores the history of material life in the Jesuit College of the City of Antioquia, New Kingdom of Granada, during the eighteenth century. By linking urban and rural consumption practices on Jesuit estates with the patterns of everyday life and social hierarchies, this article argues that objects and spaces were consumed and used according to the Catholic religiosity and the political and spiritual hierarchy that characterized the colonial social order. This framework gave meaning to material life, but the limits it imposed on consumption practices could be transgressed in certain circumstances.

Networks of Hexagonal Hierarchy from a Self-Similar Tritopic Molecule

We use the unifying concept of self-similarity to design and construct solid-state networks. The coordination networks reported here feature distinct correlation between the self-similar features of discrete molecules and the hierarchical patterns in infinite networks. We use as the building block a symmetrically backfolded, supertritopic dendrimer, which coordinates with AgSbF6 to form complex layered networks that can be dissected as hexagonal hierarchy patterns inherently derived from the self-similar features of the individual molecules.

Coalition Formation and Party Systems in the Italian Regions

Few studies have focused on coalition formation in the Italian Ordinary Status (OS) regions. Studies that implicitly considered this issue have tended to highlight its nationalized features, particularly the congruence of pre-electoral coalitions and the absence of region-specific parties. Yet these studies have overlooked the intra-coalitional dynamics of regional party systems, ignored the post-electoral dimension of coalition formation, and failed to explain regional variations in the intensity of inter-coalitional party competition. This article incorporates these dimensions of analysis to argue that coalition formation in the Italian OS regions displays strong territorial features, which are directly linked to the “format” and “structures of competition” (Sartori, 1976) in regional party systems. These dual structures of regional party competition are heavily affected by the heterogeneous distribution of electoral support for state-wide parties, the presence or absence of non-state-wide parties (Northern League, Udeur), the diverse coalitional behaviour of Italian parties, and the distinctive patterns of electoral hierarchy in regional governing coalitions. The introduction of a new regional electoral system (proportional representation with majoritarian bonus) has also produced distinct coalitional incentives, leading to ‘perfect’ patterns of inter-coalitional bipolarism. Regional elections in Italy are confirmed as vital processes of national coalition testing.

Cultural and Political Configurations in Iron Age Cyprus: The Sequel to a Protohistoric Episode

This paper attempts to show that the interpretation of the complex cultural and political configurations of Iron Age Cyprus rests on a 1,000-year long macrohistoric overview that focuses on continua rather than breaks. It maintains that the first-millennium B.C.E. kingdoms operated on very much the same decentralized politicoeconomic system as Late Cypriot polities in the 13th and 12th centuries. It argues that the long-term dynamics of this Late Cypriot model were actively and successfully promoted in the Archaic and Classical periods by preponderantly Greek central authorities. It is mostly Greek-named basileis (kings) that are found closely associated with the fundamental continua—the Cypriot script, the regional settlement hierarchy pattern, cult practice, and an economy based on trading metals—to the end of the fourth century B.C.E. This article argues that Greek-speaking people had become a constituent part of the sociopolitical structure of the island by the last centuries of the second millennium as a result of a migration episode.

Empire, Imperialism, and Contemporary American Global Power

I argue that American global power should not be considered as a case of empire, at least not in the way that we have come to define empires, historically. Rather, because it is consistent with and embedded in a postcolonial organization of political space that rests on upholding the legal-constitutional and political autonomy of states and promoting new sources of capitalist accumulation, the organization and realization of American global power is significantly different from other imperial experiences. The denial of empire, however, does not mean that the United States is not imperial or imperialist. The way in which American global power is organized and the socioeconomic and political relations that flow from it have reproduced enduring patterns of hierarchy, domination and exploitation, all of which highlight the enduring patterns of military power and geopolitical hierarchy.

Life Course Patterns of Career-Prioritizing Decisions and Occupational Attainment in Dual-Earner Couples

Couples' long-term pattern of favoring one spouse's career in major decisions is thought to affect occupational trajectories, but current research has looked only at short-term effects of single decisions. This article applies a new technique, the interpolated curves approach, to represent and compare life course patterns of major career-prioritizing decisions, using in-depth data from 51 couples. Five clusters of career hierarchy patterns are identified; the patterns predict income better than summary measures of career hierarchy, including average individual career gains to decisions and self-reported career priority. Findings are significant for wives, and are similar but weaker for husbands.

“Getting By” in the Gwembe ValleyGrains from Grass: Aging, Gender, and Famine in Rural Africa. By Lisa Cliggett. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005. 193 pp.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBooks“Getting By” in the Gwembe Valley Grains from Grass: Aging, Gender, and Famine in Rural Africa. By Lisa Cliggett. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005. 193 pp.Jon HoltzmanJon HoltzmanDepartment of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, 1002 Moore Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, U.S.A. ([email protected]). 11 IX 07 Search for more articles by this author Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University, 1002 Moore Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, U.S.A. ([email protected]). 11 IX 07PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 49, Number 1February 2008 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/523611 Views: 17Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Highly Conserved Regions of Influenza A Virus Polymerase Gene Segments Are Critical for Efficient Viral RNA Packaging

The genome of the influenza A virus is composed of eight different segments of negative-sense RNA. These eight segments are incorporated into budding virions in an equimolar ratio through a mechanism that is not fully understood. Two different models have been proposed for packaging the viral ribonucleoproteins into newly assembling virus particles: the random-incorporation model and the selective-incorporation model. In the last few years, increasing evidence from many different laboratories that supports the selective-incorporation model has been accumulated. In particular, different groups have shown that some large viral RNA regions within the coding sequences at both the 5' and 3' ends of almost every segment are sufficient for packaging foreign RNA sequences. If the packaging regions are crucial for the viability of the virus, we would expect them to be conserved. Using large-scale analysis of influenza A virus sequences, we developed a method of identifying conserved RNA regions whose conservation cannot be explained by population structure or amino acid conservation. Interestingly, the conserved sequences are located within the regions identified as important for efficient packaging. By utilizing influenza virus reverse genetics, we have rescued mutant viruses containing synonymous mutations within these highly conserved regions. Packaging of viral RNAs in these viruses was analyzed by reverse transcription using a universal primer and quantitative PCR for individual segments. Employing this approach, we have identified regions in the polymerase gene segments that, if mutated, result in reductions of more than 90% in the packaging of that particular polymerase viral RNA. Reductions in the level of packaging of a polymerase viral RNA frequently resulted in reductions of other viral RNAs as well, and the results form a pattern of hierarchy of segment interactions. This work provides further evidence for a selective packaging mechanism for influenza A viruses, demonstrating that these highly conserved regions are important for efficient packaging.

Physics potential of the Tokai-to-Kamioka-and-Korea proposal: An extension of the Tokai-to-Kamioka neutrino oscillation experiment with a far detector in Korea

We study the physics potential of placing a far detector in the east coast of Korea, where the off-axis neutrino beam from J-PARC at Tokai village for the Tokai-to-Kamioka project has significant intensity at a few GeV range. In particular, we examine the capability of determining the mass hierarchy pattern and the $CP$ phase of the lepton-flavor-mixing matrix when a 100 kt water \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov detector is placed at various locations in Korea for the off-axis beam (OAB) of 2.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 3.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} at the Super-Kamiokande site. The best results are found for a combination of 3.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} OAB at SK ($L=295\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}$) and 0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} OAB at $L=1000\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}$, where the mass hierarchy pattern can be determined at $3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level for ${sin}^{2}2{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{RCT}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.05$ (0.06) when the hierarchy is normal (inverted), after 5 yr of running ($5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{21}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{POT}$). We also find that the leptonic $CP$ phase, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{MNS}}$, can be constrained uniquely, without invoking antineutrino beams, as long as the mass hierarchy pattern is determined. Those results are obtained by assuming that the charged current quasielastic events can be separated from the other backgrounds with high efficiency, the neutrino energy can be reconstructed with a hundred MeV uncertainty, and the earth matter density along the baseline can be determined with 3% accuracy.

Cross-competition of CD8+ T cells shapes the immunodominance hierarchy during boost vaccination

CD8+ T cell responses directed against multiple pathogen-derived epitopes are characterized by defined immunodominance hierarchy patterns. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that CD8+ T cells of different specificities compete for access to epitopes on antigen-presenting cells, and that the outcome of this so-called cross-competition reflects the number of induced T cells. In our study using a vaccinia virus infection model, we found that T cell cross-competition is highly relevant during boost vaccination, thereby shaping the immunodominance hierarchy in the recall. We demonstrate that competition was of no importance during priming and was unaffected by the applied route of immunization. It strongly depended on the timing of viral antigen expression in infected APCs, and it was characterized by poor proliferation of T cells recognizing epitopes derived from late viral proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the functional importance of T cell cross-competition during a viral infection. Our findings provide a basis for novel strategies for how boost vaccination to defined antigens can be selectively improved. They give important new insights into the design of more efficient poxviral vectors for immunotherapy.

Population landscape: a geometric approach to studying spatial patterns of the US urban hierarchy

We present a geometric and graphic approach to studying spatial patterns of urban hierarchy in the US. The multiplicatively weighted Voronoi diagram is found to be effective for visualizing theoretical regions delineated by socio‐economic variables. The population landscape of the continental US demonstrates overall and stepwise patterns reflecting population, neighborhood and distance, with overwhelming influence from huge metropolitan areas. Stepwise exploration and cluster analysis of the spatial pattern reveal an urban hierarchy. Attributes and arrangement are the two important factors of urban hierarchy, with attribute having a stronger local influence and arrangement having a stronger global influence. The study also presents a variation of Zipf's law to visualize the rank‐size distribution from tabular and statistical space to map space.

Resource partitioning and interspecific interactions among sympatric rain forest arboreal mammals of the Western Ghats, India

Resource partitioning in a community of diurnal arboreal mammals consisting of the lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus, bonnet macaque (BM) Macaca radiata, Nilgiri langur Semnopithecus johnii, and the Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica of the Western Ghats, southern India, was studied. Differences in their diet, vertical stratification, food resource niche breadth, niche overlap, and behavioral interactions were examined. Resource partitioning was through differential habitat use, resource use, and vertical stratification. Of the four species, the BM was not a resident species and made frequent forays into evergreen forest from the adjacent deciduous forest during the flowering season of Cullenia exarillata and fruiting season of Ficus microcarpa. The macaques had narrower niches, and the langur and the squirrel had wider niches. Niche overlap was highest between the two macaques. Overlap among the study species was particularly pronounced during the flowering of C. exarillata. There was significant correlation between niche overlap and intolerance among the study species. Certain species pairs showed little or no mutual intolerance despite high overlap. Cooperative interactions such as alarm calls occurred more frequently among the resident species. Interaction matrices revealed an underlying pattern of interspecific dominance hierarchy, with the BM dominating over the other three species. Our study suggests that the BM do not coexist with the other three because of high overlap with its congener and low occurrence of cooperative interactions.

From World System to World Society?

In the paper, I first argue that we live in a fundamentally interconnected global order, integrated by complex patterns of exchange, hierarchy and solidarity among multiple global actors which are increasingly aware of their interdependence and common fate. However, a universal world society does not exist yet. I then discuss the role played by international collective movements, non-governmental organizations and epistemic communities in shaping a transnational civil society and an international public space. And finally I evaluate the main factors either favoring or hindering the institutions and values of a system of global governance.

Cardiothoracic physiotherapy: levels of evidence underpinning entry-level curricula

In theory, educational materials should reflect the underlying source and evidence base of the curricula. The purpose of the present study was to identify the levels of evidence represented within the cardiothoracic curricula in undergraduate (entry-level) physiotherapy programmes within Australia. Using a retrospective document review, all tertiary institutions providing entry-level physiotherapy programmes were invited to submit paper copies of course materials used during 2003 to the Centre for Allied Health Evidence (CAHE), University of South Australia. A single independent reviewer collated all references cited within the teaching materials and ranked each reference according to a hierarchy of evidence where systematic reviews were regarded as the highest level of evidence and expert opinion or case studies as the lowest level. A total of 974 references were cited within educational materials from the five participating universities. The number of references per university rangedfrom 71 to 256. Each ranking category was calculated as a percentage of the total number of references submitted by each university. All five universities demonstrated the same pattern of reference hierarchy where the lower levels of evidence represented approximately 70% of all references. Less than one per cent of all references were common to all five universities. Although auditing references cited within education material does not reflect educational process, the results from the present study provide a baseline from which to review and create strategies to strengthen the evidence base of the cardiothoracic curriculum.