Pattern Of Congenital Heart Disease Research Articles

Congenital Heart Disease and Maternal Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a relatively common illness that can complicate pregnancy and result in an increased incidence of congenital malformations. Offspring of diabetic mothers suffering from type IDDM have a fivefold incidence of congenital malformations compared to pregnancies in the general healthy population. Specifically, the pattern of congenital heart disease (CHD) encountered among this group, with an emphasis on abnormalities of laterality, looping and conotruncal septation, suggesting that the maternal metabolic state affects cardiogenesis at a very early stage of the developmental period, prior to 7 weeks of gestation. Although many have been written on the effect of diabetes in pregnant women, less is known for the effects of type II DM and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its role in provoking CHD.
 Aim of this paper is to review the literature regarding the types of CHD seen in offspring of mothers suffering from different types of diabetes mellitus, maternal types 1 and 2 and gestational and to comment on the incidences and any differences found in the types of detected CHD.

Congenital Heart Disease among Down Syndrome Children at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital from 2008 to 2013

Background: Children with Down syndrome are more prone to congenital heart disease due to the consequences of trisomy chromosomal 21 on gene expression. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of congenital heart disease in children with Down syndrome. Methods: This was a retrospective study of reviewed children with Down syndrome from January 2008 to January 2013 at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia. This study was conducted from August until October 2014. Patients under the age of 15 years and diagnosed having congenital heart disease from 2008 to 2013 were enrolled in this study by using the total sampling method. Incomplete medical records and children who had not performed an echocardiogram were excluded. Sex, age at diagnosis for congenital heart disease, nutritional status and other comorbidities were also examined. Results: Congenital heart disease occurred in 28 children with Down Syndrome. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was the most common and found in 11 patients followed by a combination of congenital heart diseases in 5 patients. Other 3 patients had Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), and Tetralogy of fallot (TOF) was found in 3 patients, 2 patients had Atrial septal defect (ASD) and 1 patient had miscellaneous cardiac defect. Conclusions: The most common CHD in Down syndrome is PDA.

Prevalence, profile, and pattern of congenital heart disease in Central India: A prospective, observational study

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of congenital heart disease (CHD) using echocardiography. Materials and Methods: Patients of 0–12-year-old attending outpatient and inpatient of pediatric department clinically diagnosed with heart disease were further evaluated with chest radiography, twelve-lead electrocardiograms, and the confirmation of the diagnosis was done using two-dimensional echocardiography. Results: Among a total of 42,423 patients availing outpatient and inpatient facilities at the pediatric department of a tertiary referral center, 655 were clinically suspected as having heart disease among which 430 patients were identified as CHD, giving a prevalence of 10.13/1000 live births. About 56.28% patients were below 1 year and male:female ratio was 1.3:1. Consanguinity was observed in 42.09% and most of them were of third degree. Breathlessness was the most common symptom and tachycardia was the most common sign. About 66.74% of patients were diagnosed with acyanotic and 33.26% with cyanotic type. The most common CHD was ventricular septal defect (VSD) (30.01%) followed by atrial septal defect (20.70%), tetralogy of fallot (TOF) (16.05%), and patent ductus arteriosus (10.23%). The most common cyanotic CHD was TOF followed by transposition of great vessels, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and single ventricle. Case fatality rate was 19.23% and most of the deaths in neonatal age group due to complex CHD, refractory congestive cardiac failure, sepsis, and pneumonia. Conclusion: The prevalence of CHD in this study was 10.13/1000 live births. VSD and TOF were the most common acyanotic and cyanotic CHD, respectively. Case fatality rate was 19.23% and most of the deaths occurred in neonatal age.

Clinical profile and pattern of congenital heart disease in infants of diabetic mother and infants of non-diabetic mother at a tertiary care hospital.

To assess the clinical manifestations and pattern of congenital heart diseases (CHD) in infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) and infants of non-diabetic mothers. A prospective cross sectional study was carried out at tertiary care center over a period of thirty months. All neonates were included in this study if CHD were identified by echocardiography within this study period. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare between groups. Out of 62 neonates, IDMs and non-IDMs were equal in number, male and female ratio was 3 : 2, and majority were delivered by cesarean section (85.5%). Mean gestational age was 35 weeks, 62.3% were preterm, and 37.7% were term. Common clinical presentations were cardiac murmur (61%), and respiratory distress (43.5%). Less common presentations were low SaO2 (27.4%), tachycardia (24.2%), and cyanosis (24.2%). Common combination of presentations were murmur and tachypnea (38.7%); cyanosis and low SaO2 (24.19%); and low SaO2 and tachypnea 15(24.19). The common echocardiographic findings were atrial septal defect (ASD; 72.6%), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA; 45.2%), and ventricular septal defect (VSD; 25.8%). ASD (77.4% vs 67.7%) and VSD (35.5% vs 16.1%) were more in IDMs, and PDA (48.4% vs 41.9%) was more in non-IDMs. These differences were not significant between groups. Clinical presentation and echocardiographic findings of CHD were similar in IDMs and non-IDMs.

Study of congenital heart diseases in patients with Down syndrome in Algeria.

This study aimed to describe and evaluate the type, frequency and patterns of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) in patients with Down Syndrome (DS) in Sétif, Algeria. Down Syndrome, or trisomy 21, is the most common genetic disorder in the world. Data were collected and followed from January 2009 to December 2013. Parental consanguinity documenting pedigree analyzing, chromosome analysis and clinical examination were carried out for all cases. Results have shown that 22 (15.4%; ± 0.06) of the total 143 known cases of DS from DS centres have CHDs and 88 (10.6%; ± 2.2) of the total 770 patients with CHDs collected from public departments at the child and maternity teaching hospital, Sétif, have DS. Among the 110 cases, 75 (68%) have single cardiac abnormalities and 35 (32%) have multiple cardiac abnormalities. The most frequent CHDs were Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD). In conclusion, our study will be helpful to demonstrate the current status of DS and to identify the distribution of CHD in patients with DS in Sétif, Algeria, for further study.

Prenatal differential ultrasound diagnosis of congenital heart diseases with interventricular septal defect and dextroposed aorta

Main prenatal ultrasound differential patterns of congenital heart diseases including interventricular septal defect and dextroposed aorta are presented.

Pattern of congenital heart disease in newborn in Al-Diwaniyah maternity and children teaching hospital

Background:CHD in the newborn is a problematic disease that need thorough investigation and may need urgent intervention.Objective:To review the pattern of CHD in newborns in Al- Diwaniyah city and to establish the relationship between CHD and certain parameters like sex,and consanguinity Patients and Methods: The study started at 1st of June 2008 till the 1st of January 2010 ,all newborn babies with suspected CHD were included in this study and undergo thorough history with specific attention on prenatal ,natal and postnatal history also questionnaire including sex ,full term or preterm delivery ,any previously affected sibling with CHD, the degree of consanguinity between the parents ,order of the patient in his family , then perfect general and cardiovascular system examination were performed to detect any other congenital or evidence of chromosomal abnormalities .Sixty seven neonates were enrolled in this study (7 of them were excluded because of prematurity)and 60 neonate were evaluated by chest Xray, electrocardiograph, and echocardiography which done by expert pediatric cardiologist.Results :In this study we found that acyanotic CHD is more common than cyanotic type with VSD is accounting about 35% of cases followed by PDA 26.6% and then ASD 8.3% and TOF 8.3% ,also the study show that asymptomatic murmur is the commonest presentations of CHD in the newborn and consanguinity may be a risk factor.Conclusion: Early detection of CHD is very important for proper management so proper clinical examination and expert echocardiography is considered a gold standard for the diagnosis of CHD .Two dimensions echocardiography is also essential for the diagnosis special cardiac center should be established in our region (AL-Diwaniah)in order to manage the patient effectively without delay that may affect the out- come of the disease.

Pattern of congenital heart diseases among children with Down syndrome attending a tertiary care medical college hospital

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality associated with learning difficulties with reported incidence between1/600 -1/1000 live births. DS (trisomy 21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality seen in clinical practice. Most children with DS have trisomy 21, due to chromosomal non-disjunction during meiosis; however, other abnormalities, such as Robertsonian translocation, mosaic, double or triple aneuploidies have been reported. The association between DS and congenital heart disease (CHD) is well established. Congenital heart disease is the most common cause of death among patients with DS and affected children have an increased risk of mortality.Methods: The present descriptive study was conducted on children who had clinical features suggestive of Down syndrome and who were karyotypically proved as Down syndrome.Results: In 100 cases of down syndrome 60 children were males and 40 children were females. 45 children had congenital heart diseases. The frequency of CHD in down syndrome is 45%. Ventricular septal defect was the most common CHD found 40% children with down syndrome.Conclusions: All children with Down’s syndrome should have a cardiac evaluation at birth. Early referral and screening of all babies born with the clinical phenotype of DS should be encouraged due to the high prevalence of congenital heart defects.

Pattern of Congenital Heart Diseases and Treatment Options in a Bangladeshi Centre: Analysis of 6914 cases from Non-invasive Cardiac Laboratory

Background: Echocardiography is the most sensitive tool to diagnose congenital heart diseases efficiently. It can be repeated as many times as required to see the progress, outcome of treatment and complications. Echocardiography laboratory can give a scenario of pattern of congenital heart diseases existing in Bangladesh as well as natural history of the cases and treatment options offered.Methods: It is a retrospective review of database of echocardiography patient from pediatric noninvasive laboratory of a cardiac hospital from January 2012 to December 2012.Results: Out of 6914 cases 55.73% were male and 44.27% female. Neonates include 8.48%, 36.62% Down Syndrome were infant, 34.02% were under 5 years, 17.97% were children and adolescents and 2.96% were adults. Normal Echocardiography finding was found in 17.28% cases. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) was found in 18.60% cases, Atrial septal defects (ASD) in 15.41% cases, Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 8.59% cases, Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) in 1.97% cases, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in 4.79% cases and Transposition of great arteries (TGA) in 2.26% cases. Down syndrome was the commonest chromosomal abnormality seen in 2.4% cases.Conclusion: This study shows that VSD is the commonest congenital heart lesions in our country followed by ASD. Down syndrome was the commonest chromosomal abnormality seen in 2.4% cases.Cardiovasc. j. 2017; 9(2): 97-105

Incidence of Congenital heart disease among the neonates in neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital

Background: A large number of newborns are affected by congenital heart diseases, which accounts for a high proportion of infant mortality worldwide. But there are regional variations in the prevalence and distribution pattern of congenital heart diseases. We evaluated the incidence, risk factors and diagnostic clues for congenital heart disease in newborns in our neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit of Vydehi institute of medical sciences between January 2013 to December 2016. Congenital heart disease was suspected if clinical and confirmed by 2D echocardiography and doppler and colour flow imaging. Data was collected on a predesigned proforma containing information regarding gender, gestational age and weight at birth, family history, and associated malformations. Results: Out of 1974 babies screened for CHDs, 126 babies had CHDs (4.6%) of which 71(56%) were males. Most of neonates presented with Respiratory distress (52.3%), murmurs (49.5%), abnormal chest X ray (27.7%), followed by cyanosis (18.2%) in Cyanotic CHDs(100% of the cases). Conclusion: The incidence of CHD in newborns at the neonatal intensive care unit was higher than that in all live births.VSD was the most common congenital heart defect detected while Tetralogy of Fallot was commonest among the cyanotic heart defects.

Prevalence and patterns of congenital heart diseases in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

IntroductionCongenital heart diseases (CHD) are common causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among young children and adolescents living in Africa. Accurate epidemiological data are needed in order to evaluate and...

Spectrum of Congenital Heart Diseases in Eastern Nepal: A tertiary care hospital experience

Background & Objectives: Congenital heart diseases are neglected especially in world’s poorest nations and appear to be ignored and unexplored dimension of health. The exact prevalence and spectrum of congenital heart diseases in Nepal is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the local experience on the magnitude and the pattern of congenital heart disease in order to increase the awareness of the public and health policy makers on its burden in Nepal.Materials & Methods: This is an observational hospital based study carried out in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern Nepal. The duration of this study was from April 2015 to July 2016. The echocardiography reports of all patients clinically suspected of having congenital heart disease were retrieved, and their diagnostic details were extracted. Only patients of day one of life to 14 years of age were included. Congenital heart diseases like bicuspid aortic valve, mitral valve prolapse and various inherited cardiomyopathies were excluded.Results: A total of 330 echocardiograms were performed for clinically suspected congenital heart disease. The mean age of study population was 22.31±34.08 months with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. 23% of clinically suspected congenital heart disease cases turned out to have normal echocardiography. Acyanotic congenital heart disease was most common (81.5%) followed by cyanotic congenital heart disease (14.2%) and obstructive congenital heart disease (4.3%). Atrial septal defect was found to be the most common form of acyanotic congenital heart disease (52%) which was followed by ventricular septal defect (28.8%) and patent ductus arteriosus (14.8%). Tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle were the most common form of cyanotic CHD representing 44.4% of all cyanotic patients. Pulmonary stenosis was the most common obstructive congenital heart disease observed in this study population (63.6%). Rarer entities, like d-transposition of great arteries, congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries, various types of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, double inlet left ventricle, interrupted aortic arch, Shone complex, etc. were also observed, however represented only the minority of the study population.Conclusion: The spectrum of congenital heart disease seen in this study very likely and only represents the tip of the iceberg. Public awareness programmes and training of health care personnel needs to be emphasized in order to facilitate its early diagnosis and improve its outcome.

A systematic review of trends and patterns of congenital heart disease in children in Nigeria from 1964-2015.

Congenital heart diseases cause significant childhood morbidity and mortality. Several restricted studies have been conducted on the epidemiology in Nigeria. No truly nationwide data on patterns of congenital heart disease exists. To determine the patterns of congenital heart disease in children in Nigeria and examine trends in the occurrence of individual defects across 5 decades. We searched PubMed database, Google scholar, TRIP database, World Health Organisation libraries and reference lists of selected articles for studies on patterns of congenital heart disease among children in Nigeria between 1964 and 2015. Two researchers reviewed the papers independently and extracted the data. Seventeen studies were selected that included 2,953 children with congenital heart disease. The commonest congenital heart diseases in Nigeria are ventricular septal defect (40.6%), patent ductus arteriosus (18.4%), atrial septal defect (11.3%) and tetralogy of Fallot (11.8%). There has been a 6% increase in the burden of VSD in every decade for the 5 decades studied and a decline in the occurrence of pulmonary stenosis. Studies conducted in Northern Nigeria demonstrated higher proportions of atrial septal defects than patent ductus arteriosus. Ventricular septal defects are the commonest congenital heart diseases in Nigeria with a rising burden.

The spectrum of congenital heart diseases in down syndrome. A retrospective study from Northwest Saudi Arabia.

Objectives:To to define the frequency and patterns of congenital heart disease (CHD) among children with Down syndrome (DS) in Northwest Saudi Arabia.Methods:We included children with confirmed DS referred to the regional pediatric cardiology unit in Madinah Maternity and Children Hospital between January 2008 and December 2013. Children were identified from the unit’s data-base and the charts were reviewed retrospectively. We excluded term and preterm children with patent ducts arteriosus (PDA) and persistent foramen oval spontaneously resolved during the first 4 weeks of life.Results:A total of 302 children with DS were identified (50.3% male). Of these, 177 (58.6%) had CHD. Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) was the most frequent lesion identified in 72/177 (40.7%) followed by mixed left to right shunt defects (14.7%) and secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) (11.8%). Ventricular septal defect was detected in 10.7% and 8.5% had PDA beyond the neonatal period. There was no gender difference in the frequency of CHD (p=0.9) and the presence of CHD was not related to the genetic cause of DS (p=0.9).Conclusion:The frequency of CHD in our DS cohort is comparable with Europe, Asia, and other KSA regions. However its pattern appears to be different from some areas in KSA.

Congenital Heart Disease and Maternal Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a relatively common illness that can complicatepregnancy and result in an increased incidence of congenital malformations.Offspring of diabetic mothers suffering from type IDDM have a fivefold incidence of congenital malformations compared to pregnancies in the general healthy population. Specifically, the pattern of congenital heart disease(CHD) encountered among this group, with an emphasis on abnormalities of laterality, looping and conotruncal septation, suggesting that the maternal metabolic state affects cardiogenesis at a very early stage of the developmental period, prior to 7 weeks of gestation. Although many have been written on the effect of diabetes in pregnant women, less is known for the effects of type II DM and gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) and its role in provoking CHD. Aim: Aim of this paper is to review the literature regarding the types of CHD seen in offspring of mothers suffering fromdifferent typesof diabetes mellitus, maternal types 1 and 2 and gestational and to comment on the incidences and any differencesfound in the types of detected CHD. Method: a systematic literature resurge of the last 15 years was reviewed focusing to produce answers on the aims of the study. Conclusion: basedon the existing evidencehigh frequency of CHD can be found in any type of maternal diabetes mellitus. For this reason, we believe that any type of diabetes present in a pregnancy must be a strong indication undergoing specific special fetal cardiac prenatal screening, aiming to detect possible CHD.

Pattern of congenital heart diseases in a tertiary care teachinghospital, Chinna Kakani, Guntur

Objective: To evaluate the spectrum and pattern of congenital heart diseases in NRI general hospital, a tertiary care teaching hospital, Chinna Kakani, Andhra Pradesh. Methods: A retrospective hospital based analysis of children attending pediatric department over a period of two years during January, 2014 to December, 2015 was performed. Patients suspected to have cardiac symptoms or cardiac murmurs were referred for 2D echo and colour Doppler to confirm the diagnosis. Prevalence rate per 1000 patients was calculated. Relative frequencies of individual CHD types as a proportion of total CHDs were also calculated. Results: A total of 174 Echo confirmed cases of CHDs were identified from a total of 60,000 patients attending the hospital over a two year period with a calculated prevalence of 2.9/1000 patients. Of total cases 96 were female and 78 were male children. A total of 149 Acyanotic CHD cases (86.5%) were identified of which, Isolated ASD were 52 (35%), Isolated VSD were 42(28%), AVCD were 2 (1.34%), PS were 12(8%),AS were 4(2.7%), COA were 2(1.34%), PDA were22(14.7%), combination of ASD + VSD were 10(6.7%) and Dextrocardia with situs inversus were 3(2%). A total of 25 cases of Cyanotic CHD were identified, of which TOF and its variants were 16(64%), DORV+VSD+PS were 2(8%), rare complex CHDs like DORV+HLHS, TAPVC, Ebstien Anomaly, Cortriatrium, were one case(4%) each and TGA were 3(12%) cases. Conclusion: The calculated prevalence of CHD at 2.9 /1000 among hospital attending patients could be an underestimation of actual disease burden in our community. The maximum numbers of children with CHD were identified by 5 years of age. The most commonly found Acyanotic CHDs were ASD, VSD and PDA. The most common cyanotic CHD was TOF.

A study of prevalence and pattern of congenital heart disease and rheumatic heart disease among school children

Background: Early detection of congenital heart disease is of paramount importance to improve the quality of life of children and prevent morbidity and mortality. Early detection among school children is a novel approach which is time saving and cost effective. The objective was to study prevalence and pattern of congenital heart disease and rheumatic heart disease among school children. Methods: An institution based cross sectional study was conducted from July2008 to March 2009 among school children of all schools having 1st Standard to 10th Standard in Latur district. After obtaining necessary permissions and consent, students were screened for congenital heart disease by the health team. Results: The prevalence of congenital and rheumatic heart disease was found to be 4.6 per 10,000 school children. The most common type of congenital heart disease found was VSD and ASD in 25.2% of cases each. They both together constituted more than 50% of the congenital heart disease among school children. The next most common type was PDA in 14.1% of cases followed by TOF in 11.7%. Rheumatic heart disease in the form of MS was seen in 12.3% of cases among the school children. PS constituted in 4.9%, TA in 4.3% followed by AS in 1.2% of cases. Ebstein anomaly and Bicuspid aortic valve was seen in one case each. In the present study, females were found affected more than males. In case of PS and TA, males outnumbered females. Ebstein anomaly and bicuspid aortic valve was present only in females. Conclusions: Prevalence of congenital and rheumatic heart disease was 4.6 per 10,000. VSD and ASD were the most common types of congenital heart disease.

Pattern of congenital heart disease in a developing country tertiary care center: Factors associated with delayed diagnosis.

Objective:To determine the delay in diagnosis of various types of congenital heart defects in children and factors associated with such delay.Patients and Methods:For this observational study, 354 patients having congenital heart disease (CHD) presenting for the first time to the Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, between January 1, 2015 and June 30, 2015, were enrolled after obtaining informed verbal consent from the guardian of each child. Demographical profile and various factors under observation were recorded.Results:Among the 354 enrolled children (M: F 1.7:1) with age ranging from 1 to 176 months (median 24 months), 301 (85.1%) had delayed diagnosis of CHD (mainly acyanotic 65.3%), with median delay (8 months). Main factors for delay were delayed first consultation to a doctor (37.2%) and delayed diagnosis by a health professional (22.5%). Other factors included delayed referral to a tertiary care hospital (13.3%), social taboos (13.0%), and financial constraints (12.3%). Most children were delivered outside hospital settings (88.7%). Children with siblings less than two (40%) were less delayed than those having two or more siblings (60%, P < 0.001).Conclusion:Diagnosis of congenital heart defect was delayed in majority of patients. Multiple factors such as lack of adequately trained health system and socioeconomic constraints were responsible for the delay. There is a need to develop an efficient referral system and improve public awareness in developing countries for early diagnosis and management of such children.

Cardiology update 2017

In the latter half of 2016, the Danish study evaluated the need of automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in nonischemic cardiomyopathies group of heart failure population. HOPE-3 in 2016 expanded the dimension of statin use. Novel age, biomarker, and clinical history stroke risk score for atrial fibrillation was validated. Success of Phase 2b clinical trial for CSL112 was one more step to reduce the ischemic events in the postmyocardial infarction period. On the one hand, NORSTENT study compared the bare-metal stents with drug-eluting stent, and on the other hand, 3-year follow-up data of ABSORB II trail discussed the performance of bioresorbable scaffolds. NOBLE and EXCEL trials evaluated the coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass graft in the left main coronary artery disease. Reduction of major adverse cardiac event with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <50 mg/dl was analyzed with alirocumab. Fractional flow reserve was tested as a tool to decide treatment modality in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Natural history of rheumatic heart disease in the current era was described in REMEDY study. A few technological advancements in cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator technology were also approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Birth prevalence and pattern of congenital heart disease in North India were presented.

Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease: A cross-sectional observational study from North India.

Objective:To assess the birth prevalence and pattern of congenital heart disease (CHD) using echocardiography in babies born in a community hospital of North India.Methods:A cross-sectional observational study conducted over a period of 3 years. Newborns born over a specific 8-h period of the day were recruited in the study. They underwent routine clinical examination and pulse oximetry, followed by screening echocardiography for diagnosing a CHD.Results:A total of 20,307 newborns were screened, among which 874 had abnormal echocardiograms; 687 had insignificant CHDs, 164 had significant CHDs, and 24 had other abnormal cardiac findings. The birth prevalence of significant CHDs was 8.07 per 1000 live births; 131 newborns had an acyanotic CHD (79.9%) and 33 a cyanotic CHD (20.1%). Ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the most common acyanotic CHD, present in 116 newborns, giving a prevalence of 5.7/1000 live births. Among the cyanotic CHD, transposition of great arteries was most common (prevalence 0.34/1000 live births).Conclusion:The CHD birth prevalence in our study is similar to the reported worldwide birth prevalence. Acyanotic CHD (mostly VSD) is seen in about three-fourths of babies born with CHD. The more sinister cyanotic CHD is present in remaining 25%.