Layout Pattern Research Articles

Flow kinematics with oppositely rotating coaxial layers

In modern technological processes, liquid and gas flows play an important role. This is especially mostly evident in hydraulic engineering and hydropower construction when designing the highly efficient hydraulic turbines, various spillway systems and other elements of layout patterns of structures. When designing and constructing such facilities, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the flows to be passed through these structures in order to correctly take into account the various types of impacts from the flow: pressure pulsations, cavitation and erosion due to cavitation, wave formation and abrasive wear. When designing high-head spillway structures, special attention is paid to the presence of excess energy from the stream entering the lower pool, which requires special measures to dissipate it. Nowadays, in the practice of construction of hydraulic structures, swirled flows are used including those with oppositely rotating layers. This type of flow creates a number of effects that allow one to radically solve the problems of energy dissipation of high-velocity flows. The report presents the results of studies of a complicated flow formed by oppositely rotating coaxially arranged layers of liquid made by a physical method. The description of the experimental stand for the model studies of such flows is given. The basic parameters of the installation, the principle of operation of the recording equipment and its main characteristics are given. The results of model studies in the form of distribution of the components of the flow velocity along the cross section of the flow conductor and its length are given.

From Virtual Characterization to Test-Chips: DFM Analysis Through Pattern Enumeration

As CMOS technology continues to scale down due to advances in lithography, the interaction of neighboring patterns is exacerbated. Every pattern printed on silicon is influenced by its neighbors given a technology-specific interaction range. As transistors and cells shrink to sizes of the same order of the interaction range, pattern dependencies at the 16-nm node (and below) make the prediction of functional and parametric yield challenging. Precharacterizing all combinations of layouts as a function of all possible neighboring patterns is impractical due to exponential complexity, whereas silicon characterization of all patterns is practically impossible. In this paper, we propose a virtual characterization vehicle (VCV) methodology that can exhaustively identify all uniquely occurring layout patterns in a standard cell library. VCVs can expose all cell neighboring arrangements as a function of a radius of influence while compiling the pattern frequency and also uncovering the arrangement of cells that create unique patterns. Effects that span multiple layers are also captured in our analysis. VCV results can be used to co-design libraries by suggesting favorable compositions as well as favorable layout styles. Finally, VCVs can be turned into test-chips that are guaranteed to cover all identified patterns with the aid of self-testing features. An extremely regular library was developed in 16-nm FinFET technology and is used to showcase our pattern analysis in which DFM quality is shown to be improved with respect to commercial libraries. Our silicon results demonstrate the feasibility of turning the VCV approach into real silicon test chips.

Analysis Layout in Supermarket between AVIA and Souvernir-Center Haikou

Layout should be considered in the field of business, the application of a good layout system, there are many benefits and influence on consumers.For example in Haikou, China. There is a center of souvenirbased coconut. The self-applied Lay Out is very unique and rarely used by the Gift Souvenir Center in Indonesia. They set the layout of the free flow pattern but made like a snake path, so consumers would not want to follow the path so that consumers also indirectly see their other products of various kinds. It is very good to attract the attention of consumers and there are products that are discounted again but placed in different places when the product is the same as the one placed at the beginning. Result : Layout determine revenue Keywords: Layout, Souvenir-Center, Business

Evaluation of Ultimate Pullout Capacity of Anchor Cables Embedded in Rock Using a Unified Rupture Shape Model

Anchor cables are now widely used to stabilize many kinds of geostructures in practice. However, the prediction of the anti-pullout performance of anchor cables still involves uncertainty for designer. This paper presents an analysis procedure for the evaluation the ultimate pullout capacity of anchor cables embedded in rock. A unified rupture shape model is proposed to describe the failure surface shape of anchor in rock mass by incorporating typical failure mode and failure surface shape. Using the limit equilibrium method, a formula of ultimate pullout capacity of a single anchor (cable) considering layout pattern, grouting pressures, rock masse quality and construction disturbance is then established with the assumption that surrounding rock follows the generalized Hoek–Brown criterion. Performance of the present method is assessed using comparison of the theoretical and well-documented filed test results. Parametric study is also carried out to clarify the influence of some key indices for rock mass on the ultimate pullout capacity of anchor cables embedded in rock. The present analyses shows that the geological strength index has great influence on ultimate pullout capacity of a single cable and ultimate pullout capacity of a single cable could be improved to a certain extent by reducing construction disturbance.

Several Adaptive Replica Synchronization Approaches for Distributed file System

This survey paper explained the different approaches of synchronization of replicas of files placed on distributed systems. The survey tells some older and latest techniques of synchronization. Some techniques are by the interference of metadata servers and some are without any intrusion of MDS. In former technique SS storage servers are used for synchronization among replicas. To maximize the performance, scalability and reliability CEPH is a distributed file system. It makes distinction between meta data and data management by object storage file system run on object file systems. Excellent I/O and metadata management is done on CEPH. Commodity servers and disks are used for multitier distributed systems. Performance reliability, I/O rate, workload in writes operations and less overhead in synchronization are the main focus while synchronization of replicas. Hadoop and Google file system are the distributive file systems. Hadoop ensures the better input and output performance with minimal synchronization in replicas, data intensive applications and provides fault tolerance. Some strategies are used for data intensive applications. Parallel file system is type of distributed file system. Analysis enforces the best performance on small and large input output requests. Pattern direct and layout replication technique is one of the most optimized techniques for parallel file system. Data access performance, reliability, data consistency, centralized synchronization, less workload, less overhead is the main focus of all the techniques. Some other file systems like SOFA and frangipani do focus on data consistency and reduce of bandwidth.

Pedestrian tracking in outdoor spaces of a suburban university campus for the investigation of occupancy patterns

The design of a livable and comfortable environment has been one of the main aims of sustainable university campus design. The creation of outdoor spaces for accommodating amenities has a positive effect on users with regard to various physiological and psychological aspects. Knowing how daily activity patterns and pedestrian movements are distributed across space is important for assessing whether or not human use and design plans are in fact successful. The aim of this study is to determine occupancy patterns and pedestrian routes in outdoor spaces during different seasons at a sustainable university campus by using spatial statistical analyses that involve ANN, MC and SDE. To perform these analyses, the researchers attempted to use a pedestrian tracking method from camera surveillance to aggregate the required data by conducting a longitudinal study. The data that were aggregated by pedestrian tracking was visualized with the use of a spatio-temporal mapping method in GIS. Logistic GWR was performed to seek the relationship between occupancy pattern (clustered distribution) and design layout of open spaces, comprising the variables of proximity to the attraction centers/entrances, and visual integration. The results confirmed that occupants prefer to use the areas that have high visual integration value and are close to attraction centers.

Heliostat field cleaning scheduling for Solar Power Tower plants: A heuristic approach

Soiling of heliostat surfaces due to local climate has a direct impact on their optical efficiency and therefore a direct impact on the productivity of the Solar Power Tower plant. Cleaning techniques applied are dependent on plant construction and current schedules are normally developed considering heliostat layout patterns, providing sub-optimal results. In this paper, a method to optimise cleaning schedules is developed, with the objective of maximising energy generated by the plant. First, an algorithm finds a cleaning schedule by solving an integer program, which is then used as a starting solution in an exchange heuristic. Since the optimisation problems are of large size, a p-median type heuristic is performed to reduce the problem dimensionality by clustering heliostats into groups to be cleaned in the same period.

Assessing the Solar Radiation Quantity of High-Rise Residential Areas in Typical Layout Patterns: A Case in North-East China

With the development of energy-saving and emission-reduction, solar energy as a clean energy with excellent characteristics has bright prospects for development and application in residential environment with high energy consumption. With the intensification of land use, there are more and more high-rise residential areas in the city. If the residential construction becomes more compact, the solar radiation of the buildings will be in loss. Therefore, there may exist some restrictive relationship between the residential layout patterns and the solar radiation quantity. Through the multiple response frequency analysis method of SPSS, the study summarizes three typical high-rise residential layout patterns, which are parallel determinant, non-parallel determinant and three-sided enclosure. The Autodesk Ecotect is used to simulate the solar radiation quantity of each building roof and south facade. Last, obtain the relationship between the residential layout index and the solar radiation quantity. The results show that there actually exists certain correlativity between solar radiation quantity and floor area ratio, building density and building height; meanwhile, each annual solar radiation quantity changed by residential layout index has its own variable curve. The results also indicate that three-sided enclosure layout pattern has greater solar radiation potential than parallel determinant and non-parallel determinant. By summarizing the corresponding conclusions, the optimal mode of high-rise settlements with high solar radiation is explored, which can provide reference for further residential planning.

A Planning Named Beautiful Rural Construction Based on Integrating of Production, Life and Ecology: A Case Study of Baizhai Village in Suining City

In response to the fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the government of Sichuan province purposes the idea of constructing “happy and beautiful new village” all around Sichuan. Confronted with the problems such as fragmented industrial structure, backward supporting environment and ecological environment in the construction of new villages, the government of Sichuan province puts forward the planning and research of “Happy New Village” based on the idea of “Integrating production, life and ecology”, hoping that the research would play a leading role in the construction of new countryside. Based on the concept of Integrating of Production, Life and Ecology and combined with layout of the settlements industrial agglomeration with functional upgrading, facilities completing, ecological conservation, this project would not only perfect the spatial structure, industrial development but also the programming of infrastructure and public service facilities. In doing so, the development pattern of overall regional spatial layout of “one area two corridors three strips six groups” was formed. At the same time, the harmonious development among production, living and ecology in Baizhai village was realized.

Corrigendum to ‘Numerical studies of the outdoor wind environment and thermal comfort at pedestrian level in housing blocks with different building layout patterns and trees arrangement’ [Renew. Energy. 73 (2015) 18–27

Corrigendum to ‘Numerical studies of the outdoor wind environment and thermal comfort at pedestrian level in housing blocks with different building layout patterns and trees arrangement’ [Renew. Energy. 73 (2015) 18–27

울산 천전리 암각화 동물문 연구

Point-engraved animal motifs of Cheonjeon-ri Petroglyphs seem to be the product of hunting rituals based on worship of rocks. Their creators seem to have engraved the images of animals praying to the gods, the masters of animals, that they be allowed to hunt the game as easily as if the animals were stuck on the rocks.BR The large number of female and male animal couples and large bucks with exaggerated antlers reflected the creators’ hope that the animals hunted will reproduce and recover the lost numbers. The fertility of animals mattered greatly to both the animals themselves and to humans. The people who attempted point-engravings on Cheonjeon-ri Petroglyphs also hoped to catch whales and sharks on the sea.BR Compared to Bangudae Petroglyphs, the people who point-engraved and those who line-engraved and ground geometric patterns were not linked either in time period or lifestyle. While those who left images on Bangudae Petroglyphs sought to avoid overlapping with previous petroglyphs, the people who left geometric patterns on Cheonjeon-ri disregarded the works of previous period, damaging them in the process. They did not know people who left point-engraved animals nor their meanings.BR If the people who left geometric patterns on Cheonjeon-ri relied on agriculture, those of animal motifs were of a different group that relied on hunting as the main way of life. Considering the composition and the layout of the geometric patterns, their creators may be from the Bronze Age. The creators of point-engraved animal images likely belonged to the hunter-gatherer groups of Neolithic Period.

Small 500 kW onshore wind farm project in Kribi, Cameroon: Sizing and checkers layout optimization model

For the purpose of providing cheap, affordable and reliable electrical energy to communities in need and power-up new industries and enterprises, a small onshore wind farm with an estimated capacity of 500 kW is designed and studied. With the help of a wind rose, wind resource map, and results from Weibull statistics, a potential site is selected and the wind farm is positioned along Cameroon’s coastline for maximum energy capture. Using the PARK model for wind turbine layout optimization, two different layout patterns (Checkers pattern and column pattern) are studied for the purpose of minimizing the wake effect and thereby, maximizing the output power from the farm. The Checkers model was found suitable as compared to the column model to be used on Grand Batanga, a small locality South of the city of Kribi, Cameroon.

The Method of Multi-Camera Layout in Motion Capture System for Diverse Small Animals

Motion capture based on multi-camera is widely used in the quantification of animal locomotor behaviors and this is one of the main research methods to reveal the physical laws of animal locomotion and to inspire the design and realization of bionic robot. It has been found that the multi-camera layout patterns greatly affect the effect of motion capture. Due to the researches for animals of diverse species, determining the most appropriate layout patterns to achieve excellent capture performance remains an unresolved challenge. To improve the capturing accuracy, this investigation focuses on the method of multi-camera layout as a motion capture system for diverse animals with significant differences in outward appearance characteristics and locomotor behaviors. The demand boundaries of motion capture are determined according to the appearance types (shapes and space volume) and the behavior characteristics of the animals, resulting in the matching principle of the typical multi-camera layout patterns (arch, annular and half-annular) with diverse animals. The results of the calibration experiments show that the average standard deviation rate (ASDR) of multi-camera system in the half-annular layout patterns (0.52%) is apparently smaller than that of the other two patterns, while its intersecting volume is the largest among the three patterns. The ASDR at different depths of field in a half-annular layout demonstrate that the greater depth of field is conducive to improving the precision of the motion capture system. Laboratory experiments of the motion capture for small animals (geckos and spiders) employed the multi-camera system locked in the 3-D force measuring platform in a half-annular layout pattern indicate that the ASDR of them could reach less than 3.8% and their capturing deviation rate (ACDR) are respectively 3.43% and 1.74%. In this report, the correlations between the motion capture demand boundaries of small animals and the characteristics of the multi-camera layout patterns were determined to advance the motion capture experimental technology for all kinds of small animals, which can provide effective support for the understanding of animal locomotion.

Study on the long-hole raising technique using one blast based on vertical crater retreat multiple deck shots

Backfilling inaccessible cavity through raise can provide underground support for the active open-pit operations and the raise must be taken down in a single blast for safety reasons. Conventional raising techniques are not economically and technically feasible, and the maximum advance depth in one blast is limited. In this paper, small-scale crater tests were carried out in a site with cavities and field blasting test data were measured and evaluated to obtain the basic data for raise-scale blast designs. The raising design parameters with 250-mm hole diameter, including charge weight and height for each slice, slice height, hole spacing and delay interval, were derived. A scheme of multiple deck blasting based on vertical crater retreat (VCR) drop-raising method was designed for an abandoned cavity with 30-m cover. The lower 12-m cover was first blasted to investigate the practical blast performance. Charging and timing patterns were adjusted accordingly and the left 18-m cover was successfully opened up. Through raising tests, it is shown that the advantage of two available free surfaces up and down should be maximized, and smaller slice height and alternate initiation sequence are benefit for raising extension. A numerical model is then developed and it is calibrated against the 12-m raising test. By combining the calibrated numerical model with the raising test results, the effects of hole layout and in-slice delay are examined. It is shown that circular pattern and in-slice delay are positive for multiple-deck raising blast. Based on the foregoing analysis, the hole layout, charging and timing patterns are optimized. The optimized scheme was applied to field raising blast and a 32-m raise was successfully excavated in one blast.

Investigation on Punching Shear Capacity of Hollow Slab-column Connection

To investigate the punching shear capacity of cast-in-situ reinforced concrete hollow slab-column connections under the unbalanced bending moments, a series of specimens were tested and analyzed in this paper. Hollow ratio, direction of moment, tube layout pattern and other factors are considered in the experiment. Performance of the specimens was evaluated in terms of cracking load, ultimate bearing capacity, fracture distribution and load-displacement curve. Moreover, the punching shear capacity formula of the hollow slab-column connections was provided. The experimental results show that the failure patterns of the specimens are punching failure; stiffness improved with the increase of thickness. Under one-direction unbalanced moment, the punching shear capacity decreases with the increase of hollow ratio; Under bi-direction unbalanced bending moment, the punching shear capacity increases with the increase in hollow ratio; the punching shear capacity is higher when bending moment along the tube compared to bending moment cross the tube, but it is not obvious; the specimens under bidirection unbalanced moment have lower punching shear capacity and better deformation ability compared with specimens under one-direction unbalanced moment. Using the proposed punching shear capacity formula, the calculated values are in good agreement with measurements.

Subresolution Assist Feature Generation With Supervised Data Learning

Subresolution assist feature (SRAF) generation is a very important resolution enhancement technique to improve yield in modern semiconductor manufacturing process. Model-based and rule-based approaches are widely adopted in the semiconductor industry. The model-based SRAF generation can achieve a high accuracy but it is known to be time-consuming and it is hard to obtain consistent SRAFs on the same layout pattern configurations. The rule-based SRAF generation is highly technology dependent and it is becoming extremely difficult to render high-quality results in advanced technology nodes. This paper proposes supervised data learning techniques for fast yet consistent SRAF generation with high-quality results. We first propose the constrained concentric circle with area sampling scheme for feature extraction. Illumination source symmetry-based feature compaction technique is further invented to reduce the training data set size and achieve consistent SRAF predictions. Using accurate model-based SRAFs as training data, classification models based on logistic regression (LGR) and support vector machine are calibrated for SRAF predictions. Moreover, the probability maximum prediction is proposed to generate manufacturing-friendly SRAFs with a greedy simplification scheme. We compare support vector machine and LGR models by embedding into an entire mask optimization flow, where the support vector machine model obtains better lithographic performance. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared with the commercial Calibre tool, supervised data learning techniques for SRAF generation obtain significant speed up (>3X for a ${100~{ {{\mathrm{um}}} }^{2}}$ layout clip) and comparable lithographic performance in terms of edge placement error and process variation band.

Fast optical proximity correction method based on nonlinear compressive sensing.

Optical proximity correction (OPC) is an extensively used resolution enhancement technique (RET) in optical lithography. To date, the computational efficiency has become a big issue for pixelated OPC techniques due to the increasing complexity of lithographic masks in modern integrated circuits. This paper is the first to apply nonlinear compressive sensing (CS) theory to break through the computational efficiency of gradient-based pixelated OPC methods. The proposed method reduces the dimensionality of the OPC problem by downsampling the layout pattern. Then, a nonlinear cost function is established to guarantee the lithography imaging performance on the downsampled layout. Under the sparsity assumption of the mask, the OPC problem is formulated as an inverse nonlinear CS reconstruction problem. The iterative hard thresholding (IHT) algorithm is then used to solve for the OPC problem. The proposed method proves to improve the computational efficiency of traditional gradient-based OPC methods, while improving the process windows of the lithography systems. Benefiting from the sparse property of the mask patterns, the mask manufacturability can also be improved compared to traditional methods.

Deep Context-Sensitive Facial Landmark Detection With Tree-Structured Modeling.

Facial landmark detection is typically cast as a point-wise regression problem that focuses on how to build an effective image-to-point mapping function. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep learning approach for contextually discriminative feature construction together with effective facial structure modeling. The proposed learning approach is able to predict more contextually discriminative facial landmarks by capturing their associated contextual information. Moreover, we present a tree model to characterize human face structure and a structural loss function to measure the deformation cost between the ground-truth and predicted tree model, which are further incorporated into the proposed learning approach and jointly optimized within a unified framework. The presented tree model is able to well characterize the spatial layout patterns of facial landmarks for capturing the facial structure information. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach against the state-of-the-art over the MTFL and AFLW-full data sets.

A Stochastic-Fuzzy Optimization Model for Adjustment of Urban Industrial Layout and Environmental Regulation in Beijing City under Uncertainties

In this study, a stochastic-fuzzy optimization model (SFM) is developed for adjusting current urban industrial layout and environmental regulation in Beijing under uncertainties. The SFM can not only handle uncertainties expressed as probability and possibility distributions, but also reflecting the infeasibility risks between expected targets and random second-stage recourse penalties. The results of adjustment of production, industrial layout pattern, pollutant mitigation and system benefit under various Laplace criterion scenarios are analyzed. Tradeoff between industrial development and pollution mitigation can support policymakers generating a sustainable mode to alleviate air pollution issue.

Paxel: A Generic Framework to Superimpose High-Frequency Print Patterns using Projected Light.

In this paper, we propose Paxel, a generic framework for modeling the interaction between a projector and a high-frequency pattern surface. Using this framework, we present two different application setups (cf. Fig. 1a): a novel colorchanging effect, created with a single projected image and only when the projection surface is changed from a pattern surface to a uniform white surface. The observed effect relies on the spatially different reflectance properties of these two surfaces. Using this approach, one can alter color proprieties of the projected image such as hue or chroma. Furthermore, for a specific color range, defined by an full color-changing sub-gamut, one can embed two completely different images, within a single static projection, from which either one will be revealed depending on the surface. The second application allows the creation of color images using a single channel projector. For this application, we present a full color projection created using a 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) projector in combination with fluorescent pigments (cf. Fig. 1b), enabling new display possibilities, such as projection through participating media, e.g. fog, while hiding the scattering of the projection light outside of the visible spectrum. Both presented approaches create effects that might be striking to the observer, making this framework useful for art exhibitions, advertisements, entertainment and visual cryptography. Finally, in Sec. VI, we provide an in-depth analysis of the reproducible colors based on input parameters, used in the presented algorithm, such as: pattern layout, dot size of the pattern and the number of the clusters formed by k-means algorithm (IV-B).