Pattern Size Research Articles

Size of dislocation patterns induced by Vickers indentation in hydride vapor-phase epitaxy GaN

3D dislocation structures induced by Vickers indentation depending on the imprint size are precisely investigated using an alternation of cathodoluminescence and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), multiphoton excitation photoluminescence, and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy under a load range within a constant Vickers hardness. The dislocation structures are composed of a rosette pattern, a flower pattern, and a triangular area. The flower pattern distribution is dispersive along the z direction. The determined penetration depth of the dislocations by practical CMP is almost the same as the length of the imprint diagonal (d1). The dimensions of the individual patterns in the dislocation structure can be described as multiples of d1. That is, the geometric similarity between the imprint size and the dimensions of the dislocation structure is confirmed. This suggests that the dimensions of the dislocation structures induced under scratch can be estimated by measuring the width of the scratch. This shows that a simple method may be developed to determine the maximum thickness of the affected layer over the entire wafer area and the ability to develop low-cost GaN wafers free of affected layers.

Temporally Arrested Breath Figure.

Since its original conception as a tool for manufacturing porous materials, the breath figure method (BF) and its variations have been frequently used for the fabrication of numerous micro- and nanopatterned functional surfaces. In classical BF, reliable design of the final pattern has been hindered by the dual role of solvent evaporation to initiate/control the dropwise condensation and induce polymerization, alongside the complex effects of local humidity and temperature influence. Herein, we provide a deterministic method for reliable control of BF pore diameters over a wide range of length scales and environmental conditions. To this end, we employ an adapted methodology that decouples cooling from polymerization by using a combination of initiative cooling and quasi-instantaneous UV curing to deliberately arrest the desired BF patterns in time. Through in situ real-time optical microscopy analysis of the condensation kinetics, we demonstrate that an analytically predictable self-similar regime is the predominant arrangement from early to late times O(10–100 s), when high-density condensation nucleation is initially achieved on the polymer films. In this regime, the temporal growth of condensation droplets follows a unified power law of D ∝ t. Identification and quantitative characterization of the scale-invariant self-similar BF regime allow fabrication of programmed pore size, ranging from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers, at high surface coverage of around 40%. Finally, we show that temporal arresting of BF patterns can be further extended for selective surface patterning and/or pore size modulation by spatially masking the UV curing illumination source. Our findings bridge the gap between fundamental knowledge of dropwise condensation and applied breath figure patterning techniques, thus enabling mechanistic design and fabrication of porous materials and interfaces.

Laser interference induced dielectrophoresis for cell manipulation

In this paper, laser interference induced dielectrophoresis (LIIDEP) was presented for cell manipulation and three-dimensional array assembly. Two-beam and three-beam interference systems were built to manipulate yeast cells in deionized water. When the laser power was 60 μW and the sinusoidal AC signal was 6 V at 10 kHz, the two-beam interference pattern manipulated the cells into a single-row array distribution. For three-beam interference, when the laser power was 70 μW and the frequency was 4.5 kHz, the voltage of 2.5 V enabled each spot to control one cell, and 7.5 V enabled many spots to control multiple cells. When the cell concentration was 2 × 107 cells/mL and the electrical signal was 8 V and 4.5 kHz, the cells were assembled into a three-dimensional columnar array. The feature size of laser interference pattern was adjusted to microscale and maintained sharp boundaries, which effectively improved the manipulation accuracy. Compared to the projector or laser as the ODEP light source, LIIDEP has the advantages of high manipulation resolution, good contrast and large dielectrophoretic force. This work provides an effective way for high resolution three-dimensional array manipulation and assembly of a large number of living cells on the microscale in liquid environments.

The influence of reaction and annealing temperature on physical and magnetic properties of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles : Hydrothermal method

Pure copper ferrite nanoparticles (CuFe2O4 NPs) were synthesized by using a simple hydrothermal method and annealed at different levels of temperatures. The single–phase cubic spinel structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern and average crystallite size was found to increase from 34 to 42 nm as the annealing temperature increases. FT-IR spectra confirmed metal oxides Fe-O and Cu-O, the formation of pure spinel magnetic copper ferrite nanoparticles. The five Raman active modes of vibrations confirmed the cubic structure of prepared yield (A1g + Eg + 3T2g). The average particle size identified by TEM analysis exists within the nano range with cubic structures. The magnitudes of the zeta potential indicated the potential stability and surface charge of the nanoparticles. The pore size was estimated by BJH technique and the obtained distribution as 18.5 nm in diameter. The optical study revealed the decreasing nature of the bandgap with increasing annealing temperature. The dielectric parameters were analysed with varying frequency range and it was observed that decreasing nature of dielectric loss is suitable for microwave application. The influence of annealing temperature revealed the increase of saturation magnetization, remanence and coercivity owing to the increased crystallite size. The electrochemical analyses of as-prepared and the annealed (750 °C) CuFe2O4 NPs exhibited high specific capacitance at a low scan rate which indicates the good result for supercapacitor application.

Thermal physiology, foraging pattern, and worker body size interact to influence coexistence in sympatric polymorphic harvester ants (Messor spp.)

Thermal physiology, foraging pattern, and worker body size interact to influence coexistence in sympatric polymorphic harvester ants (Messor spp.)

Cloud Based QR Code for Confidential Message

The QR code was created to be used for data storage and high-speed reading applications. QR codes are used to connect important world products that have been tagged with a QR code to the internet. A new QR code with two storage cloud layers is proposed: a private cloud and a public cloud. The private cloud is imperceptible to typical QR code perusers. It can also be utilized for archive verification. It comprises data encoded utilizing QR code with a blunder revision limit, which assists with further developing the first record from a duplicate and the QR code storage limit. The public cloud is, in many cases, perused by many. While the public level is created by replacing dark modules with clear finished designs, the private level is created by replacing dark modules with clear finished designs. This confirmation is addressed by being aware of the print-and-scan process's used finish. The acknowledgement method is commonly used in both private message exchange and confirmation situations. The capacity limit is frequently worked on by increasing the number of code letters in order Q or increasing the size of a two-level QR code for secret messages. When the coding alphabet QR is increased or the pattern size is increased, the storage capacity is frequently significantly increased.

Status and ecology of forest ungulates in the Dja Faunal Reserve, Cameroon

Abstract Ungulates have undergone major declines in Central and West African forests as a result of bushmeat trade and habitat loss. Monitoring forest ungulate status is a critical conservation need. We undertook a systematic camera-trap survey of the 5260 km2 Dja Faunal Reserve, Cameroon’s largest protected area. We deployed cameras at 305 sites in eight grids across the reserve over 28,277 camera-trap days. We recorded 30,601 independent detections of 12 species of forest ungulate. The blue and Peters’ duikers were the most abundant, accounting for 82% of all ungulate detections, both with occupancy >85% in all survey grids. The black-fronted duiker was relatively widespread but rare. The white-bellied duiker and water chevrotain were found mostly in the southern part of the reserve. There were very few detections of sitatunga, forest buffalo and bongo. Our results suggest ecological partitioning among the more abundant duikers based on activity pattern and body size. The reserve faces many pressures including illegal subsistence and commercial hunting. Community surveillance and partnerships, with improved law enforcement are among measures being implemented by the Cameroon government to enhance security and ensure retention of the reserve’s World Heritage status.

Targeted drug delivery to the inferior meatus cavity of the nasal airway using a nasal spray device with angled tip

Background and Objective: Nowadays, by advancement in computational tools, Computational Fluid and Particle Dynamics (CFPD) technique can be used more than ever. The main aim of this study is using a nasal spray device with angled tip to deliver drug particles to the inferior meatus cavity for treatment purposes. In the present study, the drug delivery to the lower regions of the nasal cavity will be improved that has been considered less in the literature.Methods: For this purpose, a spray with an angled tip was used, and the deposition of sprayed particles was compared with a spray with a straight tip. Based on the objectives presented above, a realistic model of the nasal route, including facial geometry, and paranasal sinuses obtained from a series of Computed tomography (CT) scan images, as well as the geometry of a nasal spray with two types of tip were developed.Results: It is observed that by using the spray with the straight tip, particles were mainly deposited in the middle and superior regions of the nasal cavity and no particles entered the inferior meatus airway. The results proved that the spray with the angled tip improved the regional deposition percentage in the inferior meatus cavity up to 2.4% of the total sprayed particles and 1 mg drug mass delivered to this region. The majority of these particles had a diameter between 15–55 µm and that could be considered by spray designers to produce more compatible sprays with the targeted region. Also, most particles were deposited near the inferior meatus cavity and so there is a strong chance to be absorbed and delivered to this region.Conclusion: The deposition pattern and particle size contour due to the spray with the angled tip can give sight to the designers and producers of nasal sprays to build more efficient types for better targeted drug delivery purposes. With this spray type, deposited particles were observed in the inferior meatus that never happened with the straight type. Also, the angled tip of the nasal spray shows the benefit of the ease of use for the user.

Microplastics Determination in Gastrointestinal Tracts of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Gilt-Head Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).

Microplastic pollution has an extremely widespread distribution, to the extent that microplastics could be ingested by aquatic organisms, including species of commercial importance for fisheries and aquaculture. In this work, the anthropogenic particles content of the gastrointestinal tracts of 86 individuals of cultivated European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, n = 45) and gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata, n = 41) from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) was determined. Samples were bought at local markets and directly transported to the laboratory. After the dissection of the fishes and digestion of the gastrointestinal tracts in 10% KOH (w/v) at 60 °C for 24 h, the digests were filtered (50 µm stainless-steel mesh) and visualized under a stereomicroscope, finding that most of the items were colourless (47.7% for Dicentrarchus labrax and 60.9% for Sparus aurata) and blue (35.3% vs. 24.8%) microfibers, with an average length of 1957 ± 1699 µm and 1988 ± 1853 µm, respectively. Moreover, 15.3% of the microfibres were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, showing the prevalence of cellulosic fibres together with polyester, polyacrylonitrile, and poly(ether-urethane). This pattern (microplastics shapes, colours, sizes, and composition) clearly agrees with previous studies carried out in the Canary Islands region regarding the determination of microplastics in the marine environment.

Series of experiments performed with the droplet evaporation method on low potencies

Introduction: Homeopathic preparations in low potencies, containing still measurable quantities of the starting substance, constitute a unique research field in homeopathic basic research. Here a series of experiments is presented carried out by means of the droplet evaporation method (DEM), investigating the specificity of the method, and presumed effects of the succussion procedure applied in the production of homeopathic preparations. Methods: DEM analysis consisted in the evaporation of droplets of the potencies per se placed on microscope slides. Resulting patterns were photographed. Images were evaluated by means of ImageJ software, by measuring grey level distribution, texture, and fractality. The experimentation consisted of four series: (i) screening (1x–6x potencies from 19 substances), (ii) differentiation experiments (2x–6x potencies of Echinacea, Baptisia, Luffa, and Spongia), (iii) differentiation between succussed (100 or 10 times) and unsuccussed samples (Echinacea 2x, Baptisia 3x, Baptisia 4x, Luffa 4x, and Spongia 6x). (iv) investigation of the influence upon the patterns of single compounds present in a remedy complex. The experimental set-up stability was examined by systematic positive control experiments. Results: (i) Homeopathic preparations of mineral origin showed the greatest form variety, whereas those of vegetal origin created fractal patterns in the potency range 2x–4x. (ii) Differentiation of potencies of different origin at the same dilution level was possible from 2x to 4x. (iii) In all potency levels, succussed (100 and 10 times) and unsuccussed variants could be significantly differentiated. Significant differences between all variants were found in some cases in potency levels 4x and higher. In general, application of succussion reduced size, homogeneity, and complexity of the DEM patterns. (iv) Patterns of a remedy complex Luffa 4x - Mercurius bijodatum 9x showed a clear predominance of the Luffa 4x; however also the second component, present in a much lower concentration, influenced significantly the pattern of the remedy complex as also differed significantly from the pattern of succussed water control. Conclusions: The results suggest that DEM is a suitable tool for scientific investigation of homeopathic preparations in the low potency range. DEM might be applied to assess further research questions, such different potentization procedures (vessel shape, overhead volume, material), storing time, and difference between batches.

A transparent ultra-broadband microwave absorber based on flexible multilayer structure

In this work, a transparent ultra-broadband microwave absorber (MA) based on flexible multilayer structure was demonstrated. The designed resonant structure consists of a resistive film pattern of indium tin oxide (ITO) on a flexible substrate PET. By adjusting the size of the resonant layer ITO pattern and the array position arrangement, an ultra-broadband absorption of over 90% is achieved in the frequency range 8.6–75.8 GHz, with a relative absorption bandwidth of 159%. At the same time, the transparent flexible medium polydimethy-lsiloxane (PDMS) and PET substrate are used to obtain good optical transmittance. Due to the quadruple symmetry of the resistive film resonance pattern, MA shows high polarization insensitivity. For TE and TM polarised waves, the proposed MA can maintain an absorption rate greater than 80% as the angle of incidence is increased to 40°. The current distribution of each resonant layer at strong resonant frequency is simulated and analysed to determine the absorption mechanism of MA. A sample consisting of 11 × 11 cells was produced and the experimental measurements were in general consistent with the numerical simulation results. Due to its ultra-wideband absorption characteristics and wide incident angle stability, it has potential application value in the fields of radar stealth system and transparent electromagnetic shielding.

Massive Uncoordinated Multiple Access for Beyond 5G

Existing wireless communication systems have been mainly designed to provide substantial gain in terms of data rates. However, 5G and Beyond will depart from this scheme, with the objective not only to provide services with higher data rates. One of the main goals is to support massive machine-type communications (mMTC) in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. Supporting massive uplink communications for devices with sporadic traffic pattern and short-packet size, as it is in many mMTC use cases, is a challenging task, particularly when the control signaling is not negligible in size compared to the payload. In addition, channel estimation becomes challenging for sporadic and short-packet transmission due to the limited number of employed pilots. In this paper, a new uplink multiple access (MA) scheme is proposed for mMTC, which can support a large number of uncoordinated IoT devices with short-packet and sporadic traffic. The proposed uplink MA scheme removes the overheads associated with the device identifier as well as pilots and preambles related to channel estimation. An alternative mechanism for device identification (DI) is employed, where a unique spreading code is dedicated to each IoT device as identifier. This unique code is simultaneously used for the spreading purpose and DI. Two IoT DI algorithms which employ sparse signal reconstruction methods are proposed to determine the active IoT devices prior to data detection. Specifically, the Bayesian information criterion model order selection method is employed to develop an IoT DI algorithm for unknown and time-varying activity rate. Our proposed MA scheme benefits from a new non-coherent nonlinear multiuser detection algorithm designed on the basis of unsupervised machine learning techniques to enable data detection without <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a priori</i> knowledge on channel state information. For performance improvement, an extension to multiple receive antennas through hard decision combining is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed MA scheme for known and unknown activity rate and high overloading factor is supported by simulation results.

Phase field simulation of electrohydrodynamic jet droplets and printing microstructures on insulating substrates

The phase field technique is a straightforward and effective mathematical model for resolving interfacial problems in E-Jet printing. The paper presents an exhaustive analysis for the Drop-on-demand electrohydrodynamic jet (DoD E-Jet) printing. The study introduces a phase field method to generate a stable cone jet morphology that can allow the production of micron/nano structures on different insulating substrates. Further, the impact of steel needle and quartz capillary were studied on the cone jet morphology for different insulating substrate. In trials, the optimal settings of flow rate and dc positive pulse voltage were adjusted to print drops for numerical simulation verification. However, a distinctive analysis of droplet formation on PET and glass substrates was demonstrated in order to lower droplet size and polarization of residual charges. The model is based on the Taylor–Melcher leaky dielectric model and employs the 2-phase field method to track the interface. The nozzle is capable of producing a magnificent micro-dripping jet and detaching stable drops from the substrate surface. As a result, the results are primarily concerned with droplet diameter and relative permittivity of ink. According to the simulation findings, microdroplets with a diameter of less than 100 μm are created on PET substrate with quick decay of residual charges, whereas drops with a diameter of less than 50 μm are formed on glass substrate. Furthermore, it is demonstrated in studies employing a nozzle with an internal diameter of 360 μm that is fixed to a quartz capillary with a diameter of 50 μm that it takes a significant amount of time, cost and effort. The approach can significantly guide printhead and parameter design for printing on insulating surfaces. It is a more convenient and efficient method for predicting pattern sizes with a small number of trials for MEMS device applications.

Protein Ligand Nanopattern Size Selects for Cellular Adhesion via Hemidesmosomes over Focal Adhesions.

Hemidesmosomes (HDs) are multiprotein complexes that firmly anchor epidermal cells to the basement membrane of skin through the interconnection of the cytoplasmic intermediate filaments with extracellular laminin 332 (Ln332). Considerably less attention has been paid to HDs compared to focal complexes/focal adhesions (FC/FAs) in mechanistic single-cell structures due to the lack of suitable in vitro model systems. Here nanopatterns of Ln332 (100-1000nm) are created to direct and study the formation of HD in adherent HaCaT cells. It is observed that HaCaT cells at Ln 332 nanopatterns adhere via hemidesmosomes, in stark contrast to cells at homogeneous Ln332 surfaces that adhere via FC/FAs. Clustering of α6 integrin is observed at nanopatterned Ln332 of 300nm patches and larger. Cells at 500nm diameter patterns show strong colocalization of α6 integrin with ColXVII or pan-cytokeratin compared to 300nm/1000nm indicating a threshold for HD initiation >100nm but a pattern size selection for maturation of HDs. It is demonstrated that the pattern of Ln332 can determine the cellular selection of adhesion types with a size-dependent initiation and maturation of HDs. The protein nanopatterning approach that is presented provides a new in vitro route to study the role of HDs in cell signaling and function.

Friction wear characteristics of a femtosecond laser-patterned amorphous carbon thin film

In this study, an amorphous carbon thin film on a cemented carbide substrate was prepared with surface micropatterns using femtosecond laser machining. The micropatterns that were considered were made of lines, dotted lines, and zigzag dotted lines. We performed a tribology test using a ball-on-disk friction wear test and investigated the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear amount as a function of pattern size and shape. The micropattern made using femtosecond laser patterning exhibited better friction coefficient properties than the bare amorphous carbon samples. Moreover, the pattern size and shape influenced the friction coefficient value of the patterned samples. The dotted line pattern shape showed superior results in friction coefficient characteristics compared to those of other micropatterns.

Soft-Tissue Analysis of Different Sagittal Skeletal Patterns Using the Geometric Morphometric Method.

This study aimed to investigate the size and shape variations of soft-tissue patterns in different sagittal skeletal patterns using the geometric morphometrics method (GMM) obtained from lateral cephalograms. This is a retrospective study, where the sample comprised of 188 Malaysian Malay subjects aged between 18 and 40 years and with different sagittal skeletal patterns. Overall, 71 males and 117 females were gathered for all size and shape analyses. This study incorporated 11 soft-tissue landmarks, which underwent landmark application using tpsDig2 software version 2.31, while the shape analysis was done using MorphoJ software version 1.07a. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed significant differences in some of the parameters between the landmarks. Length D, Length E, Length F, Length H, and Length I showed significant differences (p < 0.05), while other parameters showed no difference (p > 0.05). The shape variation of soft-tissue landmarks in different skeletal patterns existed in 18 different dimensions which showed by 18 principal components (PCs). Procrustes ANOVA and canonical variate analysis showed the size and shape differences of soft-tissue patterns between Class II and III and gender groups (p < 0.0001). In discriminant function analysis for Class II subjects, the classification accuracy was 98.4%, whereas subsequent to cross-validation, the classification accuracy was 90.6%. For Class III subjects, the classification accuracy was 96.6%, while after cross-validation, the classification accuracy was 90%. Different sagittal skeletal patterns demonstrated different soft-tissue shape variations. Class III showed the most protrusive upper and lower lips, while Class II demonstrated the most retrusive lower lip.

Investigating the Impact of Triangle and Quadrangle Mesh Representations on AGV Path Planning for Various Indoor Environments: With or Without Inflation

In a factory with different kinds of spatial atmosphere (warehouses, corridors, small or large workshops with varying sizes of obstacles and distribution patterns), the robot’s generated paths for navigation tasks mainly depend on the representation of that environment. Hence, finding the best representation for each particular environment is necessary to forge a compromise between length, safety, and complexity of path planning. This paper aims to scrutinize the impact of environment model representation on the performance of an automated guided vehicle (AGV). To do so, a multi-objective cost function, considering the length of the path, its complexity, and minimum distance to obstacles, is defined for a perfect circular robot. Unlike other similar studies, three types of representation, namely quadrangle, irregular triangle, and varying-size irregular triangle, are then utilized to model the environment while applying an inflation layer to the discretized view. Finally, a navigation scenario is tested for different cell decomposition methods and an inflation layer size. The obtained results indicate that a nearly constant coarse size triangular mesh is a good candidate for a fixed-size robot in a non-changing environment. Moreover, the varying size of the triangular mesh and grid cell representations are better choices for factories with changing plans and multi-robot sizes due to the effect of the inflation layer. Based on the definition of a metric, which is a criterion for quantifying the performance of path planning on a representation type, constant or variable size triangle shapes are the only and best candidate for discretization in about 59% of industrial environments. In other cases, both cell types, the square and the triangle, can together be the best representation.

Effects of fuel injection on the combustion and emission performance of a trapped vortex combustor

An experimental study was conducted at atmospheric pressure at 473 K to investigate the effects of fuel injection strategy on the combustion and emission characteristics of a trapped vortex combustor. In the test, the combustor was fueled by a simple pressure-swirl atomizer and novel atomizer to realize a normal circular spray pattern and fan spray pattern, respectively. The combustion and emission characteristics of the combustor were fully examined under a variety of Mach numbers and fuel-to-air ratios. The effects were directly explored in terms of combustion efficiency, pattern factor, and pollutant emissions. The results indicated that the combustion and emission characteristics of the combustor are highly dependent on the fuel injection strategy. When compared to the simple pressure-swirl atomizer, the novel atomizer realized evident advantages in terms of combustion efficiency, pattern factor, and pollutant emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons under a wide range of operating conditions. This is mainly attributed to the suitable spray pattern and smaller droplet size realized by the novel atomizer.

Hurricane resiliency methods for the New York City electric bus fleet

• On-street fast chargers can maintain electric bus service after hurricanes . • Decentralized flood protection and power sources will support chargers. • Charger protection can include mobile generators and pumps. • Further strong protection methods are solar panels and standalone flood barriers. • Flood projections should be used in charger site planning. Electric buses help municipalities reduce emissions and improve resident health. However, they require a steady electricity supply and face challenges from electricity network disruptions after natural disasters. This study examines hurricane vulnerability of two New York City electric bus routes. We use electricity loss and flooding scenarios to determine the critical element of NYC’s electric bus infrastructure: on-street fast chargers, not overnight depot chargers. This conclusion applies for both routes, despite differences in route length, charging pattern, and battery size. Applying existing infrastructure and cost analyses, we conclude that temporary flood barriers around on-street chargers used with diesel generators and solar panels are strong resiliency methods. Additionally, considering flood projections in charger site choices can avoid unexpected costs. These findings are a departure from previous disaster planning focused on centralized bus facilities. As cities work towards fully electric bus fleets, this study and similar analyses can inform transportation resiliency spending.

A Compact Double-Sided FSS Absorbing Wall for Decoupling 5G Antenna Arrays

The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications givesbirth to the evolution of the base stations. They progressively include arrays of antennas in the sub-6 GHz frequency band worldwide. Moreover, 5G takes advantage of the beamforming capabilities to gain power efficiency and higher throughputs. Within this framework, achieving high decoupling performance between any pairs of antennas and compactness at the same time become a major challenge. The present paper describes an advanced solution based on the interposition of a thin and low-profile absorbing wall operating in the 3.4–3.6 GHz frequency band. The absorption is provided by a frequency selective surface whose elementary pattern size is first optimized. Then, the compact absorbing wall that associates back-to-back pieces of absorber is interposed between elements of an antenna array. Moreover, the fabrication of both antenna array and decoupling device involve lightweight and low-cost composite technology. The results show that such a compact decoupling device achieves excellent decoupling capabilities while keeping up the antenna array performance.