National Attitudes Research Articles

A Qualitative Study of Digital Religious Influence: Perspectives from Christian, Hindu, and Muslim Gen Y and Gen Z in Mumbai, India

This study addresses how religious affective content in digital media influences epistemic authority, social imaginaries, and religious beliefs. It draws on data from 64 in-depth interviews with Generation Y and Generation Z individuals with a higher-education background who identified as Christian, Muslim, or Hindu, conducted in Mumbai, India. While influencers are increasingly playing a significant role in the daily lives of the respondents, the impact of family on religious behavior appears to be more substantial than the epistemic sources on social media. In this context, accrued social capital can help individuals develop resilience or resistance to online disinformation, hate speech, and radicalization. Furthermore, while individuals exhibited animosity toward politicians and journalists, they also expressed nationalist attitudes, e.g., a shared Indian identity and common cultural capital, which may serve as ‘superglue’ for living peacefully in the current climate shaped by religious fundamentalist movements. In general, this field study contributes to the ongoing scholarly growth of the interdisciplinary focus of digital religion studies, and particularly on the impact of the social media domain on fundamentalist beliefs.

Linguistic Attitudes and Activities of Petras Klimas. Diplomat’s Written Language in Private Correspondence

The epistolary legacy of diplomat Petras Klimas is valuable not only in terms of disclosing the geopolitical, social and cultural reality of the interwar Lithuania and Europe, but also as an important corpus of manuscripts enabling us to trace the development of the written language. Having evaluated the field of P. Klimas’ activities that is currently rather overlooked by the modern scholarly discourse, i. e. his endeavors to accumulate the resources of the living language, to enhance the prestige of the Lithuanian language, and to solve issues related to its development, the author of the article identified the typical features of his written language and compiled a collection of paremias. The study is based on a hitherto unanalyzed correspondence of P. Klimas and his wife Bronislava Klimienė.An analysis of his personal writings has brought to light orthographical variations and causes, as well as the national attitudes reflected in his modified spelling. P. Klimas, it turns out, often inserted paremia, various French words and even words of his own making following Lithuanian standard word-formation, into his speech. This has allowed him to shape a unique, distinctive prose style that merges traditional (ethnic) and modern (Western) elements.

Creativity of Russian (Soviet) composers as a means of forming patriotic attitudes of the younger generation of musicians (exemplified by educational institutions of the Simbirsk Governorate – the Ulyanovsk region of the XX century)

Introduction. In contemporary conditions in Russia, the issues of education and upbringing of young people and formation of their civic position are a priority for the state, which necessitates the study of the achievements of previous generations in this field and putting them into practice. The purpose of this study is to focus on the approaches to the education of young musicians in educational institutions of the Simbirsk Governorate – the Ulyanovsk region in the XX century as a means of forming their patriotic attitudes. Materials and Methods. The article is based on archival documents. The current state of the historiography of the issue was taken into consideration. During this study, the principle of objectivity was applied, which made it possible to identify both achievements and difficulties in the work of musical and educational institutions on patriotic education of students. The historical-comparative method gave an opportunity to establish differences and similarities in the approaches of educational institutions to the study of the works of domestic composers as a means of forming patriotic attitudes of the younger generation of musicians. Results. The study showed that in the XX century the repertoire plans and curricula in music institutions of the Simbirsk Governorate – the Ulyanovsk region contained Russian and Soviet classics, whose works formed a sense of patriotism, respect for previous generations and the exploits of heroes of the Fatherland, love for the Motherland in students. Considering the creative heritage of M. I. Glinka, P. I. Tchaikovsky, A. P. Borodin, A. N. Skryabin, D. D. Shostakovich, G. V. Sviridov, etc. as part of the study of such disciplines as "History of Music", "Analysis of Musical Works", "Harmony", "Polyphony" and others, learning musical works of Russian and Soviet classics on musical instruments, in choir class, in ensemble and orchestra classes gave an opportunity to bring up a sense of love for the Motherland in several generations of Russian musicians. Conclusion. The analysis of historical experience has demonstrated that musical art is a conductor of patriotic ideas. Many musical compositions of Russian and Soviet classics which were based on real historical events are included in theatre and concert programmes. Composers through musical means of expression described the exploits of the Russian (Soviet) people, called for unity and heroism. Therefore, the consideration and introduction of the achievements of the past into practice can contribute to the improvement of this area in the present and future.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ACTUALIZATION OF PACASILA VALUES ON THE STRENGTHENING OF STUDENT CHARACTER

This study aims to determine how much influence the actualization of Pancasila values ​​of students. The method that researchers used in this research is descriptive analysis method with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques used are observation, questionnaires, and documentation. Sources of data obtained from class X students of SMAN 1 Garut. This study shows that, there is an influence of the actualization of Pancasila values ​​in strengthening the character of class X students of SMAN 1 Garut. By actualizing the values ​​of Pancasila and applying its values ​​in everyday life, it will affect the character of students. Students apply Pancasila values ​​that have been actualized, so their character will also have an effect. This is evident from the research results of 43.4% that the actualization of Pancasila values ​​influences the character of students and the other 56.6% is influenced by attitudes of nationalism and patriotism. The implementation of the actualization of Pancasila values ​​and the character of students is not only the responsibility of Civics and religion teachers but is the responsibility of all teachers and elements of society, therefore in its application all teachers and elements of society can pay attention.

Variability and dynamics of patriotic attitudes of Russians in the context of Special military operation

The article presents the results of a study of the features of socio-political dispositions characteristic of moderate and convinced types of patriotic attitudes. Additionally, an analysis of the dynamics of changes in the ratio of the shares of both types of patriotism in 2024 in the context of SMO in comparison with the situation in 2020 was carried out. The empirical basis of the study was data from a mass survey of the population of the Russian Federation conducted by the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS in February-March 2024 on a representative all-Russian sample. The sample size is 2000 respondents. For comparison, data from a similar survey in 2020 were used. The criterion for typologizing different variants of patriotism is the quantitative difference in the degree of support for judgments of a civil and protective nature, forming a space of patriotic meanings of emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of attitude towards Russia. Based on the results of the analysis of data on the assessment of the degree of agreement with judgments of civil and protective meaning, moderate and convinced types of patriotism were identified, which together make up the system of patriotic attitudes of Russians. An analysis of the interrelationships of each type of patriotism with a wide range of socio-political dispositions has shown that the selected types represent integral symptom complexes of views on the country, its current state and development prospects, significantly differing in their stable trends over time. Such a trend for convinced patriots is a focus on traditionalism, and for moderate patriots – on modernism. A comparison of data on the prevalence of a particular type of patriotism in 2020 with similar data in 2024 allowed us to conclude that if in 2020 the system of patriotic attitudes of Russians was in a stable state with the dominance of modernist trends, then in 2024 there was a “shift” of the entire system of patriotic beliefs to a different quality, but equally stable a state, but already dominated by traditionalist tendencies. In general, it is concluded that the system of patriotic attitudes of Russians is very mobile in terms of activating both civil and protective meanings, which in different socio-political contexts leads either to an increase or decrease in the proportion of supporters of one or another of the studied types in the system as a whole.

Mapping Social Cohesion in Australia: A Decade of Research on National Attitudes and Values

EExisting evidence regarding Australian attitudes and values relating to social cohesion has yet to be comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, there is little understanding of how various programs of research relate to one another, how the information is used, where the data gaps are, and which questions remain unanswered. Drawing upon a scoping review of published research between 2012 and 2022, this paper is a first step towards mapping the extent, range, and nature of the body of national-level research on contemporary Australian social values and cohesion. The review found that there is a dearth of peer-reviewed academic research and what is available focuses on six themes: 1) multiculturalism, cultural diversity, immigration, and racism; 2) Reconciliation; 3) national identity; 4) trust; 5) democracy; and 6) young people. Filling the research gaps will allow better understanding of how macro-level processes may affect intergroup relations and Australians’ attitudes towards issues relating to social cohesion.

Черно море е зелено: Какво вижда Иван Вазов отвъд очертанията на Варна и Бургас?

The paper analyzes motives and messages neglected by literary historians in two short travelogues by Bulgarian national poet Ivan Vazov: One of Our Black Sea Pearls (1891) and On the Waves of the Black Sea (1921). The author reassesses the idea of the cities’ ties with Bulgarian tradition, examples of nationalistic attitudes, as well as the persistent approach to mythologizing the national future. The key conclusions are that the texts abound in examples of nationalistic speech; modernization of the two cities is conceived of as a) Europeanisation, and b) as economic development (with particular emphasis on the ports); the two texts reveal Vazov among the first Bulgarian writers to see the role of tourism as a guarantee of prosperity; the writer gives ethnic Bulgarians the wishful role of civilizing colonists; the development of the Black Sea region implies a change in the ethnic structure of the population.

Pembelajaran PPKN untuk Meningkatkan Sikap Nasionalisme Siswa Sekolah Dasar

In the era of globalization, primary school students are increasingly exposed to various foreign cultural influences. foreign cultural influences. This has the potential to shift the values of nationalism that have been inherited by the predecessors. Therefore, there needs to be a systematic and sustainable effort to systematic and sustainable efforts to strengthen students' nationalism attitudes from an early age. early age. Creative and innovative Civics learning is expected to be a solution to overcome these challenges. solution to overcome these challenges. This research uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method method with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items For Systematic Reviews And Meta-Analyses) which is carried out in a systematic way or following stages. The results showed that the application of Civics learning can shape the attitude of nationalism, including: love for the country and nation, willingness to sacrifice, tolerance, pride in diverse cultures and respect for the services of heroes. This research concludes that innovative and contextualized Civics learning is very effective. Recommendations are given to teachers to continue developing relevant and interesting learning methods relevant and interesting learning methods to strengthen national values among students from an early age. from an early age.

Climate whataboutism and rightwing populism: how emissions blame-shifting translates nationalist attitudes into climate policy opposition

ABSTRACT In the evolving discourse on climate change, the phenomenon of ‘whataboutism’ has emerged as a pervasive rhetorical strategy to deflect responsibility for the emissions of one’s own country by shifting blame to other nations. Given its nature, it is argued here that whataboutism may resonate particularly with nationalists, who exalt the concerns and priorities of their own country while downplaying those of other nations. Analyzing survey data from four European countries – Sweden, Germany, Spain, and Poland – this study demonstrates a strong and consistent relationship between nationalist attitudes and the extent to which people think that their own country should not act on climate change unless others do. The findings also show that climate whataboutism mediates the relationship between nationalist attitudes and opposition to climate policies. Hence, the results support the supposition that climate whataboutism discourses, driven by nationalist sentiments, permeates rightwing populist discourses to justify climate inaction.

Nationalist Erosion after Protest and Repression

Abstract The leaders of authoritarian regimes often invoke nationalist themes to garner support from their populations. However, negative experiences with the regime may effectively inoculate individuals against nationalist campaigns, reducing the ability of the regime to sway public opinion. In this paper, we study the long-term effects of mobilization and repression on nationalist attitudes. We exploit a discontinuity in exposure to a student movement, by comparing alumni who were in college and on campus during the movement with alumni who only enrolled after the movement was suppressed. We find that alumni who were in college during the movement are substantially less nationalistic than those who enrolled shortly thereafter. Our findings are consistent across a range of specifications and show that exposure to mass mobilization and state repression is associated with lower support for nationalism. These differences are observable more than twenty-five years later, despite sustained state censorship.

The Ideological Apologetics of the Communist Party during Suppression of Lithuanian National Resistance (1944–1953)

After WWII, the second wave of Stalinist terror initiated by the USR acquired special features in Lithuania. The suppression of national resistance, Sovietisation of the country, and destruction of national identity by combining terror, repression and ideological propaganda took place throughout the country. In the resolutions adopted by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (AUCP[B]) between 1944 and 1948 on the political situation in Lithuania, the demand was made to destroy the ideology and social basis of the national underground movement and to expel the nation’s aspirations for freedom from its consciousness as soon as possible. Destruction of the spiritual life and identity of the nation was initially carried out by promoting contempt for the nation’s historical past and culture and promoting vandalism. Spiritual and physical terror became the everyday reality of Lithuania’s political life. The national attitudes of the intelligentsia and their attempts to preserve spiritual values that had formed over the years became the cause of never-ending persecution and reprisals against them. One goal was to use a certain part of the intelligentsia for the dissemination of the Soviet ideology. The intention was to bridge the gap that emerged after the repressive measure that caused the emigration of intellectuals to the West. Propaganda and mass political agitation became an important area of ideological activity of the Soviet regime and accompanied spiritual terror and implementation of Communist ideology based on Stalinist dogmas. The Soviet press was full of vitriolic condemnation of the “enemies of the people” and euphoric praise of Stalin and his henchmen. With the help of the press, the Soviet regime hoped to purge ideas about the nation’s freedom from people’s consciousness. Under the veil of Soviet patriotism and proletarian internationalism, Russian nationalism was forced down people’s throats, the role of Russia as the elder brother was constantly emphasised, the spiritual values of the nation were derogated, the nation was humiliated, and it became increasingly difficult to communicate in the native Lithuanian language. The Communist regime created a social environment that it hoped would help to destroy the resistance movement as soon as possible. With the help of the government and the organisations of the Communist Party, society was divided and one social stratum was pitted against the other. By combining repression and ideological measures, the Communist Party eroded the typical mutual relationship of trust that had formed over centuries in the nation.

Urban protopops in the public life of Russia in the era of the political crisis of the early 17th century

The article shows that the protopopes at the beginning of the XVII century usually took a patriotic position and opposed impostors and interventionists, which is especially clearly seen in Bryansk, Zaraysk, Nizhny Novgorod and Veliky Novgorod. Episodes of the protopops' loyal attitude towards the supporters of impostors are not typical and were caused by their presence in the occupied territories. The support of patriotic forces by the protopopes of Russian cities strengthened their position both within the clergy and in society as a whole, as manifested by their participation in the signing of the Approved Letter of Mikhail Fedorovich not among the Consecrated Cathedral, but as electors from places not traceable in an earlier era

AFTER ATHEISM: A SOCIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

The fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the processes of nation building in five Central Asian states have changed the status of religion in these post-soviet countries. The religious freedom is recognized as one of the fundamental humans right in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This essay aims to highlight a unique form of secularism in Kazakhstan, one that is based on the low level of everyday religiosity and evidence that the eventual expansion of Islam in the physical and spiritual spaces does not negate the influence of established secular cultural attitudes. This study examines Kazakh religiosity through a comparative examination of World Values Survey data from 2011 and 2018. The examination of the features of religiosity and the proposition of the distinction between a believer and a religious person define this paper’s subject. The empirical data indicates that Islam has the capacity to transcend moral norms, despite the fact that the majority of Kazakhs' national attitude does not align with Islamic religion in the twenty-first century. Finally, the study draws the conclusion that since most people in post-atheistic Kazakhstan continue to keep secular attitudes, state policy must preserve the secular character of the state while adjusting state-confessional relations to changing Kazakhstan's religious landscape.

Nationalism, Internationalism, and Interventionism: How Overseas Military Service Influences Foreign Policy Attitudes

Abstracts How does military experience change individual foreign policy preferences? Prior research on military service focuses on the effects of combat experience on political participation and policy preferences, but combat is not the only military experience that influences attitudes. Living overseas is a common military experience with the potential to shape foreign policy preferences. Using observational data from a sample of military elites and original survey data from a sample of military veterans, I leverage semi-random and non-voluntary assignments to overseas military bases to investigate the relationship between overseas exposure and foreign policy preferences. The data provides evidence that overseas military service increases the likelihood of calling for international engagement, decreases nationalist attitudes, and increases the willingness of military members to assist individual allies. The ability to shape the preferences of military members has important implications for the development of foreign policy and the stability of international engagement.

Assessing attitudes toward mental health illnesses in Saudi Arabia: A national cross-sectional study.

The study aimed to assess the national attitudes toward individuals with mental health illnesses in Saudi Arabia, exploring the relationship between these attitudes and various sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional design with computer-assisted telephone interviews was employed, covering all 13 administrative regions in Saudi Arabia. A total of 4,533 adults agreed to participate, and their attitudes toward people with mental illnesses (PWMI) were measured using an 11-item scale. The translation of the original English version of the PWMI to Arabic was validated and published previously. The scale used level of agreement on a 5-point Likert scale. The score varies from 11 to 55, where a higher score signifies higher stigma. The associations between total PWMI scores and sociodemographic variables were analyzed using linear regression. The mean age of participants was 35.92 ± 12.84, with equal distribution across regions. The linear regression model showed significant associations between total PWMI scores and gender, education level, marital status, living with, or being friends with someone diagnosed with a mental illness, and working in healthcare. No significant associations were found with age, income level, and previous mental health diagnosis. The study suggests that negative stereotypes about mental illness may be more prevalent in Saudi Arabia, while Saudi participants had a more optimistic view regarding the recovery and outcomes of mental illnesses. The study highlights the importance of assessing mental health stigma and its associations with sociodemographic factors in Saudi Arabia. The significant associations found point to the need for targeted interventions and public health campaigns to address misconceptions and stereotypes surrounding mental health, ultimately improving the societal acceptance and well-being of individuals with mental health illnesses.

A relational approach to digital racism: Toward a theoretical model

In recent decades, anti-immigrant, racist and nationalist attitudes have become increasingly mainstream, transforming public debates on immigration and immigrants in Europe and beyond. These attitudes and sentiments have been widely disseminated and amplified through digital communication, including commercial social media platforms. To better understand the relationship between racism and digital communication, it is necessary to move beyond media-centric explanations and simplified discussions of online hate speech and platform regulation. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-theoretical approach to digital racism, i.e., racist content produced and circulated online. The paper presents an understanding of digital racism in relation to four perspectives: networked affect, nationalism, masculinity and conspiracy thinking. It takes a relational approach to these theoretical perspectives and discusses how they could be utilized to understand and analytically approach digital racism at the macro, meso and micro levels.

Populist attitudes and vote for the radical right. A comparative analysis of five West European countries

ABSTRACT In recent decades, radical right-wing parties have gained significant prominence in Europe, attracting considerable academic attention. The electoral support for these parties has been linked to ideological principles such as nativism, authoritarianism, and populism. However, the connection between populist attitudes and voting for the radical right has been insufficiently addressed, either due to the lack of available empirical material or because populism has been taken for granted within this party family. To fill this gap this paper analyses the role of populist attitudes in the electoral support for the radical right in five West European countries (France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Germany). The results reveal that, with the exception of Italy, populist attitudes play a significant role in the explanation of voting for the radical right. They also confirm the importance of nationalism in general and nativist attitudes in particular. By contrast, other orientations play a minor and often inconsistent across-countries role in the decision to vote for the radical right.

Thin but visible: the role of populist attitudes and their subdimensions in populist support within the 2021 Czech legislative election

ABSTRACT Are populist attitudes too thin to matter for populist support? Considering their interplay with thick nativist attitudes, we argue that both populist attitudes and their subdimensions play a key role in the propensity to vote for each of the main populist parties within the 2021 Czech legislative election. The results from our survey (N = 2009) show that populist attitudes and their subdimensions are notable predictors whose role is not fully conditioned by thick nativist attitudes. Furthermore, the unique effects of subdimensions tend to reflect the emphasis that populist parties place on the corresponding components of populist ideology in their communication.

Learning quality, its inequality and sustainable development: evidence from global learning data

When studies investigate the impact of average schooling or learning scores on economic development, they rarely focus on the effect of inequality in learning quality on economic development. Human capital is defined as inclusive sources combining citizens’ knowledge and treatment skills. This study uses global learning data to investigate a novel effect of the inequality of reading, math, and science learning scores on economic development and energy selection based on links between and within countries. We found that reducing learning outcome inequality among secondary students is crucial for improving economic development from both short-term and long-term perspectives. Moreover, the positive association between students' learning quality and economic development is confirmed. Compared to the within-country effect, the greater between-country effect of the relationship between learning quality and economic development is confirmed, showing that expectations of the between-country effect might overestimate the favorable effect of education on economic development. On the contrary, the findings show that population learning inequality is less likely to affect national attitudes toward nuclear electricity generation or renewable energy adoption. The insightful policy implications suggest that policy makers should consider reducing learning outcome inequality among students and improving the within-country relationship between education and economic development.

Successful School Principals in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Schools: A Grounded Theory Research from Turkish Context

The purpose of this study was to delve into the characteristics, professional competencies, leadership attitudes, and behaviors of successful school principals (SSPs) in socioeconomically disadvantaged schools. Utilizing a systematic grounded theory method (SGTM), we conducted research in the provinces of Amasya, Çorum, Samsun, and Tokat in Türkiye. Purposeful and theoretical sampling methods were employed to recruit successful school principals, deputy principals, teachers, students, and parents from secondary schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education (MoNE). The data draws on unstructured individual and focus group interviews, as well as documents and observations. All the data obtained were inductively analyzed through open, axis, and selective coding stages. Based on the codes, sub-categories, categories, themes, and dimensions from the analyses, we designed the Contextual Successful School Principalship Model (CSSPM), which falls into four dimensions as follows: individual, managerial, organizational, and instructional. SSPs in this study mostly tend to display paternalistic leadership attitudes and behaviors in terms of dedication and self-sacrifice, serving, intrinsic motivation, and influencing stakeholders. They exhibit almost all the attitudes and behaviors of servant leadership, act according to some national and moral values, and experience national attitudes such as patriotism and nationalism intensely. By giving importance to the academic socialization of students' mothers, successful school principals exhibit transformational and instructional leadership behaviors. They act strategically to directly involve mothers in enhancing student achievement, demonstrating their commitment to fostering an inclusive and supportive educational environment.