Choice Patterns Research Articles

Evolution Pattern of Rural Tourism Investment Location Choice from the Perspective of Human-Land Relationship System: Based on a Case Study of Zhejiang Province, China

Evolution Pattern of Rural Tourism Investment Location Choice from the Perspective of Human-Land Relationship System: Based on a Case Study of Zhejiang Province, China

The role of conflict representation in abstinence versus moderation in self-control.

Self-control-the prioritization of valued global goals over immediate local rewards-is typically conceptualized and studied as isolated decisions. Goal pursuit, however, generally requires people to make repeated self-control decisions across contexts. We adopt a higher order, strategic level of analysis of self-control and explore, for the first time, people's preferences for abstinence (a pattern of choices in which one never indulges) versus moderation (a pattern of choices in which one indulges when doing so does not harm one's goals or even helps promote the pursuit of those goals). To understand when and why people may opt for one over the other, the present work explores one psychological feature that may support these strategy preferences: the representation of self-control conflicts as inherent (i.e., choice options are mutually contradictory) versus situational (i.e., choice options compete for limited resources). We present eight studies in the main text and three in the online Supplemental Materials documenting that people associate inherent and situational conflict representations with abstinence and moderation, respectively. By documenting that strategy preferences may differ as a function of conflict representations, this work questions the assumption of abstinence as the primary indicator of self-control success, raises methodological and conceptual questions about how best to assess these strategy preferences, and calls for greater understanding of self-control as a recurrent decision-making process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Bangla song genre recognition using artificial neural network

<p>Music has a control over human moods and it can make someone calm or excited. It allows us to feel all emotions we experience. Nowadays, people are often attached with their phones and computers listening to music on Spotify, Soundcloud or any other internet platform. Music Information retrieval plays an important role for music recommendation according to lyrics, pitch, pattern of choices, and genre. In this study, we have tried to recognize the music genre for a better music recommendation system. We have collected an amount of 1820 Bangla songs from six different genres including Adhunik, Rock, Hip hop, Nazrul, Rabindra and Folk music. We have started with some traditional machine learning algorithms having K-Nearest Neighbor, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Decision Tree but ended up with a deep learning algorithm named Artificial Neural Network with an accuracy of 78% for recognizing music genres from six different genres. All mentioned algorithms are experimented with transformed mel-spectrograms and Mean Chroma Frequency Values of that raw amplitude data. But we found that music Tempo having Beats per Minute value with two previous features present better accuracy.</p>

Human Behavior in Suboptimal Choice Tasks: Defining Optimality.

Suboptimal choice behavior, or behavior that leads to a loss of resources over time, has been observed in a laboratory setting from multiple species. A procedure commonly used to capture this effect involves presenting two alternatives during choice trials, one of which is optimal whereas the other is suboptimal. The optimal alternative yields reinforcement more often than the suboptimal alternative, but often does not produce signals that indicate whether reinforcement will occur. The suboptimal alternative produces less reinforcement than the optimal alternative but may include reinforcement-predictive stimuli that indicate to the organism whether reinforcement will occur. This procedural framework has consistently produced a preference for the suboptimal alternative in pigeons and, to a lesser extent, rats. However, human participants have demonstrated preference for the optimal alternative. Following a review of past suboptimal choice research, we applied the reinforcement-derived definition of optimality to two sets of our previously published human data. We found that under multiple conditions, human choice behavior was consistent with what was predicted by the proportion of obtained reinforcement, thus supporting that the behavior was optimal. However, we found that participants in two conditions chose the suboptimal alternative more than expected. This finding could be considered as a demonstration of suboptimal choice in humans. We propose that comparing choice behavior to what past obtained reinforcement outcomes would predict might be a more accurate view of whether patterns of choice are within the parameters of this task.

The active time model of concurrent choice.

The following paper describes a steady-state model of concurrent choice, termed the active time model (ATM). ATM is derived from maximization principles and is characterized by a semi-Markov process. The model proposes that the controlling stimulus in concurrent variable-interval (VI) VI schedules of reinforcement is the time interval since the most recent response, termed here "the active interresponse time" or simply "active time." In the model after a response is generated, it is categorized by a function that relates active times to switch/stay probabilities. In the paper the output of ATM is compared with predictions made by three other models of operant conditioning: melioration, a version of scalar expectancy theory (SET), and momentary maximization. Data sets considered include preferences in multiple-concurrent VI VI schedules, molecular choice patterns, correlations between switching and perseveration, and molar choice proportions. It is shown that ATM can account for all of these data sets, while the other models produce more limited fits. However, rather than argue that ATM is the singular model for concurrent VI VI choice, a consideration of its concept space leads to the conclusion that operant choice is multiply-determined, and that an adaptive viewpoint-one that considers experimental procedures both as selecting mechanisms for animal choice as well as tests of the controlling variables of that choice-is warranted.

PODE: privacy-enhanced distributed federated learning approach for origin-destination estimation

The statewide consumer transportation demand model analyzes consumers’ transportation needs and preferences within a particular state. It involves collecting and analyzing data on travel behavior, such as trip purpose, mode choice, and travel patterns, and using this information to create models that predict future travel demand. Naturalistic research, crash databases, and driving simulations have all contributed to our knowledge of how modifications to vehicle design affect road safety. This study proposes an approach named PODE that utilizes federated learning (FL) to train the deep neural network to predict the truck destination state, and in the context of origin-destination (OD) estimation, sensitive individual location information is preserved as the model is trained locally on each device. FL allows the training of our DL model across decentralized devices or servers without exchanging raw data. The primary components of this study are a customized deep neural network based on federated learning, with two clients and a server, and the key preprocessing procedures. We reduce the number of target labels from 51 to 11 for efficient learning. The proposed methodology employs two clients and one-server architecture, where the two clients train their local models using their respective data and send the model updates to the server. The server aggregates the updates and returns the global model to the clients. This architecture helps reduce the server’s computational burden and allows for distributed training. Results reveal that the PODE achieves an accuracy of 93.20% on the server side.

HOW LOCAL DEMOCRATIC BACKSLIDING? SINGLE CANDIDATE, PRAGMATISM AND UNCOMPETITIVE LOCAL HEAD ELECTION IN INDONESIA

This paper will examine how pragmatism has created rational choice behavior in candidate selection. Pragmatism has resulted in single candidates for local heads, which makes local democracy uncompetitive. The research method used is an explanatory approach that aims to explain how pragmatism as a rational choice behavior in the local government head election. Data were collected, compiled and analyzed using Nvivo 12 Plus software. The results showed that political parties as political institutions are very pragmatic in the selection of candidates for local heads. The incumbents utilized the support of almost all political parties based on clientelistic and programmatic relations. This has led the candidate selection process to prioritize pragmatic aspects, especially financial support, acceptability, and electability of candidates. The candidate selection process no longer determines ideological values at the official candidate selection process. Financial support for candidates has the highest priority for political parties in determining their endorsements in regional head elections. Meanwhile, the acceptability aspect refers to the dominant acceptance of all elites, cadres, and the mass base of supporters of the selected candidate. Electability is also a priority, although it is considered that electability trends are dynamic and able to change based on the level of competition. The behavior of political party elite actors and local head candidates eventually forms a rational choice pattern that makes local democracy backsliding.

An assessment of the role of safety in digital nomads' destination selections

PurposeThe safety-related features of destinations affect tourist experiences and consequently influence destination choices. This research investigates the role of spatial profile and safety in the destination choices of digital nomads.Design/methodology/approachThe study was designed using the multi-research method. To determine the spatial patterns of digital nomads' destination choices, Getis-Ord’s Gi is utilized, and spatial regression techniques are employed to ascertain the role of safety in these choices.FindingsThe main result of the research is that the most visited cities are spatially clustered in Asia, Europe and America. In this regard, digital nomads' destination choices exhibit similarities to those of traditional tourists. However, safety plays a significant role in destination preferences.Originality/valueThe research findings provide valuable insight into the relationship between digital nomads' travel preferences and safety, thereby serving as a significant source of information for destination marketing and management.

The sign effect in temporal discounting does not require the hippocampus

When considering future outcomes, humans tend to discount gains more than losses. This phenomenon, referred to as the temporal discounting sign effect, is thought to result from the greater anticipated emotional impact of waiting for a negative outcome (dread) compared to waiting for a positive outcome (mixture of savoring and impatience). The impact of such anticipatory emotions has been proposed to rely on episodic future thinking. We evaluated this proposal by examining the presence and magnitude of a sign effect in the intertemporal decisions of individuals with hippocampal amnesia, who are severely impaired in their ability to engage in episodic mental simulation, and by comparing their patterns of choices to those of healthy controls. We also measured loss aversion, the tendency to assign greater value to losses compared to equivalent gains, to verify that any reduction in the sign effect in the hippocampal lesion group could not be explained by a group difference in loss aversion. Results showed that participants with hippocampal amnesia exhibited a sign effect, with less discounting of monetary losses compared to gains, that was similar in magnitude to that of controls. Loss aversion, albeit greater in the hippocampal compared to the control group, did not account for the sign effect. These results indicate that the sign effect does not depend on the integrity of hippocampally mediated episodic processes. They suggest instead that the impact of anticipatory emotions can be factored into decisions via semantic future thinking, drawing on non-contextual knowledge about oneself.

Spatial patterns of intra-urban mobility and urban residential choices in Makurdi town, Benue State, Nigeria

Spatial patterns of intra-urban mobility and urban residential choices in Makurdi town, Benue State, Nigeria

Is Referent Reintroduction More Vulnerable to Crosslinguistic Influence? An Analysis of Referential Choice among Japanese–English Bilingual Children

This study aims to examine whether a crosslinguistic influence (CLI) is exerted on the referring expressions of the spoken narratives of Japanese–English bilingual children in different discourse contexts. Thirteen early bilingual (school-age) children separately presented Japanese and English narratives for a wordless picture book and a speechless video clip. Further, seven Japanese and nine English monolingual children participated as controls. The linguistic devices that the children adopted to introduce, reintroduce, and maintain the topic were compared with those of their monolingual controls to detect any CLI. As predicted, CLI for English on Japanese was observed but not vice versa. In Japanese, bilinguals utilize significantly more noun phrases (NPs) compared with their monolingual counterparts. More crucially, this was observed only in the referent reintroduction context, indicating that only discourse contexts that require the integration of much pragmatic information may be vulnerable to English influence. Null forms are barely utilized in English narratives; thus, no influence from Japanese was observed. We present the referential choice patterns in the elicited spoken narratives of bilingual school-age children acquiring an under-researched language pair. By controlling for the discourse context, we demonstrate that CLI is more likely to manifest in the reintroduction context. These findings offer additional evidence for the interface and structural overlap hypothesis, further highlighting the criticality of considering information structure as an influencing condition.

Shopping trips and deliveries then and now: How the behavioral shift differs by income level and urban size

Online shopping has significantly increased for the past decade. As e-commerce grows and evolves since its first appearance, consumers’ shopping behaviors also change, leading to the co-evolution of people’s shopping trips and urban freight deliveries. This co-evolution has important impacts on traffic, vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) and parking demand in the short term, and is expected to influence residential choice and land-use patterns in the long term. However, the existing studies have not examined how the relationship among shopping channels changed over time. To address this knowledge gap, this research investigated how the complex relationship between delivery and in-store shopping trips changed from when e-commerce was relatively small to a stabilized stage, i.e., from 2009 to 2017, using the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data. The results from path analyses showed that the relationships among delivery, non-motorized shopping trip, and motorized shopping trip significantly shifted during an eight-year period. Not only the relationship among shopping channels but also the impacts of socio-demographic factors on shopping had changed over time. Furthermore, the behavioral shift varied by income level and urban size. This research is the first attempt investigating a heterogeneous historical trend from the transportation perspective. An understanding of how the relationship has been shifted and affected by income and urban environments will provide valuable insights into proactively planning and establishing freight demand management as well as addressing the inequality issue. The lessons learned will also be of assistance to better understand how consumers will respond to the emerging freight delivery service forms (e.g., prepared meals and grocery delivery) and their impacts on both passenger and freight transportation systems.

RIDGE, a tool tailored to detect gene flow barriers across species pairs.

Characterizing the processes underlying reproductive isolation between diverging lineages is central to understanding speciation. Here, we present RIDGE-Reproductive Isolation Detection using Genomic polymorphisms-a tool tailored for quantifying gene flow barrier proportion and identifying the relevant genomic regions. RIDGE relies on an Approximate Bayesian Computation with a model-averaging approach to accommodate diverse scenarios of lineage divergence. It captures heterogeneity in effective migration rate along the genome while accounting for variation in linked selection and recombination. The barrier detection test relies on numerous summary statistics to compute a Bayes factor, offering a robust statistical framework that facilitates cross-species comparisons. Simulations revealed RIDGE's efficiency in capturing signals of ongoing migration. Model averaging proved particularly valuable in scenarios of high model uncertainty where no migration or migration homogeneity can be wrongly assumed, typically for recent divergence times <0.1 2Ne generations. Applying RIDGE to four published crow data sets, we first validated our tool by identifying a well-known large genomic region associated with mate choice patterns. Second, while we identified a significant overlap of outlier loci using RIDGE and traditional genomic scans, our results suggest that a substantial portion of previously identified outliers are likely false positives. Outlier detection relies on allele differentiation, relative measures of divergence and the count of shared polymorphisms and fixed differences. Our analyses also highlight the value of incorporating multiple summary statistics including our newly developed outlier ones that can be useful in challenging detection conditions.

Dieta de la Milpa: A Culturally-Concordant Plant-Based Dietary Pattern for Hispanic/Latine People with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) disproportionately affects minorities in the United States, including the Hispanic/Latine population, and is a public health concern in Latin American countries. An emphasis on healthy dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, has been suggested as they are associated with a lower incidence of CKD, slower CKD progression, and lower mortality in kidney failure. However, their applicability may be limited in people from Latin America. The Dieta de la Milpa (Diet of the Cornfield) was recently described as the dietary pattern of choice for people from Mesoamerica (Central Mexico and Central America). This dietary pattern highlights the intake of four plant-based staple foods from this geographical region, corn/maize, common beans, pumpkins/squashes, and chilies, complemented with seasonal and local intake of plant-based foods and a lower intake of animal-based foods, collectively classified into ten food groups. Limited preclinical and clinical studies suggest several health benefits, including cardiometabolic health, but there is currently no data concerning CKD. In this narrative review, we describe and highlight the potential benefits of the Dieta de la Milpa in CKD, including acid-base balance, protein source, potassium and phosphorus management, impact on the gut microbiota, inflammation, and cultural appropriateness. Despite these potential benefits, this dietary pattern has not been tested in people with CKD. Therefore, we suggest key research questions targeting measurement of adherence, feasibility, and effectiveness of the Dieta de la Milpa in people with CKD.

Dopamine activity in the nigrostriatal pathway alters cue-induced risky choice patterns in female rats.

Deficits in cost/benefit decision making is a critical risk factor for gambling disorder. Reward-paired cues may play an important role, as these stimuli can enhance risk preference in rats. Despite extensive research implicating the dorsal striatum in the compulsive aspects of addiction, the role of nigrostriatal dopaminergic activity in cue-induced risk preference remains unclear, particularly in females. Accordingly, we examined the effects of manipulating the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway on cue-induced risky choice in female rats. TH:Cre rats were trained on the cued version of the rat Gambling Task. This task was designed such that maximal reward is attained by avoiding the high-risk, high-reward options and instead favouring the options associated with lower per-trial gains, as they feature less frequent and shorter time-out penalties. Adding reward-paired audiovisual cues to the task leads to greater risky choice on average. To assess the role of the nigrostriatal pathway, a viral vector carrying either Cre-dependent inhibitory or excitatory DREADD was infused into the substantia nigra. Rats then received clozapine-N-oxide either during task acquisition or after a stable performance baseline was reached. Inhibition of this pathway accelerated the development of risk preference in early sessions and increased risky choice during performance, but long-term inhibition actually improved decision making. Activation of this pathway had minimal effects. These results provide evidence for the involvement of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in cue-induced risk preference in females, therefore shedding light on its role in cost/benefit decision-making deficits and expanding our knowledge of the female dopaminergic system.

간호대학생의 진로선택유형에 따른 문제해결능력과 임상수행능력 차이 분석

Objectives This study examined nursing students' Patterns of Career Choice and investigated the difference of problem solving ability and clinical performance ability according to the patterns.&#x0D; Methods The subjects of this study were 195 nursing students in third and fourth grades located in J province, and data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. To analyse the data, Cronbach's α, t-test, ANOVA, χ2-test, Scheffé test were used with an SPSS 20.0 program.&#x0D; Results The patterns of career choice of subjects showed ‘stable pattern'(34.9%), ‘conventional pattern'(30.3%), ‘unstable pattern'(25.1%) and ‘multiple trial pattern'(9.7%). Mean score of subjects was 3.31 problem solving abil-ity score and 3.57 clinical performance ability score. Problem solving ability and clinical performance ability showed a significant difference in patterns of career choice. Problem solving ability showed a significant difference in ap-plication motivation and satisfaction with nursing as a major. Clinical performance ability showed a significant dif-ference in gender and satisfaction with nursing as a major.&#x0D; Conclusions As a result of this study, those with stable career choices and high major satisfaction also showed better problem-solving and clinical skills. This highlights the importance of strengthening the high school-uni-versity link for early career exploration based on students' interests and providing tailored educational programs to enhance satisfaction with major among nursing students.

Overcoming strategic persistence: Effects of multiple scenario analysis on strategic reorientation

AbstractResearch SummaryTo thrive in an unpredictable world, managers must adapt their decision‐making to changing events. However, a major impediment to adaptation is strategic persistence, that is, the tendency to stick with previously successful strategies. We examined whether multiple scenario analysis can help to overcome the dysfunctional effects of strategic persistence. In a laboratory study using a multi‐round strategy simulation that required players to change strategies to succeed, we found that multiple scenario analysis alleviated the effects of strategic persistence by stimulating strategic reorientation, that is, adaptive shifts in patterns of strategic choice. Multiple scenario analysis influenced strategic reorientation indirectly, by fostering belief in a new strategy, and its effectiveness depended on prior performance. We discuss implications for research on the cognitive microfoundations of strategic adaptation.Managerial SummaryWhat can managers do when their previously successful strategy stops working? We found that using multiple scenario analysis, a common strategic planning technique can help decision makers switch to a new strategy. In our study, using a business simulation game that required players to change strategies to succeed, we found that those players who imagined different industry futures as part of a multiple scenario analysis exercise were more likely to believe in new strategies and as a result more likely to switch to the winning strategy. However, this intervention was less effective for players who had high levels of success with the old strategy. We discuss how scenario‐based intervention techniques can be used to assist managers with reorientating to a new strategy.

Sour soup, Tom Yum, or Dongyin? What can a menu tell us about linguistic capital and multilingual development in contemporary Thailand?

ABSTRACT In Bangkok, Thailand, one of the top tourist destinations in the world, foreign language skills in the tourism industry are seen as a form of linguistic capital. Drawing upon the theoretical notion of ‘linguistic capital’, this study aims to investigate the patterns of language choice on Thai food menus and examine the relationship between the language used on a menu and the average price of four selected dishes in Thai restaurants. Fieldwork data were collected from 117 Thai restaurants located in three districts of Bangkok. The findings reveal that Thai-only menus are the most prevalent in Thai restaurants, while Thai-English bilingual menus and Thai-English-Chinese trilingual menus are less common. However, Thai restaurants with bilingual menus have higher average prices than those with monolingual Thai menus and trilingual menus. By triangulating linguistic ethnography with historical documents, this study argues that English-Thai bilingualism will continue to function as linguistic capital in contemporary Bangkok for the foreseeable future. In comparison to the English language, Chinese is merely an additional script on the menu without a superior economic perception. This demonstrates how linguistic values are shaped by glocalised commercial powers, which can help us understand the changing dynamics of linguistic hierarchy in multilingual Asia.

Payments for environmental services with ecological thresholds: farmers’ preferences for a sponsorship bonus

Designing incentives for agri-environmental public good provision with threshold effects calls for payment mechanisms favouring critical mass participation and continuity of commitments at the landscape scale. We conducted a choice experiment to test the acceptability of a bonus in a scheme for improving river water quality in France. We introduce a sponsorship bonus each time the farmer convinces a peer into entering the scheme, which can be combined with a collective result bonus per hectare if the river reaches a higher step on the water quality scale. We consider the involvement of local financers could increase the willingness to pay beyond opportunity costs and income foregone and propose higher levels of payment than agri-environmental schemes. Results suggest a sponsorship bonus on its own is cost-effective. We characterize respondents’ heterogeneity and identify three groups based on choice patterns: (i) “pro-environment individualists”, (ii) “management change averse” farmers, and (iii) “pro-incentive” farmers.

Spatial characteristics of ethnic group localisation in St. Petersburg

Amid ongoing globalisation, large cities are becoming increasingly attractive to migrants, resulting in a more multiethnic population composition, which underscores the growing importance of studying interethnic relations in metropolises. This work aims to explore the spatial localisation of ten ethnic groups residing in St. Petersburg: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Jews, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Tajiks and Moldovans. Using the ethnic concentration coefficient, the study examines the territorial heterogeneity of settlement among the city’s largest ethnic diasporas to identify patterns in residential choice. The data on national composition are derived from all-Russian population censuses. Most national minorities are distributed rather evenly across the city, but the Jewish and Georgian communities are notably concentrated in the central district of St. Petersburg. At the same time, the migration restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic not only decreased the size of the Uzbek and Tajik diasporas, thereby normalising their gender and age distribution but also led to a more even dispersion of these ethnic groups across the city. Currently, there is no evident correlation between the spatial concentration of most ethnic groups in St. Petersburg and their level of social well-being.