Patrick Wormald Research Articles

Scholars Come for the Archbishop: the Afterlife of Archbishop Wulfstan of York, 1023–2023

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to provide a synoptic view of what Patrick Wormald has aptly called the ‘rather odd’ history of Wulfstan scholarship. In doing so, it will also consider how our understanding of Wulfstan and his writings has been shaped by the historical reliance on stylistic analysis, both as an objective instrument to reconstruct his canon and as a methodological practice subject to personal biases, ideological trends and historical circumstances. Beginning with a discussion of ways that the study of Wulfstan’s style has framed our understanding of both his canon and authorial identity, this article then traces the evolution of Wulfstan scholarship from the sixteenth century to the present. It will conclude with a brief discussion of one of Wulfstan’s least-studied works, the homily On Various Misfortunes (Be mistlican belimpan), to suggest some possible avenues for future study.

“Unable to Defend Him”: Conflicting Views of Female Violence in Swedish Medieval Law

“Unable to Defend Him”: Conflicting Views of Female Violence in Swedish Medieval Law

The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century, by George Molyneaux

This book offers analysis of the making of the kingdom of the English in the tenth century, organised around a firmly stated argument. The author has in his sights the work of James Campbell and Patrick Wormald on the sophistication of the late Anglo-Saxon state, to which the book is presented as a rejoinder. Whereas Campbell emphasised the antiquity of many governmental structures, and Wormald regarded Alfred as the founding figure, Molyneaux makes the case for seeing Edgar’s reign as the key period of administrative change by associating his rule with a package of innovations. Some of these are well attested and known, notably the coinage reform of c.973, the promotion of Benedictine monasticism and the appointment of agents of southern origin to high office at York. But Molyneaux also makes the case for associating Edgar with developments the chronology of which has been debated: namely, the formation of midlands shires, the full establishment of the system of hundreds and wapentakes, and the emergence of the shire court and shire-reeve. The effect of these claims, as Molyneaux presents them, is to qualify Campbell’s view of late Anglo-Saxon government in respect of chronology: the emergence of structures engaging intensively with the mass of the population was, Molyneaux argues, the outcome of reforms under Edgar, and did not antedate his reign. Moreover, Molyneaux enlists his administrative analysis in a further argument against Wormald on the importance of ‘English’ political identity. Whereas Wormald emphasised the role of a nascent sense of ‘English’ identity as a pre-condition for unity, Molyneaux argues that standardised administrative practices in the territory ruled by Alfred’s successors emerged only in the second half of the tenth century, and that the consolidation of ‘English’ political identity may be best explained as a consequence of Edgar’s rule.

Sinnstiftungen eines Rechtsbuchs: Die Lex Salica im Frankenreich by Karl Ubl

Reviewed by: Sinnstiftungen eines Rechtsbuchs: Die Lex Salica im Frankenreich by Karl Ubl Wilfried Hartmann Ubl, Karl. Sinnstiftungen eines Rechtsbuchs: Die Lex Salica im Frankenreich. Quellen und Forschungen zum Recht des Mittelalters 9. Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2017. 313 pp. €39.00. ISBN: 978-3-7995-6089-4. In his book published in 2017 on the Lex Salica (henceforth: LS), which played a role for almost a millennium (from the 5th to the 14th century), Karl Ubl seeks to understand it as a 'contribution to the cultural history of law'.1 He provides a series of key questions for his investigation.2 1. 'Where did the unlikely persistence of the law book come from'? 2. 'What relevance has been attributed to it over the centuries'? 3. 'Why could it provide a foundation for a completely different political configuration of Frankish history'? 4. 'For what reason did it never undergo substantial changes despite social, political, and cultural changes'? 5. 'What does a "biography" of this legal book tell us about the function and symbolic meaning of legislation'? It becomes clear with the last question in particular that this book is not only a special investigation into a text of secular law from the early Middle Ages but also about general and fundamental questions regarding legislation. The beginning of the work includes an overview of the historiography, which is concerned above all with the tradition of 'German' legal history, a tradition which looked for the Germanic origins and thus—in the understanding of the time—the origins of German law. This approach has largely informed the study of the LS since the middle of the nineteenth century, but since the 1970s is no longer prevalent in Germany. Ubl has already dealt with the special features of the LS in a paper [End Page 389] published in 2014.3 In his opinion, the LS holds a 'special status' as compared to the other legal books produced in Gaul, such as the Edict of Eurich and the Burgundian Liber constitutionum. Unlike in fifth-century Roman vulgar law, punishments in the LS are not considered damages, but appear as fines, which usually reach an 'exorbitant height'. The fine is an attempt to establish a public criminal law with a rational penal purpose. In chapter 2 ('Why Barbarians Make Laws') the book deals not only with the beginnings of the LS, but also with other 'barbaric' codifications from Gaul in the fifth and sixth centuries. The edict of the Visigothic King Eurich (466-484) represents a 'legislative new beginning',4 as the text does not recognize a recourse to Roman law. The legal book, only fragmentarily preserved, was obviously geared toward the problems of the practice; approximately one-half of the titles apply to criminal law. Furthermore, agrarian life is important, which means that not only the elite of the new empire should be addressed. His son, Alaric II (484-507), created a legal book for the Gallo-Roman population, the so-called Lex Romana Visigothorum (or Breviarium Alarici), which is a short version of the Codex Theodosianus. The Burgundian Liber constitutionum were issued around 500 by King Gundobad (c. 476-516) and would soon after be supplemented with novellae. Like Eurich, the Burgundian king made a fresh start without directly referencing Roman law, and he too focused on criminal law. Gundobad emphasized the non-Roman nature of his legislation; he described his people as barbarians and adhered to barbarous habits such as the 'wergeld' or relatives' liability. In even more detail than Eurich, Gundobad takes into account the interests of the rural population. The focus of the legal book is the 'consolidation of Burgundian identity'.5 Ubl expressly rejects the thesis of Patrick Wormald, who has considered the codifications [End Page 390] in Gaul from the period around 500 as merely 'ideological positioning' and would grant them no influence on judicial practice. In the last part of chapter 2, Ubl examines the question of the period of origin of the LS. He rejects an origin during the rule of Clovis (between 507 and 511) and prefers an origin under Chlodwig's father, Childerich, 'in the decade between 475 and 486/87'.6 The LS was...

The Last Viking Battle

In the spring of 2014, the British Museum put on an exhibition of medieval artifacts called Vikings: Life and Legend. Normally, the exhibition would not have attracted more attention than such exhibitions generally do, but, this time, it became the subject of a heated debate in the British newspaper the Independent--usually not a forum for discussing medieval matters. At issue was whether the exhibition gave a correct picture of these seafaring warriors, as the paper called the Vikings. This debate was particularly interesting because it dragged out some of the skeletons in the closet of Viking scholarship over the past decades--and even centuries--and resulted in a caustic exchange of opinions. In this essay, I would like to discuss how this debate progressed, and then look at a few other spurious issues from the past that relate to the supposed nature of the Vikings and that refuse to go away. On March 4, 2014, the Independent published a review of the exhibition called Vikings: Why Do the Seafaring Warriors Still Intrigue Us? The review, which was written by Boyd Tonkin, the paper's literary editor, was, on the whole, sympathetic as to how the British Museum had presented its subject (Tonkin 2014). (1) Among other things, Tonkin interviewed the curator of the exhibition, Gareth Williams, who told him that the Vikings had not been a bunch of untidy, shaggy blondes and that their lousy reputation resulted from attacking scribe-filled monasteries--which, in today's world, would be equivalent to terrorist attacks on television stations. Williams then explained that the barbaric image of the Vikings had persisted up to the 1960s, when a more cultivated image took hold, and then went on to add that he believed that the truth was probably somewhere in between. Tonkin then proceeded to Oslo, where he interviewed Professor Jan Bill, Oslo University's Professor of Viking Age Archaeology and Curator of the Viking Ship Museum on Bygdoy. Bill told Tonkin that he believed that the high tide of revisionism against viewing the Vikings as barbarians had arrived in the 1980s when the pendulum swung from carnage to culture. Tonkin's article ended with a short discussion of a mass grave found in Weymouth in 2009 where the skeletons of fifty Scandinavian warriors were found. Their injuries were consistent with execution rather than battle. In other words, the Anglo-Saxons were not just innocent victims of vicious Viking attacks; they could be plenty ruthless themselves. It was not long until the backlash against Tonkin's review arrived. It came from Patrick Cockburn, a senior award-winning journalist who also writes for the Independent, and was published on April 6, 2014. The main tide of Cockburn's article was: Vikings Were Feared for a Reason, and a subtitle further explained: World View: Ignore Recent Revisionism. The Norsemen Carried Out Atrocities to Equal Those of the German SS. In his article, Cockburn took aim at his colleague Boyd Tonkin, noting that there seems to be a common disbelief about how nasty wars can be and a common desire to find alternative explanations or excuses for the perpetrators of war crimes. Cockburn went on: In the case of the Vikings, many historians since the Sixties have ignored compelling evidence that they were mass murderers, whose atrocities were equivalent of those carried out by SS divisions invading Poland 75 years ago. Writers all over Europe at the time of the Vikings ... are at one in describing their savagery. But their terrified accounts of what happened were set aside by experts as biased because the eyewitnesses were often monks whose monasteries were prime targets of the raiders. Emphasis was instead put on the role of the Vikings as traders (though their main trade was in slaves), sailors, poets (though the Sagas were written much later) and craftsmen (though the most impressive objects in the Viking hoards were looted from other countries). (Cockburn 2014) For further evidence of Viking atrocities, Cockburn pointed to the work of the eminent British historian Patrick Wormald (1947-2004) who had, among other things, discussed the executions of the kings of East Anglia and Northumbria. …

The Anglo-Saxon World, by Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan

It seems ungenerous to say that many readers of this splendidly illustrated and highly informative book will first open it to see whether or not it measures up to another, published over thirty years ago. For all the fresh discoveries made since its publication, the 1982 volume The Anglo-Saxons put together by James Campbell, Eric John and Patrick Wormald still occupies an authoritative place at the head of undergraduate reading lists on the history of pre-Conquest England. To read the present book only to see how far its authors, Nicholas Higham and Martin Ryan, have succeeded in living up to their predecessors’ standards would seem the wrong way to approach this new introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, which clearly seeks to synthesise a good deal of more recent scholarship into a form suitable for new readers. But, in truth, the shadow of The Anglo-Saxons lies so heavily over much of this book that the comparison cannot be avoided. The debt manifests itself most immediately in the organisation of the book, not only in the decision to accompany the predominantly political history of the main text with annotated but semi-detached illustrations of objects and artefacts, but also in the various short essays on major ‘sources and issues’ appended to each chapter in the manner of its predecessor’s nineteen ‘picture essays’. A similar sense of familiarity may strike the reader in the closing pages, where Higham comments on the extent to which ‘the basic structures of England owe much to the Anglo-Saxon past’ (p. 426), in much the same way that Campbell concluded his volume with a rumination on how England’s later inhabitants might set about ‘weighing their debt to and links with the Anglo-Saxon past’.

Britain after Rome: The Fall and Rise, 400-1070, by Robin Fleming

Robin Fleming has written a very successful and, it should be stressed, important book. To write a history of Britain from the Romans to the late eleventh century that will be intellectually stimulating and accessible to a non-professional audience is a challenge of itself, but it is made particularly daunting by the existence of James Campbell’s The Anglo-Saxons, co-written with Patrick Wormald and Eric John in 1982, which stands as a model introduction to the period. As Fleming must have been painfully aware, one could write a very good survey of Britain from 400 to 1070, tweaking their picture of Offa and Alfred here, spreading their range to cover Wales and Scotland there, bringing in the Prittlewell Prince and the Staffordshire Hoard, and very easily still end up with something that was no better than theirs—especially as the series format dictates no illustrations and no footnotes. But in the event she has succeeded triumphantly. Her book does not replace The Anglo-Saxons as a point of entry into the subject, but, offering a completely different perspective, matches it. Fortunate is the historical field which has two such engaging introductions.

Lay Intellectuals in the Carolingian World - Edited by Patrick Wormald and Janet L. Nelson

Lay Intellectuals in the Carolingian World - Edited by Patrick Wormald and Janet L. Nelson

Leges Scocieand the Lawcodes of David I, William the Lion and Alexander II

This paper examines Leges Scocie (LS), the main source used by Patrick Wormald in ‘Anglo-Saxon Law and Scots Law’. It is shown here that the capitula of LS reveal much not only about the development of legal procedure in Scotland but also about the nature of medieval Scottish society in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. In the process of this discussion, some conclusions put forward by Wormald about this material are questioned. This paper also shows that the ‘laws’ of David, William and Alexander II, once believed to be nebulous texts without any clear manuscript form, are, in fact, coherent legal compilations worthy of study in their own right. This corrects the impression that the early laws of Scotland survive in a manuscript tradition too late and too complicated to be studied with any fruitful results and thus opens up the material in volume i of The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland for further study. The paper concludes by arguing that the evidence contained in all these lawcodes can provide rather different narratives of subjects that are key to our understanding of Scotland during the central Middle Ages: the exercise of royal power, the ‘Anglo-Norman Era’ and the extent of the Scottish state before the twelfth century.

Anglo-Saxon Law and Scots Law

Patrick Wormald used legal material buried deep in volume i of the Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland to argue for a comparatively maximalist view of early Scottish royal government. The paper compares this Scottish legal material to two Old English codes to show that there existed in Scotland structures of social organisation similar to that in Anglo-Saxon England and a comparable level of royal control over crime by the early eleventh century. The model of a strong judicial regime in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom, put forward fully by Wormald in volume i of The Making of English Law, suggests that the kingdom of the Scots could have been inspired by (or followed a parallel trajectory to) its Anglo-Saxon neighbour in its government's assumption of rights of amendment previously controlled by kin-groups. English influence on Scottish legal and constitutional development can therefore be seen in the tenth and eleventh centuries as much as it can in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The paper also suggests methods of examining the legal material in volume i of the Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland and effectively clears the way for further study of this neglected corpus of evidence.

The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian ‐ by Patrick Wormald

<i>The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian</i> ‐ by Patrick Wormald

The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and Its Historian (review)

Reviewed by: The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and Its Historian Martin Ryan The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and Its Historian. By Patrick Wormald. Edited by Stephen Baxter. (Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2006. Pp. xviii, 290. $83.95. ISBN 978-0-631-16655-9.) This collection of nine previously published essays was assembled by Patrick Wormald before his untimely death in 2004 and subsequently finalized and prepared for publication by Stephen Baxter. Although divided into two sections—"An Early Christian Culture and its Critic" and "The Impact of Bede's Critique"—there is in practice considerable overlap between the two and the chronological focus of both is the eighth and early-ninth centuries. The themes and issues of the papers are very much those that Wormald made his own: the aristocratic mores of the English Church, the emergence of a sense of cultural unity among the Anglo-Saxons, and Bede's relationship to his own times. The odd man out is the first essay of the second section, "Æthelwold and his Continental Counterparts: Contact, Comparison, Contrast," which, although demonstrating Æthelwold's debt to the writings of Bede, nevertheless feels out of place in a volume that has a fairly narrow focus in both chronology and theme. Most of the essays have additional notes (explicitly retractationes, not retractions) and more recent bibliography, although the lack of the detailed introduction that Wormald planned is sorely felt. The 1984 Jarrow Lecture "Bede and the Conversion of England: the Charter Evidence" forms chapter 4 and is in many ways the standout piece of this collection. The complex and often daunting subjects of diplomatic and Anglo Saxon land tenure are introduced gently and eruditely and, as always with Wormald, with an eye to the Continent. That this essay remains the best introduction to these subjects despite a near-revolution in charter studies over the past two decades is an indication of the learning and insight that Wormald brought." Bede, Beowulf and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxon Aristocracy" likewise continues to occupy a central place on many reading lists, and Wormald's basic thesis that Beowulf is a product of pre-Alfredian England and reflects the cultural environment of the secularized monasteries condemned [End Page 783] by Bede remains persuasive, although not totally compelling. Recent work, in particular Mary Garrison's reconsideration of Alcuin's famous phrase "Quid Hinieldus cum Christo?," is likely to necessitate further nuancing of Wormald's ideas, and late-daters of Beowulf will no doubt remain unconvinced, but, again, this piece still has important things to say. Other essays in the collection have unfortunately weathered less well. The opening chapter, "Bede and Benedict Biscop," originally published in 1976, sets out the Continental context for Wearmouth-Jarrow and the various influences operating upon Bede. Yet the cloistered, otherworldly Bede who emerges from this study is precisely the one who did not survive his encounter with Walter Goffart, and the additional notes at the end of the chapter are insufficient to take full account of the seismic shift initiated by The Narrators of Barbarian History (Princeton, 1988). The two essays that focus on the creation of a sense of English identity and unity, chapters 3 and 6, likewise engage with debates that have moved on considerably since the essays were first published, although here it is precisely because Wormald's interventions had such effect. This collection is, then, something of a mixed bag. Some essays remain relevant to ongoing debates; others have predominantly historiographical interest. On display throughout, however, is Wormald's considerable intellect and erudition and in the earlier essays in particular an enviable familiarity with Continental scholarship. There are also occasional flashes of the theater that was a Wormald lecture. If there is one overriding impression, however, it is of a work unfinished and loose ends left untied. Baxter has done an admirable job of bringing this work to publication, but at the end the reader is left only with a sense of what might have been. Martin Ryan University of Manchester Copyright © 2008 The Catholic University of America Press

Common Law Constitutionalism - A Different View

Over the last decade, scholars have been writing about It is timely to reconsider exactly what is meant in this context by the law, and what therefore constitutionalism may mean. The following inquiry proceeds through a number of steps: what is (a contested concept among jurisprudes), what is the law (again a contested subject) and then what is It suggests that recent discussion of this concept has overlooked the role of the monarchy in Westminster constitutionalism, and the pivotal role of the monarch's oath of governance in both the common and also in constitutionalism. In addition to the debt to sources and writers recognized in the footnotes, the author wishes particularly to acknowledge the assistance obtained from the magnificent work of the late Patrick Wormald on Anglo-Saxon laws.

Geography and English Identity in the Middle Ages

Michelet, Fabienne. 2006. Creation, Migration, and Conquest: Imaginary Geography and Sense of Space in Old English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. $99.00 hc. xiv + 297 pp.Lavezzo, Kathy, 2006. Angels on the Age of the World: Geography, Literature, and English Community, 1000-1534. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. $65.00 hc./$29.95 sc. xiv + 191 pp.As is well known, in his influential 1983 book Imagined Communities Benedict Anderson placed the emergence of the concept of nationalism at the end of the eighteenth century. While generally accepting the conclusions of Anderson with respect to modern manifestations of nationalism, researchers in various disciplines have increasingly sought in the decades since Imagined Communities came out to broaden and complicate the notion of nationalism, or at least of national identity, and to identify versions of it in other historical and cultural contexts. In doing so, they have amply demonstrated that there are other perspectives on the idea of nation than those associated with modern Europe. Fabienne Michelet, in one of the books under consideration here, goes so far as to contend that hegemonic processes and attempts at delineating a national community are of all times (2006, 12). The two books reviewed in this article relate to the issue of perceptions of national identity in England. They take their place among important contributions in recent years that identify moments and processes associated with an emergent sense of English identity prior to the late-eighteenth-century, and, eschewing modern myths of origin, seek to disentangle such moments and processes from their ideological appropriation and annexation in the period of the development of 'Andersonian' nationalism, particularly in the nineteenth century. In exploring the theme of identity they both make innovative use of constructions of geography evident in the periods studied.Among such earlier moments and processes, particular attention has been paid to the early modern period (notably by Bernhard Klein), the later Middle Ages (as in the volume Imagining a Medieval English Nation, edited by Kathy Lavezzo), the thirteenth and early fourteenth century (by Thorlac Turville-Petre), and, above all, Anglo-Saxon England (with seminal contributions from Nicholas Howe, Sarah Foot and Kathleen Davis). Within Anglo-Saxon England, scholars studying constructions of national identity have focused particularly on the period of King Alfred (the late ninth century) and that of AElfric (the late tenth to early eleventh century), and have built too on earlier work by Patrick Wormald, who had identified Bede, writer of the 'foundational' Ecclesiastical History of the English People in the early eighth century, as a key inventor of the English. The book by Kathy Lavezzo reviewed in this essay sweeps from Anglo-Saxon England through to the later Middle Ages, as does Catherine Clarke's recent Literary Landscapes and the Idea of England, 700-1400. Another notable recent contribution to the debate about emerging English identity has come in a perceptive essay from Nicole Guenther Discenza, A Map of the Universe: Geography and Cosmology in the Program of Alfred the Great, attending, as do the books under review here, to notions of center and margin.Apprehension of the concern for national identity in the medieval period has been distracted by too unreflective an acceptance of Anderson's particular definition of nationalism and also, as studied notably by Patrick Geary and Alien Frantzen, by the muddying effect of romantic constructions of early national history, which achieved their high point in the era of 'nation forging' in the nineteenth century, mythologizing what were seen as originary periods in the early medieval past. Through the application of cultural theory and careful analysis of texts from the medieval period itself, the books under review get us beyond such limitations and provide ways of seeing how medieval communities might have imagined themselves. …

The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and Its Historian. By Patrick Wormald. Edited by Stephen Baxter. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2006. xviii + 293. $78.95 cloth.

The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and Its Historian. By Patrick Wormald. Edited by Stephen Baxter. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2006. xviii + 293. $78.95 cloth. - Volume 77 Issue 1

Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the Second Alcuin Conference (review)

Reviewed by: Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the Second Alcuin Conference Melanie Heyworth Townend, Matthew, ed., Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the Second Alcuin Conference (Studies in the Early Middle Ages, 10), Turnhout, Brepols, 2004; hardcover; pp. ix, 553; RRP €85; ISBN 2503522246. This volume contains the proceedings of the Second Alcuin Conference held at the University of York in 2002 to mark the millennial anniversary of Wulfstan's appointment as Archbishop of York. The 19 substantial contributions are methodologically varied, encompassing palaeographical, philological, archaeological, and literary approaches. Matthew Townend's introduction admirably synthesizes these diverse contributions, indicating the 'great many points of connection, comparison, and contrast' (p. 5) between the various essays. His observations on the essays themselves, and on their collective impact, aptly summarize the value and vibrancy of this volume, and issue a much-needed challenge for further research into Wulfstan. Patrick Wormald's essay 'Archbishop Wulfstan: Eleventh-Century State-Builder' is a synopsis of Wulfstan's career and his intellectual development. This overview is supported by a convincing outline of the chronology of Wulfstan's work, which is appended schematically. Wormald's essay is an effective starting-point, since he also includes a summary and evaluation of the history of Wulfstan studies. Richard Dance, Andy Orchard, and Thomas Hall each offer an interpretation of Wulfstan's texts with an emphasis on manuscripts. Dance concentrates on Wulfstan's 'attitudes towards and use of language' (p. 61). His emphasis on [End Page 257] Wulfstan's choice of language, especially in the context of the scholarly tradition of the Benedictine reform movement, is illuminating and instructive. Orchard's 'Re-editing Wulfstan: Where's the Point?' arises from his forthcoming edition of Wulfstan's Old English sermons and focuses on the nexus between punctuation and rhetorical style. Hall's 'Wulfstan's Latin Sermons' is an exciting essay, challenging the assumption that 'all of Wulfstan's Latin sermons should be viewed as rough drafts for more important texts to be written in Old English' (p. 109). It is an invaluable contribution, incorporating a list of Wulfstan's Latin writings and printing the texts and translations of ten of Wulfstan's hitherto unpublished works. In 'Wulfstan and Worcester: Bishop and Clergy in the Early Eleventh Century', Julia Barrow surveys the diocese of Worcester in order to analyze Wulfstan's ecclesiastical administration and his support for reform. Stephen Baxter's 'Archbishop Wulfstan and the Administration of God's Property' focuses on tenurial resources and on Wulfstan's estate administration in York as well as in Worcester. Baxter concludes that Wulfstan 'was responsible for an extraordinarily well-conceived and innovative method of documenting… tenurial rights' (p. 190). Christopher Norton's archaeological and topological survey of York Minster 'builds up a picture of the physical and ecclesiastical milieu in which Wulfstan moved' (p. 3). The essays by Gareth Mann and T. A. Heslop are both codicological in approach. Mann's 'The Development of Wulfstan's Alcuin Manuscript' is a compelling and exciting explanation of the compilation of British Library, Cotton Vespasian A.xiv, a manuscript intimately associated with Wulfstan. His appendix, however, has no immediate relevance to his main essay, although the argument presented there is also persuasive. Heslop's 'Art and the Man: Archbishop Wulfstan and the York Gospelbook' is an equally compelling essay which considers Wulfstan's potential patronage and 'active possession' (p. 308) of the York Gospelbook. Arguably the best essay in this collection, Joyce Hill's 'Archbishop Wulfstan: Reformer?' is an innovative and convincing assessment of Wulfstan's active support for and role in the Benedictine reform. Christopher Jones considers Wulfstan's liturgical interest, concluding that Wulfstan exploited the 'deep affinities between liturgy, law, and preaching as media to proclaim' his message (p. 350). Malcolm Godden's excellent essay 'The Relations of Wulfstan and Ælfric: a Reassessment' is invaluable to scholars of Wulfstan and Ælfric alike, challenging long-held assumptions regarding these two important figures and their interaction. [End Page 258] Jonathon Wilcox's 'Wulfstan's Sermo Lupi ad Anglos as Political Performance: 16 February 1014 and Beyond' attempts both to 'recapture the Sermo's original context of performance' (p. 4), and to posit an argument for...

In Memory: Patrick Wormald July 9, 1947–September 29, 2004

Journal of Historical SociologyVolume 18, Issue 1-2 p. 1-2 In Memory: Patrick Wormald July 9, 1947–September 29, 2004 Colin Richmond, Colin RichmondSearch for more papers by this author Colin Richmond, Colin RichmondSearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 May 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00244.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume18, Issue1-2March/June 2005Pages 1-2 RelatedInformation

The source of the Prologue to the Laws of Alfred

This paper considers what source(s) king Alfred used for the translation of Exodus that prefaces his legal code. Over a century ago, Fournier identified the Hiberno-Latin Liber ex lege Moysi as Alfred’s probable source. Since then, most scholars have come to accept his thesis. Recently Patrick Wormald presented an alternative view, suggesting that Alfred used a Late Antique work known as the Collatio legum Romanarum et Mosaicarum. Both views are considered here in an attempt to resolve the issue.

Regna and gentes: the relationship between late antique and early medieval peoples and kingdoms in the transformation of the Roman world

List fo Contributors Abbreviations Introduction Hans-Werner Goetz The Empire, the gentes and the regna, Evangelos Chrysos The Leges Barbarorum: law and ethnicity in the post-Roman West Patrick Wormald Gens into regnum: the Vandals J.H.W.G. Liesbeschuetz Gens and regnum: among the Ostrogoths Peter Heather The enigmatic fifth century in Hispania: some historical problems Javier Arce Pro patriae gentisque Gothorum statv, Isabel Velazquez The Transformation of Hispania after 711 Ann Christys Gentes, kings and kingdoms- the emergence of states. The kingdom of the Gibichungs Ian N. Wood The relationship between Frankish gens and regnum a proposal based on the archaeological evidence Michael Schmauder Gens, kings and kingsdoms: the Franks Hans-Werner Goetz The Britons: from Romans to barbarians Alex Woolf Anglo-Saxon gentes and regna, Barbara Yorke Gens, rex and regnum of the Lombards Jorg Jarnut The Bavarians Matthias Hardt Avars and avar archaeology. An introduction Falko Daim A Non-Roman Empire in central Europe: the Avars alter Pohl Conclusion Bibliography Indices

Patrick Wormald. &lt;italic&gt;The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century&lt;/italic&gt;. Volume 1, Legislation and &lt;italic&gt;its Limits&lt;/italic&gt;. Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell. 1999. Pp. xviii, 574. $99.95

Patrick Wormald. The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Volume 1, Legislation and its Limits. Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell. 1999. Pp. xviii, 574. $99.95 Wormald Patrick. The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Volume 1, Legislation and its Limits. Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell. 1999. Pp. xviii, 574. $99.95. Paul Brand Paul Brand All Souls College, University of Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 107, Issue 5, December 2002, Pages 1621–1622, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/107.5.1621 Published: 01 December 2002