Pattern Of Congenital Heart Disease Research Articles

Patterns of Congenital Heart Diseases at Sohag University Hospital

Patterns of Congenital Heart Diseases at Sohag University Hospital

Sociodemographic profile and pattern of congenital heart disease in referred children at tertiary cardiac centre – An observational study

Abstract Background: Sparse data are available regarding congenital heart disease (CHD) from southern India. This study was designed to document the sociodemographic factors, clinical profile and pattern of CHD at a referral centre. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was done by direct interview method and review of medical records of 414 participants using internally validated, pre-defined proforma. Results: More than half of the cases (54.6%) referred were within 1 year of age. Wasting was present in 45%. Most of the cases belonged to middle and lower socio-economic status group (79%) and were referred by paediatricians (70%); 48% had travelled more than 500 km to avail cardiac services. Predominant symptoms of referral were respiratory distress (61.8%), feeding difficulties (50%), cyanosis (43.7%) and palpitation (24.9%). Major abnormalities detected were ventricular septal defect (31.2%) and tetralogy of Fallot (21.7%). Conclusions: This study highlights the need of prioritising and planning for the implementation of affordable and accessible cardiac infrastructure to people from rural areas with low socio-economic background.

Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases in Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

The most common congenital anomaly and a major contributor to infant and toddler mortality is congenital heart disease (CHD). Although it has high mortality rate but majority of the cases are asymptomatic during early life and usually discovered during routine checkup. To determine the incidence and pattern of congenital heart disease in children in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 1 day to 10 years old with cardiac problems who were hospitalized to the Paediatric department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh from August 2018 to August 2021. Early detection of CHD is possible by thoroughly analyzing heart murmurs, clinical manifestations, and outcomes. The data were analyzed utilizing IBM SPSS (version-23). A total of 3512 children under the age of 10 years were evaluated. Here 1.54% of the patients had a CHD murmur. In this study, the most common type of congenital heart illness was a ventricular septal defect (VSD) (37.05%). Atrial septal defect (ASD) (24.07%) was found second most common CHD. Rapid breathing (63%) and poor growth (44.4%) were major clinical presentation. According to types of murmur among patients, 27(50%) had pansystolic murmur, 15(27.77%) had ejection systolic murmur and 12(22.23%) had continuous murmur. Congenital heart disease is a major health concern for Paediatricians due to its significant health hazards and high mortality rate. Early identification of congenital cardiac disease is crucial for preventing complications, lowering mortality, and for proper therapy. J. Bio-Sci. 30(2): 39-45, 2022

Congenital heart diseases pattern among children presenting to tertiary care hospital

Aim: To determine the pattern of congenital heart diseases among children presenting to tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out at Department of Paediatrics Cardiology, National institute of Cardiovascular Disease Karachi in the duration from November, 2022 to April, 2023. Total 171 patients were presented with CHD. Patients aged between 1 to 12 months of both genders. Pattern of CHD among the patients was determined. Results: Acyanotic CHD was seen in 74.26% patients. Cyanotic CHD was seen in 25.73% patients. Atrial Septal Defect (48.8%) was the most common presentation in acyanotic CHD patients while Tetralogy of Fallot was common presentation (40.9%) in cyanotic CHD patients. Conclusion: From our study we conclude that majority of the patients had acyanotic CHD as compared to cyanotic CHD, Ventricular Septal Defect and Atrial Septal Defect were more prevalent in cyanotic CHD while Tetralogy of Fallot was more common in cyanotic CHD.

Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases among Less than 5 Years Old Children of Bangladesh-An Observational Study from a Pediatric Cardiac Center

Introduction: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common congenital problems. CHD is about 25% of all congenital malformations and is the most common type of heart disease among children. It may present in different ages from birth to adolescence. Worldwide, CHD is relatively common with a prevalence ranging from 1.0-6.6 per 1000 live births. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to find out the pattern of congenital heart diseases among less than 5 years old Children of a pediatric cardiac center. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study and conducted in the Department of pediatric cardiology of Combined Military Hospital Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from July, 2018 to July, 2020. A total of 1000 patients from outdoor and indoor patient registry who were diagnosed and treated as a case of congenital heart disease within the mentioned period were included in the study. Result: Majority of our patients was male (58%) compared to female (42%). Among all patients, 29.80% had VSD, followed by 20.4% & 14.9% had ASD & TOF respectively and 72% & 28% of our patients had Acyanotic & cyanotic CHD respectively.VSD & TOF was the most common in patients with acyanotic & cyanotic CHD respectively. Recurrent RTI, pneumonia, heart failure, infective endocarditis, and Cyanotic spell are common complications of congenital heart disease. Down syndrome and congenital rubella syndrome are the main syndromic association in congenital heart diseases. The majority (97%) of our patients improved, and 3% died. Conclusion: Our study focuses on the congenital heart diseases of children of Bangladesh. Among the acyanotic congenital heart disease, VSD is the maximum & among the cyanotic congenital heart disease TOF is the highest in number. With early diagnosis, treatment and regular follow up, mortality rate is very low and the prognosis is excellent.

Congenital cardiac malformations in children with down syndrome: An echocardiographic based study.

Objective: To find out the prevalence and pattern of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) in children with Down syndrome (DS). Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatrics, Rai Medical College Teaching Hospital, Sargodha, Pakistan. Period: January 2021 to December 2022. Material & Methods: A total of 165 children of either gender, aged 1 month to 12 years with DS diagnosed with the help of typical clinical features and confirmation by cytogenetic studies were analyzed. Children diagnosed with DS were further evaluated for cardiac assessment as per 2-D echocardiographic and Doppler examinations. The prevalence of CHDs was noted among children with DS. Results: In a total of 165 children with DS, 86 (52.1%) were male. The mean age was noted to be 1.8±1.2 years while 106 (64.2%) children were aged below 1 year. The existence of CHDs was found to be in 56 (33.9%). Among 56 children with CHDs, ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD) and tetralogy of fallot (TOF) were the commonest forms of CHDs noted in 16 (28.6%), 12 (21.4%) and 9 (16.1%) children respectively. Conclusion: High prevalence of CHDs in children with Down syndrome was noted. The VSD and ASD were the most common forms of CHDs among children with Down syndrome.

Pattern of Congenital Heart Disease In Neonates Conceived In The COVID-19 Era: Single Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Experience

Pattern of Congenital Heart Disease In Neonates Conceived In The COVID-19 Era: Single Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Experience

Prevalence and Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases in School Children in Dongguan, China.

To determine the prevalence and pattern of congenital heart disease (CHD) among elementary school children in Dongguan, China. Between November 2011 and November 2012, 540,574 school children from 449 elementary schools were screened for CHD by trained doctors in Dongguan. The school children who were suspected to have CHD were referred to a pediatric cardiologist and/or an echocardiographer for a complete evaluation. The total prevalence of CHD was 2.14 per 1,000 school children (1,157/540,574). The most common form of CHD was isolated ventricular septal defect (37.77%; 437/1,157), followed by isolated atrial septal defect (20.22%; 234/1,157) and patent ductus arteriosus (9.94%; 115/1,157). With respect to sex, CHD was equally distributed between males and females. Our data show that the prevalence of CHD in Dongguan is not as high as expected and that isolated ventricular septal defect is the predominant pathology. Echocardiography plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of CHD.

Frequency and Pattern of Congenital Heart Defects in Infant of Diabetic Mother at Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the frequency and pattern of congenital heart defects in the infant of pregestational and gestational diabetic mothers presenting at NICU and the causality department of NICH Karachi Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at NICH Karachi, from July to Oct 2022. Infants born to diabetic mothers were enrolled in the study and the frequency and pattern of congenital heart diseases were determined by echocardiography which was performed by a pediatric cardiologist who has had expertise in his field for more than 10 years. Results: A total of 147 infants were enrolled in the study with the majority of them being 0 to 15 days of age (n=138, 93.9%) and were male gender (n=88, 59.9%). Nearly a quarter of mothers had pre-gestational diabetes (n=35, 23.8%) while 112 (76.2%) mothers had gestational diabetes. Out of 147, 67 (45.57%) infants had congenital heart defects. The most common heart defect was PFO (n=35, 23%) followed by PDA (n=22, 14.9%), VSD (n=8, 5.4%), ASD (n=4, 2.7%), HCM (n=4, 2.7%), TOF (n=4, 2.7%) and TGA (n=2, 1.36%). A significant difference was seen for ASD (p<0.001), VSD (p<0.001), TGA (p=0.011), HCM (p<0.001), and TOF (p<0.001) in congenital heart defect among infants born to mother having pre-gestational diabetes and gestational diabetes. Conclusion: This study analyzed that nearly half of the infants born to diabetic mothers had congenital heart defects. Thus, it highlights a need for the development of postnatal screening programs for CHD in our population for managing this problem timely. To reduce morbidity and mortality, early CHD diagnosis with screening echocardiography is advised.

Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases among Term and Preterm Neonates in a Tertiary Care Hospital of a Developing Country

Objective: To determine the frequency and pattern of various congenital heart diseases in a tertiary care hospital neonatal unit.
 Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Neonatal Unit of Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Jul 2015 to Jun 2018.
 Methodology: All neonates admitted to the Neonatal Unit of Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, suspected of having congenital heart disease were included in the study. Suspicion for CHD was based on the presence of murmur, cyanosis with or without feeding difficulty, signs of congestive heart failure, and variation in pre and post-ductal SpO2 reading. Echocardiography was performed on all neonates by a Paediatric cardiologist to determine diagnosis and type of lesion.
 Results: One hundred and thirty-one neonates were found to have congenital heart disease with male predominance, with 79(60.3%) males and 52(39.7%) females. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) was the most common lesion occurring in 44(33.6%) neonates, followed by PDA in 28(21.37%) neonates. CHD occurred more frequently in term neonates (62.0%) than preterm neonates (38.0%).
 Conclusion: Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital malformation, with Asia having the highest prevalence worldwide. Lack of specialized antenatal and neonatal health services and paucity of diagnostic facilities lead to delays in diagnosis, increasing morbidity and mortality of CHD cases. Therefore, drastic measures are required to improve neonatal health and transport facilities in our country to mitigate the impact of this disease.

Pattern of Congenital Heart Disease with its outcome among 100 Newborns admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background: Congenital heart disease is one of the most common congenital problems of neonates which can contribute to infant mortality and morbidity. The goal of this study is to identify the different patterns of congenital heart diseases with its outcome among neonates attending a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 1 year from March 2020 to February 2021, among the neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Central Hospital Limited. Neonates with structural congenital heart disease, diagnosed by routine echocardiography were included in this study. Pattern of the lesions was observed and analyzed. Patients were followed up to neonatal period to see the outcome. Results: A total of 100 neonates were diagnosed with congenital heart disease during the study period and majority of them were acyanotic (98%) and combined lesions such as PDA with ASD (37.7%) followed by PDA only (36.7%). Males were predominant (60%). The majority of neonates were pre-term (79%) with low birth weight (38%). Consanguinity was present in 5% of cases. Resuscitation was required mostly among the combined type of CHD cases. Treatment was required in 67% of cases with a complete resolution of the defect in 89% of cases. Overall mortality was 7% mostly due to combined cardiac lesions. Conclusion: Regarding the type of congenital heart defect, acyanotic defect was more common than cyanotic with patent ductus arteriosus alone or in combination were the commonest lesion.

Prevalence and Pattern of Congenital Heart Disease in Pediatric Population—A Study from Central India

Abstract Introduction Prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) is variable depending on the region and setting of study ranging from 0.8 to 6/1,000. Age of presentation depends on types of CHD and its severity. Burden of CHD is not known in this tribal belt of Central India. Main objective of this study was to find out prevalence of CHD in children. We have also studied the pattern and age of presentation of various types of CHDs. Methods This retrospective observational study was conducted at tertiary care teaching institute in tribal belt of Central India. Children aged 0 to 15 years reported to pediatric outpatient department (OPD) were included. CHD was confirmed by echocardiography in suspected cases. Prevalence rate was calculated as number of CHDs per 1,000 OPD patients. Pattern of CHD was categorized as per standard guidelines and age-wise presentations of various types of CHD were studied. Results The prevalence rate of CHD in our study population was 27.7/1,000, which is high when compared with most of the other hospital-based studies. Most of the patients, 60.36 and 83.26% were detected before the age of 1 year and 5 years, respectively. All critical CHD cases were detected in early infancy. Conclusion There is a high burden of CHD seen in this study. Possible cause of this may be lack of specialized facility in this reason and study period included first and second wave of COVID. Further, large sample size studies and/or nationwide registry/database are needed to know the exact burden of CHD.

Prevalence and pattern of congenital heart disease among children with Down syndrome seen in a Federal Medical Centre in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

Background: Down syndrome (DS), or Trisomy 21, is the most common genetic disorder in the world and congenital heart disease (CHD) contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in this population. Early diagnosis and prompt cardiac intervention improve their quality of life. This study was done to determine the prevalence and pattern of congenital heart disease among children with Down syndrome seen at the Paediatric Cardiology Unit of Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Bayelsa State. Method: A prospective study of children with Down syndrome referred for cardiac evaluation and echocardiography at the Paediatric Cardiology Unit of FMC, Bayelsa State over four years from 1st January 2016 to 30th December 2019. Data on socio-demographic information, echocardiographic diagnosis, and outcome were retrieved from the study proforma and analyzed. Results: A total of 24 children with Down syndrome were seen over the study period. Their age ranged from 0 to 16years. The majority, 20 (83.3%) of the children with Down syndrome were aged 5 years and below. There were 13 males and 11 females with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. A total of 23 (95.8%) of the children with Down syndrome had CHD. The most common CHD was AVSD (including complete, partial, isolated, or in association with other defects) in 66.6% followed by TOF in 8.3%. Multiple CHDs were seen in 43.5% of the children. Only one child (4.2%) had a structurally normal heart on echocardiography. All the children with Down syndrome had pericardial effusion of varying severity while 33% had pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). The fatality rate among the children seen with Down syndrome over the study period was 34.8% and only one child (4.2%) had open-heart surgery with the total repair of cardiac defect during the study period. Conclusion: Morbidity and mortality are high among children with Down syndrome due to the high prevalence of CHD. Early referral, diagnosis, and prompt intervention are encouraged.

Congenital Heart Diseases among Children in Selected Hospital

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect. As CHD accounts for the most frequent cause of lethal malformation among infants, CHD is also considered a major problem affecting public health worldwide. Objective: To assess pattern of congenital heart diseases and associated risk factors among under-14 children admitted in a selected hospital. Methods: It was cross sectional analytical study conducted among purposively selected 111 children admitted in Children Hospital for treatment. Face to face interview was conducted to collect data. The cases were included in the study when the diagnosis of CHD was established by medical records and echocardiography. Results: About 91% and 9% children came from <1 year and 1-5 year age group. Low birth weight and normal birth weight was 52% and 48%. Pre-term and term distribution was 37% and 63%. About half of the respondents were middle class. About 26%, 25% and 18% mothers consumed vitamin A (>10000 IU/d), anti-pyretics and NSAIDs during pregnancy. About 40% mothers consumed contaminated tap water and 29% mothers were exposed to radiation. Ventricular septal defect (40.5%) and atrial septal defect (36.9%) were prominent. Patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary stenosis were 8.1% and 5.4%. Statistical significant association was found between ventricular septal defect and birth weight, gestational age and monthly family income. As like VSD, atrial septal defect showed statistical significant association with birth weight, monthly family income, maternal age and rubella infection 6 months prior to conception or 1st trimester. Conclusion: Ventricular septal defect (40.5%) and atrial septal defect (36.9%) were common among children. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy should be emphasized due to prevent low birth weight and pre-term baby.

Prevalence and Pattern of Congenital Heart Disease Among Children in Khartoum State, Sudan: A Reflection of the Current Cardiac Profile.

IntroductionCongenital heart diseases (CHDs) are common anomalies that increase morbidity and mortality among children and adolescents. It impacts the lifestyle of survivors who live with one defect of the minor spectrum of CHD. Our research goal was directed to estimate the prevalence of CHD in Khartoum State, Sudan. Furthermore, we compared the pattern of CHD we acquired with that determined in a previous study in our country during the early nineties of the twentieth century (1994).MethodsThis is an observational cross-sectional study done by reviewing the medical records of 596 patients diagnosed with CHD from pediatric hospitals in Khartoum State between January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019. We used a checklist with closed-ended statements; this was reviewed by pediatric cardiologists.ResultsPrevalence was determined to be 14.3/1000. There was a male predominance of 56.7%. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the most commonly occurring lesion (26.6%), followed by tetralogy of Fallot (TOF; 14.1%) and then patent ductus arteriosus (PDA; 10.6%). The most common combined anomalies were transposition of great arteries (TGA) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) (9.1%).ConclusionThe prevalence of CHD in Khartoum State is estimated to be 14.3/1000, which is nearly similar to some countries in Africa but higher than most of the continent's countries. VSD was the most common isolated anomaly among CHD patients. There was slight male predominance. Our findings could be used to plan appropriate long-term strategies; to prevent a further rise in the prevalence of CHD. In addition, to be capable of investigating the predisposing factors behind CHD.

Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases and Associated Risk Factors among Children at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To find out the pattern of CHD and associated risk factors among children presenting at a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: A case-control study. Place and Duration of the Study: The Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cardiology, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Hospital, Rawlakot from July 2020 to June 2021. Material and Methods: A total of 207 children of both genders, screened by ECG along with chest x-ray and further confirmed with the diagnosis of CHD through echocardiography were enrolled as cases. Same number of healthy controls (n=207) were recruited from immunization center of the study institution. Among cases, types of CHD were noted. For cases and controls, demographic, antenatal and maternal risk factors including maternal age, gender of the child, history of consanguinity, history of febrile illness in pregnancy, use or multi-vitamin or folic acid in pregnancy, bad obstetrical history and maternal diabetes mellitus were noted. Results: In a total of 414 children (207 cases and 207 controls), there were 219 (53.8%) male. In terms of CHD types among cases, VSD was the most noted in 62 (30.0%), ASD 35 (16.9%), TOF 33 (15.9%) and PDA in 30 (14.5%). Cases were found to have significant association with younger age (78.3% cases below 1 year of age vs. 64.7% in controls, p=0.0085), bad obstetrical history (p=0.0002), history of febrile illness in 1st trimester of pregnancy (p=0.0229) and lack of multivitamins and folic acid in the 1st trimester of pregnancy (p=0.0147). Conclusion: Majority of the children with CHDs were male and aged below 1 year. VSD, ASD, TOF and PDA were the most frequent types of CHD. Younger age, bad obstetrical history, history of febrile illness in 1st trimester of pregnancy and lack of multivitamins and folic acid in the 1st trimester of pregnancy were found to have significant association with CHDs among children. Keywords: Congenital heart disease, echocardiography, ventricular septal defect.

Pattern of congenital heart diseases among children attending a pediatric cardiology OPD of a tertiary level hospital in West Bengal, India: a retrospective study

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common congenital defects worldwide. The prevalence of CHD is low in India mostly due to under detection. The knowledge regarding socio-demographic factors, other congenital anomalies/syndromes and social impacts associated with CHDs in India is grossly lacking.Methods: This was a retrospective study. Details of all diagnosed pediatric (age 0-14 years) cases of CHD were recorded by a single cardiologist from the year 2013 to 2020. Duplicate entries were removed and CHDs were classified according to Q20-Q28 of tenth revision of international classification of diseases (ICD). For description purposes, the CHDs were divided into 10 sub-groups.Results: Total 9247 cases of CHDs were recorded during the study period. Ventricular septal defect was the most commonly identified CHD (32.1%). Most cases were acyanotic (69.8%) and presented first time at age of more than two years. Almost 1.5% cases were associated with other non-cardiac congenital defect or syndrome. In 1.0% of cases either mother or the child faced social or family problem due to the disease.Conclusions: CHD is an emerging public health problem. It is associated with other congenital anomalies/syndrome. Mandatory screening for birth defects needs to be initiated at all birth facilities. At birth counseling of the parents need to be implemented due to the associated social issues.

Patterns of Congenital Heart Disease Among Patients Attending in Specialized Hospitals

Background: Incidence of congenital heart disease is serious and common conditions that have significant impact on morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs in children and adults. The objective of this paper is socio-demographic characteristics, pattern, risk factors and geographical distribution of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD).
 Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted throughout the year of 2013 in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Among the children with confirmed diagnosis of CHD within the age ranging from birth to 18 years, admitted and treated at National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD) and National Heart Foundation and Research Center (NHFRC) were included.
 Result: Out of 168 patients, 64% were living in rural area, 36% were living in urban. The study revealed that 58.9% of male were predominant whereas female was 41.1%. The mean (±SD) age of patients was 4.87(±2.83) years. 71.4% of the children were within 1 to 5 years of age. 36.9% CHD was diagnosed at the age of 1 - 5 years. Finding of the study revealed that there were different types of CHD namely Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) 35.15%, Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) 27.4%, Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) 13.7%, Coarctation of the aorta 4.8% and Tetralogy of Fallots 19%. In urban area, 37.4% patients had VSD while in rural area, 31.1% patients had ASD. This variation of CHD in relation to living place of the patients was statistically important (χ2 4 = 11.62, p=0.024). In female patients, VSD is more than 58%, however in male patients, ASD is more than 36.4%. This variation of CHD according to sex of the patients was statistically vital (χ2 4 = 27.85, p=0.001). Among the mothers, 39.8% utilized Ant-natal Care (ANC) had VSD while 24.0% having VSD did not utilized ANC. This variation was statistically significant (χ2 4 = 8.235, p=0.04). Among the patients, 41.7% were aged 1-5 years who had VSD while 50.0% were aged 6-10 years who had ASD. This variation was statistically important as it showed (χ2 8 = 43.601, p=0.000)
 Conclusions: As the most common type of congenital heart diseases are VSD and ASD, the findings of this study will contribute in early detection and proper management of CHD in the contexts to others and thus save lives.
 JOPSOM 2020; 39(2): 40-44

Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases in Children with Congenital Malformations: An Echocardiographic study from a Tertiary Health facility in Sokoto, Nigeria

Background: Children with congenital malformations (CM) may have congenital heart diseases (CHDs) which may be initially asymptomatic. These need to be recognised and managed early in order to reduce unnecessary morbidity in affected patients. We report the pattern of CHDs in children with congenital malformations who had echocardiography over a one year period in UDUTH, Sokoto. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out in the Paediatric Cardiology Unit from 1st January to 31st December 2019. Children presenting with CM were recruited and had echocardiagraphic screening for CHDs. Data were analysed with SPSS 23 version. Statistical significance was taken at p < 0.05. Results: 81 children were seen with CM, comprising 42 females and 39 males (M:F=0.93:1); age range of 2 days to 13 years. Most frequent malformationswere anorectal malformations (ARM) in 28 (34.6%), Down syndrome in 17 (21.0%), multiple CM 10 (8.1%) and ocular abnormalities in 4 (4.9%). Thirty two (39.5%) of the patients with CM were diagnosed with CHD, out of which 24 (29.6%) had cardiac murmur. Most frequent CHD was atrioventricular septal defect in 9 (28.1%) followed by ventricular septal defect in 8 (25.0%) and patent arterial duct in 4 (12.5%). CHDs were found in all (100%) those with ocular abnormalities, in 76.5% of Down syndrome and in 14.3% of patients with ARM. Presence of murmur was significantly associated with CHD (χ2=18.0; p=0.001; OR=8.2; 95% C.1=2.8 – 24.1). Conclusion: Congenital malformations, particularly Down syndrome and ocular abnormalities, are significantly associated with CHDs. Cardiac murmurs were suggestive of CHD in children with congenital malformations.

Incidence, pattern and presentation of Congenital Heart Disease in neonates in southern part of Bangladesh

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) has already been recognized as one of the important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. The reported prevalence of CHD in live newborns tends to vary a lot due to various unrecognizable lesions at birth and lack of technical expertise.
 Aims & objectives: The ultimate aim of this study was to assess the birth incidence and pattern of congenital heart disease (CHD) using echocardiography in babies born in different government and private hospitals and also in different households.
 Results: Overall incidence of congenital heart disease in neonate in this study was 4.9 per 1000 live birth. Mean age of diagnosis was 22.5±4.6 days. Average weight of these neonates was 26.70 gm. 61.5 % neonates were female. 30.8% was preterm. Respiratory distress was the most common clinical presentation (76.9%). The commonest type of congenital heart disease was Ventricular septal defect (VSD) (61.5%). Maternal co-morbidity may have influence. 30.8% mothers had gestational diabetes mellitus. Hypothyroidism, hypertension and maternal infection may have co-relation.
 Conclusion: In this study, we have found that the overall incidence of neonatal congenital heart disease is 4.9 per 1000 live birth. A high index of suspicion and routine neonatal cheek-up may have key role in diagnosis.
 Mediscope Vol. 8, No. 1: January 2021, Page 27-32