Pattern Size Research Articles

Effect of the Samples' Surface With Complex Microscopic Geometry on 3 × 3 Mueller Matrix Measurement of Tissue Bulks.

The clinical in vivo tissue bulks’ surface is always coarse and shows a complex microscopic geometry which may affect the visual effect of polarization images and calculation of polarization parameters of the sample. To confirm whether this effect would cause identification difficulties and misjudgments on the target recognition when performed the polarization imaging based on 3 × 3 Mueller matrix measurement, cylindrical type and slope type physical models were used to study and analyze the effect of the surface with complex microscopic geometry on the polarization images. Then, clinical tumor bulk samples were used to interact with different sizes of patterns to simulate the different complex microscopic geometry and test the coarse surface effect on polarization images. Meanwhile, assessment parameters were defined to evaluate and confirm the variation between two polarization images quantitatively. The results showed that the polarization imaging of the sample surface with the complex microscopic geometry led to acceptable visual effect and limited quantitative variation on the value of polarization parameters and assessment parameters, and it caused no identification difficulties on target recognition, indicating that it is feasible to apply the polarization imaging based on 3 × 3 Mueller matrix measurement on clinical in vivo tissues with the complex microscopic geometry sample surface.

Effect of Heat-Treating on Microstructure and High Cycle Bending Fatigue Behavior of AZ91 and AZE911 Magnesium Alloys

This article investigates the influences of heat-treating on the microstructures and the high cycle fatigue (HCF) properties of AZ91 and AZE911 (AZ91 + 1%RE) magnesium alloys. For such an objective, AZ91 and AZE911 alloys were used after solution treatment at 415°C for 5 hours aged at 215°C for 3 hours and at 215°C for 5 hours, respectively. To investigate the HCF behavior, a rotational bending fatigue test was performed with stress ratio (R) −1 and frequency of 100 Hz at room temperature. Optical microscopy (OM) study demonstrates that heat treatment leads to a reduction in grain size and transformation of continuous and discontinuous precipitations into needle-shaped precipitations, which are located on the grains of the alpha phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed both marks of quasicleavage and cleavage on the fracture surface of specimens. These planes indicated the brittle behavior of the fracture. Moreover, in heat-treated specimens, the size of cleavage patterns was smaller, and microcracks were shorter. These behaviors affected the strength of the material and the fatigue lifetime. The results of mechanical tests show a negligible influence of heat-treating on the HCF behaviors of AZ91-T6 and AZE911-T6 alloys. Stress-lifetime curves (S-N) show an increase in fatigue strength in 3.8 × 105 fatigue cycles, from 95 MPa to 125 MPa for the AZ91-T6 alloy and from 125 MPa to 155 MPa for the AZE911-T6 alloy, after heat treatment.

Effect of surface-patterned topographies of ceramic membranes on the filtration of activated sludge and their interaction with different particle sizes

The main benefits of surface patterning on filtration membranes are two-fold: (1) surface patterns increase the effective filtration area, and (2) enhance the back diffusion of foulants to minimise membrane fouling. Although the influence of pattern sizes has been revealed, the relationship between pattern sizes and foulant particle sizes has not been systematically studied. In this study, we fabricated ceramic membranes with line patterns of various designed topographies through 3D printing and investigated their differences in fouling alleviation with activated sludge and 5 latex particle sizes with narrow size distributions. Combinations of three pattern heights ( h = 80, 120, 250 μm) and three pattern spacings ( s = 200, 500, 1000 μm) were prepared in this study. Membrane fouling rates were affected by the topography, even after accounting for differences in the effective surface areas. Structures with high height (Pattern HM) performed poorly and had the highest fouling rate in activated sludge filtration compared to the rest of the patterns. The average rate of transmembrane pressure increase for HM was 2.48 ± 0.07 kPa/min, 3 times higher than that of the best performing design (Pattern MM). The same phenomenon was observed for monodispersed latex microspheres. Moreover, we found that the fouling rate varied with h , s and particle size ( a ) and increased with a/(s/h) ratio. For the activated sludge and range of latex particles tested, a combination of h = 120 μm and s = 500 μm (Pattern MM) was the overall best design for fouling alleviation. Our findings provide an effective pathway to achieve maximum benefits of the surface-patterned ceramic membrane according to particle sizes, e.g., the s/h ratio must be designed to increase for the treatment of larger particles. • Appropriate surface patterning on ceramic membrane reduced membrane fouling. • Topographies of line patterns were important considerations for design. • Particle diameter ( a ), pattern height ( h ) and pattern spacing ( s ) studied. • Fouling rate increased with a/(s/h) ratio. • Combination of h = 120 μm and s = 500 μm was best for fouling alleviation.

Characterizing Heparin Tetrasaccharides Binding to Amyloid-Beta Peptide.

The aggregation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is one potential cause for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Heparin can either promote or inhibit Aβ aggregation. The sulfation pattern and chain size determine its binding affinity and its role. Using 2D-NMR analysis and molecular modelling, the binding motif of heparin oligoaccharides to Aβ was determined to be HexA-GlcNS-IdoA2S-GlcNS6S. Iduronic acid epimerization and 6-O-sulfation are key factors for the binding affinity, while 3-O-sulfation of Arixtra (heparin pentasaccharide) is not involved in the binding to Aβ. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) was used to study the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-peptide complex and identified V12HHQKL17 as the binding site of GAG at Aβ. Furthermore, an MTT assay was applied to evaluate the anti-Aβ fibril formation function of heparin tetrasaccharide, and indicated that the heparin tetrasaccharide with the defined sequence represents a promising inhibitor of Aβ aggregation.

Morphological Differentiation of Ventral Tarsal Setae and Surface Sculpturing of Theraphosids (Araneae: Theraphosidae) With Different Types of Lifestyles

Abstract The ventral surfaces of tarsi in spiders in the infraorder Mygalomorphae group play a key role in locomotion and burrow and nest construction. In our research, we analyzed the diversity of setae and patterns of sculpturing on tarsi in three species with different life strategies: a burrowing spider Brachypelma smithi (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897), a ground-dwelling spider, Pterinochilus murinus Pocock, 1897, and a arboreal spider, Poecilotheria regalis Pocock, 1899. We showed the presence of three types of setae on the ventral side of tarsi: plumose setae, short-haired spiniform setae, and spirally striated setae. Plumose setae were differentiated within a tarsus and their apical sections among the studied species, while the microtriched ensiform and spirally striated setae did not differ. All setae were characterized by a similar structure. Little differentiation was observed in the number and location of setae on the tarsi of the studied species. Spirally striated setae were absent in the burrowing spiders. In contrast, the shape and size of the sculpturing pattern varied among the studied species. The greatest differentiation was found in the burrowing and ground-dwelling spiders, while the smallest differentiation was found in the arboreal spider. We discuss our findings in relation to preferred habitats, the biology of the spiders, and adaptation of sculpturing and setae on spider feet to surface type. The morphology and diversity of setae and sculpturing patterns on the ventral side of tarsi in P. murinus was reported for the first time.

Design Strategy for Nanostructured Arrays of Metallodielectric Cuboids to Systematically Tune the Optical Response and Eliminate Spurious Bulk Effects in Plasmonic Biosensors

Plasmonic biosensors are a powerful tool for studying molecule adsorption label-free and with high sensitivity. Here, we present a systematic study on the optical properties of strictly regular nanostructures composed of metallodielectric cuboids with the aim to deliberately tune their optical response and improve their biosensing performance. In addition, the patterns were tested for their potential to eliminate spurious effects from sensor response, caused by refractive index changes in the bulk solution. Shifts in the plasmonic spectrum are exclusively caused by the adsorbing molecules. For this purpose, nanopatterns of interconnected and separated cubes with dimensions ranging from 150 to 600 nm have been fabricated from poly(methyl methacrylate) using electron-beam lithography followed by metallization with gold. It is shown that a small lateral pattern size, a high aspect ratio, and short connection lengths are favorable to generate extinction spectra with well-separated and pronounced peaks. Furthermore, for selected nanostructures, we have been able to identify reflection angles for which the influence of the bulk refractive index on the position of the plasmonic peaks is negligible. It is shown that sensor operation under these angles enables monitoring of in situ biomolecule adsorption with high sensitivity providing a promising tool for high-throughput applications.

3D patterned electrodes for ultra-low platinum fuel cells

In this study, a new fabrication technique, template-assisted electrospinning/electrospraying (E/E), was developed and successfully produced organized-structured nanofiber-nanoparticle electrodes with well-defined 3D hexagonal patterned arrays of various pattern sizes ( i.e. , pattern diameters of 40, 80, 160, and 360 μm). At similar ultra-low platinum loadings ( ca. 0.06 mg Pt cm −2 ), the 80 μm diameter hexagonal patterned electrodes exhibited 14% higher fuel cell power densities and 68% higher electrochemical surface area compared to the random electrode analogs (without patterns). Among different pattern sizes, electrodes with an 80 μm diameter hexagonal pattern resulted in the highest fuel cell platinum utilization and lowest electrode resistance. Additionally, patterned electrodes with smaller diameters achieved improved mechanical stiffness compared to random oriented electrodes. Compared to electrodes produced via conventional techniques and ink-based patterning techniques, the template-assisted E/E technique provides a versatile platform for investigating the effect of pattern type and size on fuel cell platinum utilization under ultra-low platinum loadings. • 3D patterned electrodes via template-assisted electrospinning/electrospraying. • Nanofiber-nanoparticle electrodes with well-defined hexagonal patterned arrays. • High platinum utilization at ultra-low platinum loadings. • 80 μm hexagonal pattern size resulted in the highest fuel cell performance.

Printed Tapered Leaky-Wave Antennas for W-Band Frequencies

Despite their great potential in communication and sensing applications, printed leaky-wave antennas have rarely been reported at mm-wave frequencies. In this paper, tapered leaky-wave antennas operating at 80 GHz are designed, fabricated and experimentally characterized. While most continuous leaky-wave antennas use subwavelength strips or other comparably small elements, in this work, the surface impedance is discretized very coarsely using only three square patches per period. With this architecture, a wide range of surface reactance can be achieved while maintaining a minimum feature size of the metallic pattern that is feasible for printed circuit fabrication. As the analytical solution for the bandstructure of sinusoidally modulated reactance surfaces is inaccurate for coarse discretization, we find it using full-wave simulation. In order to control side lobes effectively, we use a tapered aperture illumination according to the Taylor one-parameter distribution. A comprehensive experimental demonstration is presented, including near-field and far-field measurements. Therewith, we verify the designed aperture illumination and we reveal the origin of spurious far-field features. Side lobes are effectively suppressed and spurious radiation is reduced to -18 dB compared to the main lobe.

Fabrication of color-toned micro/nanopattern surface by submerged photosynthesis method

Nanosurface patterning can be advantageous for novel opto-electrical devices application. In this study, we utilized the electron beam lithography (EBL) technique to fabricate ZnO nanorods(NRs)/ZnO/Si surface nanopatterning via galvanic submerged photo-synthesis of crystallites (G-SPSC) method, which combines galvanic reactions between two semiconducting surfaces and a photo-induced crystallization in water. By controlling the UV illumination time, high aspect ratio of ZnO NRs were precisely grown on 500 nm size of circular, linear, and lattice patterns. Using bromothymol blue (BTB) gel, a “photo-induced” galvanic reaction was visualized in G-SPSC. Room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) results dictates oxygen vacancy (VO), ZnO/Si interface luminescence, as well as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomena on the ZnO NRs/ZnO/Si surface. Distinct luminescence behavior was illustrated by color-toned surface patterning (CTSP), opening a possibility for facile fabrication of miniaturized LED application in nanoscale surface area.

DRIE 시스템을 이용한 식각 공정에서 RF 소스 전력과 PR 패턴 사이즈가 깊은 Silicon Via 측벽 표면 형상에 미치는 영향 평가

It has been very difficult to etch deep silicon via with photo-resist (PR) during deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process because of the erosion of PR and the formation of vertical striations. The effects of RF source power and PR pattern size were researched on the etch rate, via top size and etch depth. The PR mask patterns with 10 μm thickness were composed of 10, 20, 30 and 40 μm squares. The etch rates and the etch profiles of deep silicon vias were monitored by the cross sectional FE-SEM images. As the RF source power and PR pattern size were increased, we obtained higher etch rate and deeper etch profiles. However, we observed the vertical striations at the surface of deep silicon vias at higher RF source power.

Influence of process parameters on particle characteristics using a combined pressure-swirl-gas atomizer

Abstract This paper summarizes the latest results in the development of a combined pressure-swirl-gas atomizer. The main goals of this investigation are to characterize the generated metal powders in terms of spray pattern and particle size distribution. With the combined pressure-swirl-gas atomizer it is possible to create 150 kg h – 1 of tin powder with mass medians between 30 and 110 μm (tin alloys) and geometric standard deviations below 1.9 with a nitrogen consumption of 100 kg h – 1. Gas flow and melt mass flow can be varied independently of each other, while their characteristic ratio of mass flows can be held below 0.7, which opens new potential for low gas consumption in gas atomization. The experiments were conducted with water and tin melts as model fluids. The comparison of the dimensionless numbers shows that the model experiments are comparable and basically extendable to other melts as long as the material characteristics allow this.

Biomechanics of skin grafts: effect of pattern size, spacing and orientation

Skin graft expansion is the key to the treatment of severe burn injuries requiring skin transplantation. While high expansions have been claimed by a majority of graft manufacturers, the realistic expansions reported to date with skin grafts are much lower. To clarify this discrepancy, we attempted to understand the biomechanics of skin grafts through the study of common graft pattern sizes, spacing, and orientation, and their influence on mesh expansion and induced stress. A novel skin simulant material and additive manufacturing were employed to develop the skin graft models. Tensile testing experiments were conducted to study expansion and overall stresses, and a finite element model (FEM) was used to characterize the local trends. At low strains (i.e., <1), the mesh expansion ratio was reported to be below 1, which increased up to 1.93 at a high strain of 2. The pattern size and spacing were not observed to affect the expansion much (i.e., <10%). With a change in orientation, the expansion decreased across all graft models and strains. High localized induced stresses were reported for high strains, which varied with graft orientation. The novel observations highlight the achievable expansions without overstressing, with standard slit patterning in skin grafts. These findings will not only help achieve better mesh expansion outcomes in burn surgeries but also guide the development of novel graft patterns for enhanced expansion in the future.

Variation in the colour pattern of the narrow-headed ant Formica exsecta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in European Russia

We determined whether body colour patterns of the narrow-headed Formica exsecta ant can serve as a marker of adaptative strategies in heterogenous environments. The variations in colour were studied in two populations of F. exsecta in central and north western areas in European Russia. A generalised colour scheme of the head and three thorax segments is developed based on a comparative analysis of the colouration of F. exsecta and red wood ants (Formica s. str.). The scheme consists of 23 variants. We found that the colouration of different parts of the body varies independently to a large extent, although a pale (less melanized) head and three thoracic segments often co-occur with paler other parts of the body. We also show that the relationship between colour pattern and body size vary significantly in different complexes. We suggest that these colour variants can be used to study the spatial-temporal phenotypic differentiation of populations and adaptation of ants to microhabitats. The proposed scheme can be used as a convenient tool in future studies to quantify the variation in colour patterns. This scheme should be further tested for its applicability for other species of the subgenus Coptoformica.

A Pilot Exploratory Study to Form Subgroups Using Cluster Analysis of Family Needs Survey Scores for Providing Tailored Support to Parents Caring for a Population-Based Sample of 5-Year-Old Children with Developmental Concerns.

In a population-based developmental screening program, healthcare providers face a practical problem with respect to the formation of groups to efficiently address the needs of the parents whose children are screened positive. This small-scale pilot study explored the usefulness of cluster analysis to form type-specific support groups based on the Family Needs Survey (FNS) scores. All parents (N = 68), who accompanied their 5-year-old children to appointments for formal assessment and diagnostic interviews in the second phase of screening, completed the FNS as part of a developmental questionnaire package. The FNS scores of a full dataset (N = 55) without missing values were subjected to hierarchical and K-means cluster analyses. As the final solution, hierarchical clustering with a three-cluster solution was selected over K-means clustering because the hierarchical clustering solution produced three clusters that were similar in size and meaningful in each profile pattern: Cluster 1—high need for information and professional support (N = 20); Cluster 2—moderate need for information support (N = 16); Cluster 3—high need for information and moderate need for other support (N = 19). The range of cluster sizes was appropriate for managing and providing tailored services and support for each group. Thus, this pilot study demonstrated the utility of cluster analysis to classify parents into support groups, according to their needs.

Application of patterned sapphire substrate for III-nitride light-emitting diodes.

Recent decades have witnessed flourishing prosperity of III-nitride emitters in solid-state lighting and high-resolution displays. As one of the widely used substrates, sapphire shows superiority for heteroepitaxial growth of III-nitride light-emitting diode (LED) structure, due to the advantages of stability, low cost, high mechanical strength, as well as mature fabrication technology. However, realization of efficient LEDs grown on sapphire substrate is impeded by high density of defects in epilayers and low light extraction efficiency. The emergence of patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) turns out to be a promising and effective technology to overcome these problems and enhance the LED performances. In this review, we first introduce the background and recent advances of PSS applied in III-nitride visible and ultraviolet LEDs are. Then, we summarize the fabrication methods of PSS, together with novel methods to define nanometre-scale patterned structures. We further demonstrate the effect of PSS that contributes to reduce the threading dislocation density (TDD) of epilayers in detail. Meanwhile, mechanism of light extraction efficiency enhancement by adopting PSS is presented based on numerical analysis. Next, we explore the influence of PSS structural parameters (e.g. pattern size, pattern shape and aspect ratio) on LED performances, spanning from visible to deep ultraviolet UV emission region. Finally, challenges and potential prospects in PSS for future LED development are proposed and forecasted as well.

A geometric morphometric evaluation of facial hard tissue patterns

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to investigate the size and shape variations of hard tissue patterns in different skeletal relations in Malaysian Malay subjects using the two-dimensional geometric morphometrics method.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 188 lateral cephalograms of adult Malay subjects (aged between 18 and 40 years) with Class I, II, and III skeletal relations were collected. Ten two-dimensional hard tissue landmarks were applied on lateral cephalograms which underwent landmark application and shape analyses as Procrustes ANOVA analysis, principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, and discriminant function analysis. Statistical analyses were performed to find the mean and variance of each landmark using one-way ANOVA. The raw data from shape analysis were used to calculate the link between landmarks.RESULTS:Skeletal relations showed 16 Principal Components which indicated that variances existed in 16 different dimensions. In Procrustes ANOVA, the Centroid size was significantly different in genders and skeletal relations (P < 0.01). Canonical variate analysis showed the highest Mahalanobis distances and Procrustes distances between Class II and III among skeletal relations and between gender groups (P < 0.0001). Discriminant function analysis showed the classification was mostly accurate, especially for Class II and Class III with success rates of 90.6% and 83.3%, respectively, after cross-validation. The statistical analysis showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in hard tissue landmarks.CONCLUSION:There were different ANB angles in different skeletal relations. The GMM could be used as an alternative tool for diagnosis and treatment planning for craniofacial shape evaluations for future orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons.

Association of Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Expression with Breast Cancer Metastasis in Iran.

Background: Metastasis is an important factor in the survival estimate of patients with breast cancer. The present study aimed to examine the frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) expression in relation to the metastatic site, pattern, and tumor size in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC).Methods: In this retrospective study, the medical records of patients diagnosed with MBC at Motahari Clinic (Shiraz, Iran) during 2017-2019 were examined. Metastasis was confirmed using computed tomography, and a total of 276 patients were included in the study. Based on the expression of receptors, the patients were categorized into luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and TNBC groups. The frequency and percentage of receptors in relation to the metastatic site, size, and pattern were compared using the Chi square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The frequency of receptor positivity in the 276 selected medical records were of the subtype HER2-enriched (n=48), luminal A (n=43), luminal B (n=146), and TNBC (n=39). The most common metastatic sites were the bones (47.1%), lungs (34.4%), liver (27.9%), brain (20.3%), and other organs (12.7%). The first site of metastasis occurred in the bones (36.6%), lungs (17.4%), liver (15.6%), brain (10.5%), and other organs (7.6%). The frequency of receptor expression was different in relation to the first metastatic site (P=0.024). There was a statistically significant difference between the frequency of receptor expression in patients with bone (P=0.036), brain (P=0.031), and lung (P=0.020) metastases. The frequency of receptor expression was also significantly different in relation to the size of liver metastasis (P=0.009). Luminal A and B subtypes showed higher rates of bone metastasis as the first metastatic site.Conclusion: The difference in the frequency of receptor expression in relation to the metastatic site and tumor size can be used as predictive and prognostic factors in patients with breast cancer.

A Deep Learning Approach for the Detection of Neovascularization in Fundus Images Using Transfer Learning

Patients with diabetes are at risk of developing a retinal disorder called Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). One of the main characteristics of PDR is the development of neovascularization, a condition in which abnormal blood vessels are formed on the retina. This condition can cause blindness if it is not detected and treated early. Numerous studies have proposed different image processing techniques for detecting neovascularization in fundus images. However, because of its random growth pattern and small size, neovascularization remains challenging to detect. Hence, deep learning techniques are becoming more prevalent in neovascularization identification because of their ability to perform automatic feature extraction on objects with complex features. In this paper, a method of neovascularization detection based on transfer learning is proposed. The performance of the transfer learning method is investigated using four pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, which include AlexNet, GoogLeNet, ResNet18, and ResNet50. In addition, an improved network based on the combination of ResNet18 and GoogLeNet is proposed. Evaluation on 1174 retinal image patches showed that the proposed network could achieve 91.57&#x0025;, 85.69&#x0025;, 97.44&#x0025;, and 97.10&#x0025; of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision, respectively. We demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms each individual CNN for neovascularization detection. It also shows better performance compared to another method that utilized deep learning models for feature extraction and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification.

Correlation of Nuclear Morphometry with Clinicopathologic Parameters in Malignant Breast Aspirates.

Shilpa GargBackground Nuclear size, shape, chromatin pattern, and nucleolar size and number have all been reported to change in breast cancer. Aim The aim of the study was to quantify nuclear changes on malignant breast aspirates using morphometry and to correlate the morphometric parameters with clinicopathologic features such as cytologic grade, tumor size, lymph node status, mitotic index, and histopathologic grade. Materials and Methods Forty-five cases of carcinoma breast diagnosed on cytology were included in this study. Cytologic grading was performed as per the Robinson's cytologic grading system. Nuclear morphometry was done on Papanicolaou stained smears. One hundred nonoverlapping cells per case were evaluated. Both geometrical and textural parameters were evaluated. Results Comparison of cytologic grades with most morphometric features (nuclear area, perimeter, shape, long axis, short axis, intensity, total run length, and TI homogeneity) was highly significant on statistical analysis. Correlation with tumor size yielded significant results for nuclear area, perimeter, long and short axes, and intensity with p < 0.05. The study of lymph node status and morphometry showed a highly significant statistical association with all the parameters. Mitotic count was significantly associated with all the geometric parameters and one textural parameter (total run length). On correlation of ductal carcinoma in situ and histopathological Grades 1 to 3 with morphometry, it was found that all the parameters except long–run emphasis were highly significant with p < 0.001. Conclusion Morphometry as a technique holds immense promise in prognostication in breast carcinoma.

USE OF ONLINE INFORMATION BY THE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH STUDENTS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF RESEARCH DISTRICT LAHORE

Academics, especially research students, are increasingly using online data assets (OIRs). According to statistics, MS students and college and university graduates both decide how frequently they use social networking platforms. The file also reveals that one of the most popular reasons college students apply to University Research University College is a "passion for evaluating data." Online reporting resources have appeared since the inception of the Internet, and these resources are becoming more and more well-liked among Internet users, particularly academics, researchers, and college students. These online knowledge sources have positive influence on Pakistan's study lifestyle as well. As a result, Pakistan has a more suited research culture. To do this, consider reading record ownership forms online; learn about the OIRs' offer and amount of importance; access to styles; access to methods; and the applicability of various types. With the study's goals in mind, quantitative study methods were used, and questionnaires were created to gather information from the respondents. A total of 18 people (60%) and 12 public universities (40 participants) took part in this poll. Out of 200 university studies, 16 (8% of the total) are from public institutions, and 80 (forty&#x0D; %) are from non-public universities in the area. 104 with an average pattern size (fifty-two present). In terms of gender ratio, 94 (47%) of the respondents were male and 146 (73%) were female, which is a fair response. Facts took on a numerical form and included scales for nominal, ordinal, programming language, and length ratio. More statistical resources are available to research undergraduates at public research universities than at private institutions. They needed more possessions and more access to options for the investigation's direction and craft. Standard because, at this time, university students studying humanities, social sciences, and technology most frequently access patterns through search engines like yahoo and google.