Patriotic Motives Research Articles

STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF BRITISH TOPONYMS

The article is devoted to the review of structural and semantic features of British toponyms. The study of toponyms helps to understand the linguistic image of the world, highlighting ethnic experience and culture. Toponyms are important as means of transmitting historical, cultural, and other information across generations, which makes their study relevant in linguistics. The proper names of British territories are very diverse, as the country has been home to various civilizations and peoples for many centuries, each of which contributed to the language through their own names. In this work, 200 toponyms from three regions of Great Britain were investigated. According to the origin, the researched toponyms are divided into native and borrowed. Native proper names predominate in England, while toponyms of Scandinavian origin are found in the northern regions and the west of the country. Wales and Scotland are characterized mainly by Celtic names. Borrowed toponyms are distinguished according to four linguistic sources: Celtic, Latin, Scandinavian and Norman-French. English contains more loanwords because it is open to receiving words from other languages due to contact with other cultures and colonial heritage. In general, people who named geographical objects were guided by the features of the landscape where this object was located. This category of toponyms occurs in all three parts of Britain and has many subgroups. The emergence of this group is a logical consequence of the fact that the ancestors of the British named their surroundings according to what they saw. When creating and choosing toponyms, a certain pragmatic orientation can be observed, which depends on various factors, such as the historical context of naming, the level of cultural development, social, political, religious or patriotic motives of persons who give certain names to geographical objects. This layer of vocabulary is of great interest to researchers because it can collect linguistic, sociocultural and historical experience.

National and patriotic motives in the Vocal creativity of Vitaliy Kyreyko in the 2000s

National and patriotic motives in the Vocal creativity of Vitaliy Kyreyko in the 2000s

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТИЛІСТИКИ РЕКЛАМНОГО ТЕКСТУ В НОВІЙ МЕДІАРЕАЛЬНОСТІ

<p><strong><em>The purpose</em></strong><em> of the study is to define the features of various stylistic and syntactic figures and tropes usage in the advertising communication of the new media reality.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> Descriptive and comparativist methods were used during the work with the theoretical and methodological base on the peculiarities of various stylistic and syntactic figures and tropes usage in the advertising communication; when monitoring advertising texts in the Ukrainian information space during the period of military aggression, the grouping, comparative, and systematic method were used.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> The new media reality, having experienced the challenges of information aggression, is undergoing a powerful activation of internal and external resources, and advertising communication is no exception. The advertising text’s stylistics acquires a new dimension of clarity, expressiveness, dynamism, and comedy, which allows the advertising appeal to achieve a longer communication effect. The successful use of stylistic figures and tropes makes it possible to consider advertising communication as a serious tool of information countermeasures in the external and internal arena, which allows forming a positive reputation and image of the state, organization, company, etc. The power of the communication effect of advertising communication is enhanced if a range of stylistic and syntactic figures and tropes are used in one advertising text.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> The novelty of the obtained results lies in the understanding of the features of the stylistic and syntactic figures and tropes usage potential in the advertising communication of the new media reality as an important tool for countering informational aggression and strengthening national and patriotic motives.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance.</em></strong><em> The conducted research makes it possible to use the developed materials when teaching practical courses on advertising creativity, copywriting, and advertising, as well as for use by practising copywriters, creative specialists in advertising, marketing, and PR agencies.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> advertising communication, advertising text, stylistic figures, syntactic figures, tropes, allusion, symbol, metaphor, ellipsis.</em></p>

Emergence and transformation of the China’s “wholesale westernization” idea

In the early 20th century, Chinese society was in the process of searching for new directions of development and state building. The inability to reform was one of the reasons for the fall of the old government, and the experience of young people educated in the West and Japan became the basis for a broad cultural debate on the modernization of the country and society. Prominent figures of the May Fourth Movement period sought to change the country and theorized about the ways and directions of necessary transformations. The concepts of “modernization” and “westernization” were perceived as virtually synonymous, but the idea of “wholesale westernization” proposed by Chen Xujing and Hu Shi became an occasion to reconsider the importance of one’s own traditional achievements and the significance of national unity in the face of external threats. “Wholesale modernization” also touched upon the problem of cultural nihilism in intellectual circles of the time. While Lu Xun called for abandoning the reading of Chinese literature, abandoning the complex and inaccessible to the masses of the literary language, representatives of the Nationalist Party revived the compulsory study of literary canons. Westernization was perceived by part of society as a complete and unquestioning recognition of China as a backward country that needs experience and knowledge from the developed Western world. The uncompromising desire to reject the worst manifestations of traditional Chinese culture had patriotic motives, but received very little support from society. The war of resistance to the Japanese occupation left no room for continuing the dialogue around the idea of “wholesale westernization”. The poor formulation and untimeliness of the idea left it out of the attention of Chinese intellectual circles for a long time. The Chinese path of reform and development has again raised the issue of modernization and westernization, but in the new context these concepts acquire new meaning. At the end of the 20th century, there is a rethinking of following the example of Western countries – patriotic considerations of predecessors are seen as unrealistic and treacherous ideas. With the development of Chinese society and state, the idea of blindly copying someone else’s experience is increasingly losing its relevance.

Category of chronotope in Zhambyl Zhabaev’s poem “Utegen Batyr”

The article is devoted to the study of the work of the classic of Kazakh literature Zhambyl Zhabayev. The importance and relevance of his poetic heritage is noted. The peculiarities of the worldview and perception of the world, the originality of the author's concept of being and the personality of Zh. Zhabayev are revealed. The article indicates that each of his works is imbued with civil and patriotic motives. The poet's work is viewed through the prism of the chronotope problem, which is one of the most relevant in modern literary study. The object of the research was Zh. Zhabayev's poem “Utegen batyr”. Based on the analysis of this work, the role and meaning of the categories of time and space, their functions in literary work are revealed. In the research process, various methods and techniques are used. The main ones are historical-functional, psychological methods, an integrated approach. Their use contributed to a deep understanding of the features of the ideological and thematic content and structural organization of the poem “Utegen Batyr”. It is indicated, that the chronotope is the basis for the construction of the poet's artistic world, his system of aesthetic and philosophical views. Based on the analysis of this category, the attitude of the author and hero to the historical events and phenomena of reality described in the work is determined. During the research, it is noted, that the space-time continuum of Zh. Zhabayev's poem is characterized by multidimensionality. The events depicted in the work unfold in several planes – historical, fairy-tale-mythological, oneiric, real. The poem tells about the development of the country in the first half of the XX century. Zh. Zhabayev, referring to Utegen batyr, talks about the transformations taking place in Kazakhstan. Thus, he recreates the appearance of the historical eras in which the main character of the work and the poet himself lived. In the work of Zh. Zhabayev, various types of chronotopes are reflected – social, cultural-historical, psychological, biological. The events depicted in the work unfold in several directions. Various types of chronotopes are reflected in the poem. They contribute to obtaining a holistic and deep understanding of the depicted reality and the image of the central character. Great attention is paid to the analysis of the author's and hero's chronotopes. In the process of research, the inner world of Utegen batyr is described. The peculiarities of his attitude to the world, to reality, the space of his soul and consciousness are comprehended. In the article images that contain spatial and temporal meanings are considered. The author's concept of time and space is revealed. During the research, it is indicated that the poem of Zh. Zhabayev “Utegen batyr” is characterized by polyphony. It manifests itself at the level of the categories of time and space and many voices.

Motivation and Motivation Profiles of the Employees in a Modern Organization

The article presents the results of an empirical study of staff motivation in a large financial company in a case study format. The technique of V. I. Gerchikov to determine the motivational profiles of employees: instrumental, professional, patriot, boss, lumpen. The experience of research conducted using this technique contains limited information on how to implement such research in organizations, and what results can be obtained. The features of the implemented research are the format of the survey (internally, HR research), the motivation of respondents (the possibility of obtaining a personal report), the format for presenting the results (the report and infographics on the internal portal), the breadth of analysis of the data obtained (analytics for certain categories of employees) and the nature of the research – applied. The test results allowed us to understand various aspects of motivation and motivational profiles of employees by category (position, length of service, gender). In the studied organization, the most common were professional and instrumental motives, but employees of different positions differed in terms of motivation and in motivational profiles. Professional motives are more typical for managers, and instrumental ones for specialists. Seniority in the company affects the change in motivation: if professional and patriotic motives are more typical for newcomers, then over time professional and instrumental ones begin to prevail. The most common employee profiles in an organization are “instrumental” and “professional”. An analysis of the differences in the distribution of employee profiles revealed that there are more “professionals” among managers (56%), and among employees working with clients – “instrumentalists” (60%). Employees with profiles “professional-instrumental” and “instrumental-professional” are widespread in the studied company. The results obtained were taken into account when adjusting the current motivation system and personnel development programs.

“КОНРАД ВАЛЛЕНРОД” АДАМА МІЦКЕВИЧА В ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ ЛЕСІ УКРАЇНКИ

The article presents Lesia Ukrainka’s Prometheusism on the example of her translation of the historical story in the poems Konrad Wallenrod by Adam Mickiewicz. There are parallels between the romantic tradition of the Polish literary school and the Ukrainian so-called neo-romantics in the first half of the twentieth century to which Lesya Ukrainka belonged. The author of the translation deliberately chose a fragment in the description of a girl from Lithuania who is compared to the local river Vilija, and showed the tragedy of women’s destiny full of patriotic motives. At the same time, the heroism of a woman-citizen, a woman- artist arouses admiration and awakens hope for the speedy liberation of the enslaved people. Mickiewicz’s poetic lines translated into Ukrainian opened new perspectives for neo-romantics to combine both national and European traditions, and at the same time pointed to the tragedy of national histories. Lesya Ukrainka went beyond the tragedy of the final scene of Mickiewicz’s drama in her creative conception of the reinterpretation. Proceeding from the vicious circle of writing literary works exclusively “for domestic use” the poet sought to awaken the national consciousness in society to enable the synthesis of coexistence with other cultures. She took on the mission of ancient Prometheus symbolizing not only a rebellion against the power or charity towards the people, but also the revival of hope for salvation from imminent death. Following romantic motives she gives them a rebellious spirit, purposeful protests, which from the individual thoughts of the progressive groups were to move to the community level, which in literature is expressed in the ideas of Prometheusism. It is assumed that tangible natural kinship of Polish and native languages grew in Lesya Ukrainka’s work from the Volyn roots where noble traditions were very strong and had a decisive influence on the language picture of the writer. The poetic material is especially valuable from an artistic point of view since it is based on samples of oral folk art, in particular the song, which can be traced not only in the original but also in translation.

THE QUEST FOR POLITICAL POWER, POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND INSECURITY IN AFRICA: THE ODINGA–TSVANGIRAI EXPERIENCE

The scramble for power in most cases often degenerate into political violence and insecurity in Africa hence, this study examined the quest for political power, political violence and insecurity in Africa: The Odinga-Tsvangirai experience. The paper argues that the quest for political power often degenerate into large scale conflict and insecurity in Africa because such desires and ambitions are driven and motivated by selfish and unpatriotic desires and objectives. Data for the study were drawn from secondary sources while the resource curse theory was adopted as the theoretical framework to guide the study. The descriptive research method was also adopted while the analysis was based on the qualitative method. Findings revealed that political aspiration and actions of most politicians and members of the ruling class in Africa are not backed by genuine patriotic motives hence, such quest for power and inordinate ambition often lead to pre and post-election violence and insecurity. Therefore, to change this perception and chart a new course for Africa, there is need for a comprehensive, constitutional, political and electoral reforms that will review the leadership recruitment process in Africa with a view to setting new standards and guidelines that will strengthen political institutions and the democratic process in Africa.

«Поміщувати будемо усе, що тільки надається до друку...»: роль часопису «Голос табора» у згуртуванні інтернованих вояків УГА в Німецькому Яблонному (ЧСР) у жовтні-листопаді 1919 р.

An attempt is made on the thematic repertoire of the newspaper “Voice of Tabor”, the publication of which began in October 1919 at the internment camp of UGA Německé Jablonné (Czechoslovakia). This newspaper effectively performed important tasks for the camps: reported every Saturday on the latest news in the world and Ukraine, informed the Ukrainians about the morale of the soldiers in the territory of the Czechoslovak Republic, published letters from relatives, popularized works of Ukrainian poets and writers, inspired the warriors themselves to creativity, encouraged them to participate in a theater group, a brigade orchestra, a singing choir, sometimes severely criticized, ridiculed human flaws, etc. However, her main task was to elevate the fighting spirit of warfare to their intimate humorous works, satire, sharp and up-to-date articles on patriotism, military honor, diligence, brotherly support. All the while, the newspaper “Voice of Tabor” remained one of the few nutritional sources for UGA’s interned soldiers, after all, his patriotic motives were always present on their front lines, rebellious images of folk heroes long known to the intern, a folk song was heard, — therefore, all that strengthened the warfare faith of tomorrow and gave it strength for further work, acquiring knowledge, personal development and spiritual and national growth.

Środowisko byłej Dzielnicy I Związku Polaków w Niemczech a aparat bezpieczeństwa publicznego w latach 1945–1950 (zarys problemu)

Artykuł analizuje skalę zainteresowania i wykorzystania przez Urzędy Bezpieczeństwa województwa śląskiego przedwojennych działaczy polskich ze Śląska Opolskiego, zrzeszonych do 1939 r. w Dzielnicy I Związku Polaków w Niemczech. Do prezentacji tego zagadnienia posłużyły zachowane materiały policji politycznej z lat 1945–1950 różnego szczebla oraz literatura przedmiotu. Już przed wojną działacze opolskiej mniejszości polskiej byli z różnych względów (szpiegowskich, działalność polityczna) obiektem zainteresowania polskich służb specjalnych (przede wszystkim II Oddział Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego – wywiad). Także po wojnie grono to z innych względów stało się obiektem oddziaływania komunistycznych służb specjalnych, przede wszystkim policji politycznej. Głównym powodem zainteresowania członkami tej grupy były ich przedwojenne związki polityczne oraz powojenne zaangażowanie polityczne przedstawicieli tego środowiska, przede wszystkim w działalność Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego. Nie bez znaczenia był również fakt, że przedstawiciele tego środowiska byli naturalnymi liderami politycznymi ludności rodzimej. Jeśli przed wojną zaangażowanie się przedstawicieli ZPwN wynikało z pobudek patriotycznych, to po wojnie werbunki były zazwyczaj wymuszane, czy to za pomocą bezpośredniego zagrożenia życia werbowanych bądź zagrożenie dla członków ich rodzin wysiedleniem do Niemiec. Od końca lat 40. szantażowano niektóre osoby przedwojennym zaangażowaniem.

MOTIVATING FACTORS OF REMITTANCES INFLOWS INTO DEVELOPING ASIAN ECONOMIES

Considering 11 major Asian migrant sending countries during 1975–2012, the study explores the factors that motivate migrants to remit their earnings to home countries. Using panel regressions, it finds that it is primarily the growth rate and interest rate differentials between the home and host, the household consumption and financial sector development at home along with per capita income of host countries which lead to remittances inflows. It concludes that it is not only the altruistic (or consumption) and higher interest income motives; but also the patriotic motives reflected from significant impact of past remittances, are crucial factors of such flows.

O literaturze rosyjskiej, jej nauczaniu i literaturocentryzmie

The article discusses Russian literature and its impact on Russian cultural and social life. The author focuses on the role of literature in the educational programmes offered by early Russian universities (Kiyv-Mohyla Academy, Slavic Greek Latin Academy and Moscow State University). The article also outlines the sequence of literary epochs in Russia from the 18th to the 20th century in order to highlight the privileged status and the social prestige of literature (literature centrism) in Russian culture. Throughout its evolution period, Russian literature has evidently been held in high social esteem and recognized for its didactic and moralizing function; its patriotic motives of serving the country; its role in empowering resistance and dissent; and its characteristic axiological orientation, enriched with spiritual and metaphysical elements. The article also lays out ideas and opinions of critics, writers and literature researchers on literature in general (J. Krzyzanowski, U. Eco, W. Iser) along with a spectrum of appraisals regarding Russian literature – from positive to strongly negative ones (W. Bielinski, V. Rozanov, W. Chodasiewicz, V. Nabokov, A. Tertz, M. Epstein, I. Sukhikh, S. Rassadin).

Vaderlandse weelde op de kaart gezet. Belgische botanici, wetenschappelijke ijver en nationale motieven

Andreas Stynen, Native wealth charted. Belgian botanists, scientific zeal and patriotic motivesThis article analyses the importance of patriotic motives in nineteenth-century Belgian botany, without reducing the study of indigenous plants to a vehicle of aggressive, blatantly biased chauvinism. Different forms of more subtle nationalism enabled Belgian field botanists to define their activities as a mature and internationally respected field among the natural sciences. Four different phases can be discerned. During the period of Austrian and French domination, botany was first and foremost a means to economically enrich the state, by reducing its dependence on imports. After Belgian independence (1830), striving for utility was increasingly overshadowed by a longing for completeness: field trips were fuelled by a desire to collect and chart all Belgian species. From 1860 onwards, individual species mattered less than the geobotanical regions: the national territory was discovered to offer a rich variety of landscapes. The popularity of laboratories at the end of the century threatened to dismiss field botany as merely amateurish, but an ecological approach to the national vegetation, combined with explicit pleas for the protection of Belgian’s natural wealth, provided the impetus for a new round of research. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.

My Struggle for Freedom: Memoirs (review)

My Struggle for Freedom: Memoirs. By Hans Kung. Translated by John Bowden. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 2003. Pp. xvii, 478. $38.00.) Hans Kung's memoirs cover his first forty years (1928-1968). Roughly third is devoted to his childhood Switzerland, his education at the Collegium Germanicum and Gregorian University Rome, and his first forays into theological scholarship (most portentously his massive commentary on Karl Earth's theology of justification). He then moves to what he identifies as the most important part of the story: his participation the events leading to Vatican Council II, his role at the Council itself, and his evaluation of the aftermath (pp. 169-463). The story is told, as one would expect, from his distinctive point of view: personal struggle for freedom the pursuit of theological truth, and the Christian liberty of the whole church, the royal priesthood, the people of God. Early on he chafes at the petty discipline of the seminary. Later the stakes are much higher. It is his story, and properly so. A reader predisposed to doubt the accuracy of any memoir will mistrust Kung's portrayal of his own importance these events. But Kung offers concrete evidence of his popularity with reformminded laity and clergy-including bishops as dissimilar as Frings of Cologne, Suenens of Brussels, and Gushing of Boston. He documents his high profile the Vatican II years, recalling, with unconcealed satisfaction, huge audiences and spontaneous applause. Mary McGrory (writing America June of 1963) called him the youngest, most famous and perhaps most controversial 'expert' at the Vatican Council, and described Catholic University audience of three thousand sitting in rapt silence for an hour and forty minutes, ending with a standing ovation (p. 314). Kung estimates the average audience on his 1963 tour of America at three thousand-rising on occasion to five, six, or eight thousand. I can believe it, for I have seen him hold the attention of hall of over thousand on three different nights Ann Arbor-in long and unforgivingly academic examinations of the theology of eternal life. His fame-or notoriety-carried him right into Kennedy's Oval Office, citadel to Kung of different but no less admired new frontier. He understandably has very kind words for his time the United States. Kung is an ecumenist, European, and cosmopolitan; but he is also Swiss and proud of it. References to mythic dates the history of Swiss independence (1291,1315,1386) supply patriotic motives to the freedom theme. Kung deftly defends Swiss neutrality World War II, and finds no Nazi sympathizers among his family or his family's circle of friends. Swiss political culture forms his outlook on the world-an almost instinctive antipathy to all dictatorship state, church and society, to all state totalitarianism and ecclesiastical integralism-and makes him resistant to the worship of church leaders and the idolization of institutions, whether party or church. It nourishes democracy, human dignity, and toleration, but also sense of responsibility (p. 16). These brief pages are offered as an insight into the values and passions that impel him to his career as reformer. In tone and content Kung never falters his commitment to the principle ecclesia semper reformanda. He does not shrink from recording his impatient, aggressive, censorious, and hostile responses to the forces of repression and retrogression-yet there is repertoriai quality about them that can transcend the personal. He recaptures the intensity of the struggle at Vatican II between freedom and obedience, reform and tradition-and the disputes these tensions produced over collegiality, curialism, ecumenism, liturgy, sacramental theology and practice, and, above all, the application of historical criticism to scripture, doctrine, and moral theology. Much of the agenda of the reformers recalls the Reformation of the sixteenth century-and Kung makes the most of those links. …

Why has the German Civil Code Proven so Durable

This paper explores possible reasons for the longevity of the German Civil Code (Burgerliches Gesetzbuch) using mostly English language sources. The introduction reviews the reasons usually given for the durability of the Code in the context of the history of Germany. None are completely satisfactory. The next section is devoted to a description of the Code. It concludes with attention to the patriotic motives of its developers, an important factor in determining its unique character. The third part examines what social scientists and legal scholars, with an emphasis on sociologists, have written about legal evolution and this important legislation. Their results, although often interesting and provocative, made no substantial contribution to the problem. The “Conclusions” summarize and make the point that it is not known what determines the quality or durability of legal systems.

Resistance to Tyranny: Treason, Right or Duty?

ON MAY 3, 1951, Otto Ernst Remer, second chairman of the Socialist Reich party, publicly denounced the organizers of the attempt on Hitler's life on July 20, 1944, as betrayers of their country and in the pay of Germany's enemies. You can rest assured, he told a gathering of about one thousand of his followers in Braunschweig, some day these traitors will be made to render account before a German court. Less than a year later Remer himself was on trial for having insulted the resisters of the twentieth of July and slandered the memory of those who had perished in the unsuccessful uprising. On March 15, 1952, Remer was found guilty of the charges and sentenced to three months' imprisonment.1 The legal proceedings against Remer attracted considerable attention all over Germany. There were probably many who shared the sentiments expressed by the Neo-Nazi. Others welcomed the chance of once and for all clearing the good name and patriotic motives of the resisters. Since the accused tried to defend himself by arguing for the truth of the allegations in question, the prosecution devoted most of its attention to the legal and moral justification of resistance to the Nazi regime. One Catholic and two Protestant theologians as well as two historians were called to the witness stand to give expert testimony on the problem of the right of resistance to tyranny. As a result the trial assumed the character of a scholarly debate with prosecution and defense vying with each other in display of erudition and philosophical sophistication. The court in its verdict accepted the opinion of the prosecutor that the Third Reich represented a state devoid of justice (Unrechtsstaat), but it refused to deny the Nazi regime all lawful status. The Third Reich in suppressing all political opposition and persecuting and exterminating millions of Jews had been clearly unjust, yet this did not decide the question of its constitutional legality. 2 Thus, in effect, the court rejected the prosecutor's contention that resistance to Hitler's Unrechtsstaat could not possibly have been illegal and that everyone in Germany had been entitled to self-defense against a state daily committing ten thousands of murders.3 The resisters were cleared of Remer's accusation of high treason on narrower grounds. The decisive question, declared the verdict, was the motives and intentions of the conspirators. For section 88 of the Criminal Code (1944 version) stated specifically: Treason within the meaning of this paragraph is committed by him who, with the aim of jeopardizing the well-being of the Reich, permits the passing of secrets of state to another person. In a formal sense the plotters had committeed high treason by taking up contact with Germany's enemies. Yet, this had been done not in order to harm

TREASURY FINANCIAL POLICY FROM THE INSTITUTIONAL POINT OF VIEW

The primary interest of institutional investors in Treasury financial policy is from the broad standpoint of the national interest. This is true not because of any particular patriotic motives of such investors but because of the overwhelming importance to them of sound monetary and fiscal policy. Any discussion of Treasury financial policy should deal first with the past, for the present hodgepodge debt and interest rate structure is the result of the new economic concepts of the national administration over the past two decades, and the exigencies of financing an all-out war.

Presidential Address

The By-laws of the Radiological Society of North America stipulate that the President of the Society deliver an address at the Annual Meeting. In my effort to abide by this provision, I shall not attempt to enter into any scientific discussion, as others better qualified have contributed to the scientific program presented in the various sessions of the Assembly. Wartime conditions and patriotic motives resulted in the cancellation of the meetings of the American Roentgen Ray Society and the Radiological Society of North America in 1943. The wisdom of that course is not now questioned, though at the time there were many who expressed disappointment and regret. Early in this year, it became evident to the officers and committees of both societies that cancellation or postponement of our Annual Meetings in 1944 would be most unfortunate and might result in justifiable protest from the members. Realizing these sentiments, each society had originally planned to conduct its Annual Meeting, as in the past. By a most fortunate circumstance, officers and some members of committees of the two groups were in Chicago in February of this year, attending the Annual Meeting of the American College of Radiology. At the instigation of several of the officers, an informal discussion resulted in the suggestion that the two societies meet in joint session. There were many advantages evident if such an arrangement could be accomplished. The announcement of a proposed Joint Meeting was enthusiastically received and gave immediate assurance of the desirability and popularity of such a departure from the established custom. The session in which we are now engaged may quite correctly be designated as a “Wartime Congress of American Radiologists.” Invitations have been extended to our colleagues in Cuba, Mexico, Central and South America, and we are happy to welcome some of our fellow radiologists from these neighboring countries. Many who are unable to attend have extended greetings and expressed regrets because of their enforced absence. We are particularly honored and delighted to have with us so many members and guests wearing the Service uniforms of the United States and Canada. The importance of roentgenology in our military activities is evident by the many papers and exhibits dealing primarily with our specialty as applied to the various branches of military medicine. The world-wide struggle in which we find our country engaged has caused many of our members to enlist in the Medical Services of the Army and Navy. I need not remind you of their splendid record of accomplishment. They have contributed their talent and energy, patriotically and unselfishly, to the successful prosecution of our war effort, which at the moment appears to be nearing completion in the European theater. Many of our members who desired to enter the military service were disqualified for physical reasons; others were needed to carry on teaching activities and care for civilian practice.

Music in the Royal Navy. An Appeal!

It was with great diffidence that I undertook, at the request of the President of this Association, to write this paper.I felt, in the first place, that there are many of my brother officers who could have done it much better, and, in the second, that as a very humble amateur, I should be addressing a distinguished body of musicians. I trust, however, they will patiently hear me, as I am actuated by none but sincere and patriotic motives.