Pattern Of Valleys Research Articles

Elsevier's Russian-English Dictionary (review)

Reviews205 Ehevier's Russian-English Dictionary. 1990. Comp., Paul Macura. Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier. Vol. 1-4. 3208 pp. $307.75 U.S. This huge four-volume dictionary is, to my knowledge, the largest available Russian-English dictionary. The compiler claims that it has approximately 240,000 "key entries." The term "key entries" presumably refers to the entries proper, i.e., to non-inflected words. The size of this publication can perhaps be best appreciated when compared to existing Russian dictionaries . The largest such dictionary, the 17-volume Slovar' sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka [A dictionary of contemporary literary Russian] (1950— 1965), is said to have some 120,000 entries (one-half as many as the Elsevier), while the Soviet Russian-English dictionary by A. I. Smirnitsky (Russkoanglijski slovar, revised by O. S. Akhmanova [1985]), has approximately 55,000 entries. To give a more precise indication, the dictionary under review has about 260 entries from sejfto semenovod (2520—25, without inflectional forms and proper nouns), while the Soviet dictionary has 95 entries on one page (573) in this same span. The Oxford Russian-English Dictionary by Wheeler is also shorter than the Elsevier: it is said to have some 70,000 entries. (The compiler ofthe dictionary under review has already published three RussianEnglish dictionaries: two editions ofa dictionary covering electro-technology and allied sciences, in 1971 and 1986, and one of botany in 1982. I have not seen any of these.) The Elsevier is, as Macura says in the preface, the most extensive listing ofvocabulary available to date in the areas of humanities, social sciences, and fine arts. It also contains scientific terminology occurring in such diverse fields as anthropology, biology, botany, chemistry, engineering, geography , geology, medicine, physics, zoology, and various other disciplines . (First page, first paragraph, lines 2—5) (Strange as it may seem, the material in the front matter lacks pagination.) The intended users of the dictionary are students, researchers, translators , and all those who use Russian publications; but the first barrier for many prospective users will be its price, which makes the dictionary more a library reference work than a home-study dictionary. The impression that this is first ofall a library book is strengthened by the layout ofthe dictionary, in which the economy of space is apparently not considered at all. There are wide margins around the text and broad spaces between columns of text. All the entries are in strict alphabetical order. As is customary in Russian lexicography, compounds written as two or more separate words (strictly speaking, lexicalized collocations of adjective + noun are always one word) are run on and can be found within the respective adjectival or nominal entries . One disadvantage of this treatment is that they cannot be distinguished from examples of usage, idioms, etc., which are also run on and printed in exactly the same way. For example, 206Reviews tip . . . vymershyj t. extinct type; t. vida biol holotype; t. doliny valley pattern; t. lesorastílel'nykh uslovij forest site type If I were translating from Russian into English, I would not know whether to treat valley pattern as a model to be followed (mountain/prairie . . . pattern?), or as a set expression that cannot be changed, and so I would have to reach for another publication to check this. It would be helpful to have the items distinguished , perhaps by different fonts. In reviewing this dictionary I can conveniently address the list of problems that I discussed in my earlier review of two dictionaries of English and Russian (Piotrowski 1988). In fact, in some cases I can use the same examples . I will first cover the treatment of grammar and then that of vocabulary. Grammar With Slavic languages a description ofgrammar is traditionally equivalent to a description of inflection. Half jokingly it might be said that any adequate presentation of inflection is so difficult that scholars resist doing anything else after they have dealt with wordforms. There are also other factors as well. Inflection is very important in clause structure, because in languages with relatively free word order, like Russian, often it is inflectional signals alone in clausal elements that show what the structure of the clause is and consequently what its...

Reconstruction of preglacial drainage and its diversion by earliest glacial forebulge in the upper Mississippi Valley region

Reconstructions of preglacial drainage in the upper Mississippi Valley region have previously been based on the pattern of bedrock valleys. It has been recognized recently that many bedrock valleys have been produced during Pleistocene time by glacial diversion and accompanying glacio-isostasy. A more speculative approach to reconstruction of preglacial drainage in the upper Mississippi Valley region is based on considerations of paleoslopes, late Pliocene landscapes, and structural control, in addition to bedrock topography. This approach results in a pattern that is in harmony with the underlying geology, but it does not lead to a single, unique, unambiguous reconstruction. For the purposes of this study, the trunk stream is assumed to lie along the axis of the Wisconsin and Kankakee arches. Like that of the Wisconsin arch, the drainage pattern is asymmetrical, the longer tributaries entering from the west and north. The present course of the Mississippi River above the mouth of the Rock River is postulated to be an ice-marginal stream associated with an early glacial advance into Iowa from the north and west. A glacial forebulge may have played an important role in determining this course.

The structure of silence between turns in two‐party conversation

Turn taking is a fundamental structural feature of social interaction. Three major approaches to describing turn taking have emerged: stochastic, signaling, and sequential‐production models. The first two treat silences between speakers as simple response latencies, whereas the third views silence as generated collaboratively by the parties to the conversation. The simple response‐latency interpretation predicts a distribution of be‐tween‐turn silences that declines monotonically with duration, whereas the sequential‐production model predicts a periodic pattern of peaks and valleys, with an overall decline in the heights of the peaks as duration increases. Analysis of the frequency distributions of durations of silences between speakers in two‐party conversations finds the periodic structure predicted by the sequential‐production model. The finding is interpreted as supporting a view of social interaction as a fundamentally collaborative activity.

Soils under beech forest in an experimental catchment area near Nelson, New Zealand

Abstract Soils of four contiguous small forested experimental catchments, covering 40 ha in hill country formed in Moutere Gravel in NW South Island, New Zealand, were studied. The indigenous vegetation of the area was Nothofagus forest; the rainfall averages 1,550 mm per annum; the topography is a dissected pattern of narrow ridges and small valleys; and the parent materials are Late Pleistocene to Holocene slope deposits derived from reworking of underlying early Quaternary weathered gravels. One hundred and thirty-one profiles were described on cross-catchment traverses on a variety of sites in differing parts of the catchments. Additional profiles were described from tracks that were formed at the time of logging. The soils are characterised in terms of their physical properties by summarising all the profile data. Their particle size, chemical and clay mineralogical characteristics are also summarised from analyses of representative profiles. Variation in soil development, as expressed by horizon differentiation, was correlated with thickness of organic horizons and soil pH. The soils with the thickest 0 horizons and lowest pH values are podzols. Variation is attributed to differential biological decomposition which in turn is related to site differences. The three soil series identified are classified as podzols, podzolised yellow-brown earths and yellow-brown earths. Their distribution is complex, often passing from one to another in less than a metre. The yellow-brown earths occur widely over all landforms within the catchment, while the podzol and podzolised soils occur more commonly on ridges, spurs and upper slopes. Parent material variation and slope angle have no direct influence on the soil pattern. Soil disturbance by tree overturn is a major factor influencing soil development in the beech forest, and accounts for the high proportion of yellow-brown earths.

A re‐examination of the evidence for a Plio‐Pleistocene marine transgression on the Chiltern Hills. II. drainage patterns

AbstractThe dry valley pattern of the Chiltern Hills is divided into 55 third order drainage basins which are grouped morphometrically into five groups. The character and distribution of the groups are determined mainly by the lithology of surface deposits and the structure of the underlying Chalk. No evidence has been found for different drainage patterns on the parts of the dipslope equivalent to the ‘Mio‐Pliocene peneplain’ and ‘Plio‐Pleistocene marine platform’ of Wooldridge and Linton (1955), nor for superimposition of drainage from covers of Plio‐Pleistocene or Palaeogene sediments.

Two glacier generations in the central Alps separated by a radical change in valley pattern

Two glacier generations in the central Alps separated by a radical change in valley pattern

Sapping processes and the development of theater-headed valley networks on the Colorado Plateau

Research Article| February 01, 1985 Sapping processes and the development of theater-headed valley networks on the Colorado Plateau JULIE E. LAITY; JULIE E. LAITY 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar MICHAEL C. MALIN MICHAEL C. MALIN 2Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (1985) 96 (2): 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<203:SPATDO>2.0.CO;2 Article history first online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation JULIE E. LAITY, MICHAEL C. MALIN; Sapping processes and the development of theater-headed valley networks on the Colorado Plateau. GSA Bulletin 1985;; 96 (2): 203–217. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<203:SPATDO>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Ground-water sapping is an erosional process that produces landforms with unique characteristics. Sapped drainage systems differ in morphology, pattern, network spatial evolution, rate of erosion, and degree of structural control from their fluvial counterparts. Investigation of deeply entrenched theater-headed valleys in the Glen Canyon region of the Colorado Plateau indicates that ground-water sapping is the predominant mechanism of growth. The canyons occur in the Navajo Sandstone, a highly transmissive aquifer underlain by essentially impermeable rocks. Within this formation, two populations of valleys with markedly different features are identified. The first group exhibits theater heads: longitudinal profiles with high, step-like discontinuities and commonly asymmetric, structurally controlled patterns. The second group is characterized by tapered terminations; a relatively smooth, concave-up profile; and a more arborescent network. Because the valleys have developed under the same lithologic, stratigraphic, and climatic conditions, the differences in form are attributed primarily to structural constraints that determine the relative effectiveness of overland-flow and ground-water (sapping) processes. Of particular importance is the dip direction of the beds relative to that of valley growth, inasmuch as this relationship controls the occurrence and distribution of ground-water seepage at valley walls. Laterally flowing ground water also exploits fractures at depth, so that the drainage pattern of theater-headed valleys reflects that of the regional jointing pattern.Martian valleys exhibit numerous morphologic similarities to canyons formed in the Navajo Sandstone. These include theater-shaped heads, nearly constant width from source to outlet, high and steep sidewalls, hanging outlets, and a large degree of structural control. Although the constituent materials, scale, climate, structure, and ground-water conditions of Mars cannot be replicated in any Earth analog, the striking similarities in form suggest that the gross geomorphic processes may be similar and that sapping processes have operated to create the Martian valleys. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Perceiving vowels from uniform spectra: phonetic exploration of an auditory aftereffect.

A carefully spoken vowel can generally be identified from the pattern of peaks and valleys in the envelope of its short-term power spectrum, and such patterning is usually necessary for the identification of the vowel. The present experiments demonstrate that segments of sound with uniform spectra, devoid of peaks and valleys, can be identified reliably as vowels under certain circumstances. In Experiment 1, 1,000 msec of a segment whose spectrum contained peaks in place of valleys and vice versa (i.e., the complement of a vowel) preceded a 25-msec spectral amplitude transition, during which the valleys became filled, leading into a 250-msec segment with a uniform spectrum. The segment with the uniform spectrum was identified as the vowel whose complement had preceded it. Experiment 2 showed that this effect was eliminated if the duration of the complement was less than 150 msec, if more than 500 msec of silence separated the uniform spectrum from the complement, or if the uniform spectrum and the complement were presented to different ears. This third result and comparisons with parameters of auditory aftereffects obtained by others with nonspeech stimuli suggest that the effect is rooted in peripheral adaptation processes and that central processes responsible for selective attention and perceptual grouping play only a minor role at most. Experiment 3 demonstrated that valleys in the spectral structure of a complement need be only 2 dB deep to generate the effect. The effect should therefore serve to enhance changes in spectral structure in natural speech and to alleviate the consequences of uneven frequency responses in communication channels.

Lithology of flood deposits as a criterion for the evaluation of changes in a drainage basin

Studies of the lithology and physico-mechanical properties of muds from Poland made it possible to discover that their lithology reflects many factors and properties occurring in the drainage basin. A lithological variety of muds investigated in the river valleys of the Vistula and Odra drainage basins, Poland, is mainly expressed by their grain size composition, moisture content, volume density of soil skeleton, and porosity. Of the many factors that influence lithological variability four principal ones were distinguished. And so, a vertical differentiation results from a river valley pattern, manifested by formation of various morphogenetic types of valley reaches. This factor creates two lixhological series in almost all the mud sections: a clayey mud series (I) and a silty-sandy mud series (II). Horizontal differentiation of the lithology of mud deposits is mainly influenced by two factors: the geological-lithological characteristics of the source areas for every reach of a river valley and the river channel pattern. But in addition to the factors mentioned, is another one: man's impact on transformations of mud deposits. Knowing the action of these factors in relation to lithological variability one can define, based on lithology, a probable sedimentary environment and the subsequent changes. Such reconstruction is possible for recent as well as for ancient muds.

Surface Waves Due to Scattering by a Near-Surface Parallel Crack

Scattering of ultrasonic waves by a crack which is oriented parallel to a free surface is analyzed. Incident longitudinal and trans- verse body waves, as well as incident Rayleigh surface waves, are con- sidered. The presence of a parallel subsurface crack gives rise to scat- tered surfaces waves whose amplitude-spectra show distinct resonance peaks, due to resonance of the layer between the crack and the free surface, particularly when this layer is thin. Scattering of body waves for normal incidence, both from the side of the free surface and from the interior of the solid, is investigated in some detail. The ratio of the amplitude spectra of the surface wave displacements for these two cases provides a measure of the distance d from the crack to the free surface. The length (I of the crack can subsequently be obtained from a master curve which plots the first resonance frequency versus d/u. The amplitude spectra for scattered surface waves due to an incident surface wave also show resonance peaks, but these are part of a more complicated pattern of peaks and valleys, and they are therefore more difficult to classify.

Monterey Fan: Growth pattern control by basin morphology and changing sea levels

Monterey Fan is the largest modern fan off the California shore. Two main submarine canyon systems feed it via a complex pattern of fan valleys and channels. The northern Ascension Canyon system is relatively inactive during high sea-level periods. In contrast, Monterey Canyon and its tributaries to the south cut across the shelf and remain active during high sea level. Deposition on the upper fan is controlled primarily by the relative activity within these two canyon systems. Deposition over the rest of the fan is controlled by the oceanic crust topography, resulting in an irregular fan shape and periodic major shifts in the locus of deposition.

The Scarcity Syndrome: Comment

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 65, Issue 1 p. 158-159 Note The Scarcity Syndrome: Comment Michael V. Martin, Michael V. Martin associate professor Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorRay F. Brokken, Ray F. Brokken agricultural economist with National Economic Division and adjunct professor Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oregon State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Michael V. Martin, Michael V. Martin associate professor Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorRay F. Brokken, Ray F. Brokken agricultural economist with National Economic Division and adjunct professor Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oregon State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 1983 https://doi.org/10.2307/1240353AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume65, Issue1February 1983Pages 158-159 RelatedInformation

Relief and fossil weathering products in the surroundings of the town of Bruntál

The author describes geomorphological features and relief development as well as fossil weathering products in the surroundings of the town of Bruntál (Northern Moravia) in the area built of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks. Among other he arrived at the conclusion, that tectonics played, indeed, an important role in the landscape evolution. The planation surface is an exhumed and remodelled basal front of weathering. The faults and joint zones have considerably influenced the valley pattern. The basin of Bruntál began to develop already before the Badenian (Miocene). The mean rate of the incision of the Moravice-River valley in the Pleistocene was 7 cm per 1000 years.

Forecasting for solid wastes operations

This article analyzes the needs for, and capabilities of, formalized forecasting of future workloads to support more effective and efficient solid waste operations management. A case study of computerized forecasting of the average daily solid waste quantity generated, month by month, in Sacramento County, California, is presented. The monthly pattern of peaks and valleys and the month by month trend in solid waste generation are identified. Selected uses of the forecast average, pattern, and trend information in planning for solid waste services and operations are examined. The extent of future workload unpredictability, in Sacramento, in terms of randomness reflected in forecast errors, is identified. The operational consequences of forecast errors are discussed.

Paleogeographic Changes after the Late Pleistocene in the Central Part of the Kanto Plain, Japan

It is well known that the tectonic basins called the Kanto Tectonic Basin in the central part of the Kanto Plain has been subsiding during the Quaternary Period. Many previous workers have a firm belief that the rivers of Tonegawa and Arakawa had been running along the Tonegawa Lowland situated in the center of the Basin and flowing into Tokyo Bay before their water-courses were changed artificially into the present courses about 300 years ago.The author pictured a paleogeographic map (Fig. 2) about the central part of the Kanto Plain in the Late Pleistocene basing upon the pattern of valleys dissecting the uplands composed of fluvial and coastal deposits during the Middle Pleistocene, and assumed that the rivers of Tonegawa and Arakawa was flowing along the Arakawa Lowland at that time. The same result was already published by MATSUDA (1974) basing on the subsurface data, who figured some geologic sections traversing the Tonegawa, the Nakagawa, and the Arakawa Lowlands.That is to say, the rivers of Tonegawa and Arakawa took their courses along the Arakawa Lowland from the Late Pleistocene till the Early Holocene. On account of the deposition in the floodplain and the subsidence of the Kanto Tectonic Basin, these rivers changed their courses to the east about 4, 000 years ago. Rapid deposition began in the Tonegawa Lowland area and uplands were buried, and some sites of the Middle Jomon stage on the uplands, too.

The Modification of Valley Patterns by Ice-Sheet Activity

One of the most fundamental ways in which ice sheet erosion modifies the topography is by altering the valley pattern. It is assumed that purely fluvial valley systems are dendritic in pattern. Thi...

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Fasciola hepatica L. during Growth and Maturation in the Mouse

Throughout the entire life of the fluke the spines anterior to the ventral sucker are arranged in approximately 60 rings each of 60 to 70 spines. The spines on the posterior body are scattered without any pattern of rings and by 1 week post infection (p.i.) their numbers have doubled (from 3,000 on the newly excysted juvenile) to 6,000 and by 3 weeks p.i. their numbers have multiplied by 8 to 24,000. Just prior to entry into the bile ducts, between 2 and 3 weeks p.i., all spines, anterior and posterior, have metamorphosed from single pointed to multipointed forms by division at the spine tips. Spines on the anterior body of mature flukes recovered from the bile ducts of mice 26 weeks p.i. have between 10 and 15 points whereas those on the posterior body have up to 30 points. The tegument forms a rectangular pattern of plateaux and valleys around each spine on the posterior body of mature flukes but this pattern is not present on the anterior body.

Neotectonic Fold-Faulted Morphostructures in the Surroundings of the Town of Brno

A characteristic relief feature of the SE margin of the Česká vysočina (Bohemian Highlands) in the surroundings of the town of Brno are neotectonic forms designated by the authors as fold-faulted morphostructures. These morphostructures established by a detailed morphostructural analysis developed by Post Upper Miocene vertical movements. Together with horst and grabens they form a complicated monocline of the SE margin of the Bohemian Highlands. A part of the monocline is covered by Miocene deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep. In the territory investigated involving parts of the Českomoravská vrchovina (Highland), the Brněnská vrchovina (Highland) and the Drahanská vrchovina (Highland) five fold-faulted morphostructures were established (Encl. 1). The fold-faulted morphostructures have an irregular shape in their groundplan controlled by the course of faults. They are further characterized by inner faulting of various intensity (Figs. 1, 2). Their longer axes are as much as 18 km long and run in substance perpendicularly to the margin of the Bohemian Highlands. The summits of the fold-faulted morphostructures are situated in altitudes between 460 to 560 m. They do not occur in the centre of the fold-faulted morphostructures but rather in the interior of the Bohemian Highlands (Fig. 2). Along supposed longer axes of fold-faulted morphostructures deformed remnants of planation surface with monadnocks and outliers usually kept best preserved. Differences in heights between the uppermost and lowermost spots of fold-faulted morphostructures range between 200 and 300 m. A radial valley pattern is characteristic of fold-faulted morphostructures. But in details several smaller river basins have a rectangular valley pattern. Some river basins have a very atypical valley pattern, for instance with tributaries only from one side (a fan-like shape, Fig. 3). Numerous valleys exhibit a distinct height assymetry of slopes. The individual valleys are either rectilinear (valleys on fault and dislocation zones) or curved (on fissures developed due to tensile stress in the course of up-doming). Simultaneously with the development of fold-faulted morphostructures satellite blocks developed at their margins. The territory between neighbouring described fold-faulted morphostructures consists either of grabens of various widths (often with Miocene deposits) or deep incised valleys on dislocation zones. The morphostructural investigations carried out so far in the territory of the Outer Carpathian Depressions adjacent to the part of the Bohemian Highlands under study have shown that fold-faulted morphostructures developed even here. Since the surface of this territory is built predominantly of less resistant Miocene sediments the establishment of deformations is very difficult. More detailed investigations of these morphostructures bave not been carried out so far. The establishment of fold-faulted morphostructures is of considerable significance for understanding of the geomorphological development and neotectonic movements of the marginal parts of the Bohemian Highlands in Upper Tertiary and Quaternary. The results of research can be applied in the delimitation of geomorphological units of lower taxonomic levels and in mineral prospecting.

The Dry Valleys of Barbados: A Critical Review of Their Pattern and Origin

The major erosional feature on the emerged coral reefs of Barbados consists of a network of valleys. These valleys are generally dry, and the main problem discussed is that of their origin and subsequent desiccation. A secon- dary problem is provided by the courses of many valleys which have sections at right-angles to past and present shore- lines. Of the various hypotheses reviewed, that of surface run-off after heavy storms receives the most support. The possibility of climatic change is discussed and the contributory role of karstification considered. The valley pattern is judged to be a consequent one, its peculiarities resulting from primary depressions on the reefs. THE rock outcropping over six-sevenths of Barbados is a coralline limestone often referred to as the Coral Cap. In the north-east of the island this has been breached to reveal the underlying sandstones and clays of the Scotland district (Fig. i.) The Coral Cap has never been overlain by other strata and its surface descends west and south from elevations of over 350 m near the escarpment in a series of terraces. The origin of these terraces has been explained by K. J. Mesolella (i967), whose stratigraphical studies reveal an ordered sequence of fore reef, reef crest and back-reef deposits across each terrace. This indicates that the terraces are separate raised reefs, rather than wave-cut platforms on a single tilted reef or the product of a series of step faults. E. T. Price (1958) concluded that the declining silica/aluminium ratios with height on the limestone soils indicate a uniform rate of uplift. Mesolella et al. (i969) confirm this for the lower terraces by Thorium-Uranium dating, and they find an overall association of the height spacing of reefs with the time spacing of radiation maxima predicted by considering the changing tilt of the earth and the precession of the equinoxes. An almost uniform rate of uplift of 0-3 m per thousand years is indicated. This steady uplift has separated the reefs formed by the succession of high warm interglacial sea-levels in the Pleistocene. There has been some folding during the uplift (Fig. i) and the large-scale relief of the Coral Cap, with anticlinal domes and synclinal vales, faithfully reflects this. Two types of erosional feature are common on the limestone. The first consists of small dolines, usually discrete, predominantly circular in form and seldom greater than I5 m in depth, many containing sinkholes and many others ponds. The second and more striking features are the valleys which radiate from the high ground around the Scotland district and from the Golden Ridge dome. They are often incised to depths of 30 m and their sides slope com- monly at more than 30° and rarely less than I5°. The valley pattern is pinnate with some trellising. When analysed with respect to past and present shorelines, the trend of the former shown by the raised fringing reefs, 79 per cent of the total length makes angles greater than 6o0° to the shore, 7-3 per cent is between 30° and 6o0° and 13'7 per cent is less

New measure of the topologic structure of dendritic drainage networks

A new measure of network topologic structure, the E index, is developed and applied. The index is shown to be a practical refinement of Smart's ambilateral classes and is tested on Strahler third and fourth order networks drawn from two regions. By means of interregional comparisons and intraregional tests on networks of permanent channel flow and valley pattern, the E index is shown to be capable of interpretation in terms of network growth processes at least as an indicator for further research incorporating metric elements.