Patriarchal Nature Research Articles

DISTRESS OF WOMEN IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S "A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS

Psychological distress is described as the maladaptive behavior observed in relationships, which is caused by unsatisfactory relationships of the past or present. The existence of psychological distress has been recognized for thousands of years. Afghanistan has a variety of issues, including terrorism, politics, and religion. The patriarchal nature of society may be a major source of hardship and violence. Terrorist acts, forced marriages, reproductive guilt, male possession, economic reliance, and gender violence affect women more than men. In this study, Khaled Hosseini's female characters from the realm of trauma and anguish are examined for their psychological distress.

Breaking the Celluloid Ceiling: Exploring the Unique Female Inuit Perspective in Before Tomorrow (Marie-Hélène Cousineau and Madeline Ivalu 2008)

While acknowledging the diverse designations and feminist perspectives associated with female directors in mainstream cinema, this paper explores the intricacies of female film directing in the context of mainstream cinema, which historically encountered significant challenges. Filmmaking faced notable difficulties before the 1980s, the exploration of female film directing becomes particularly complex, given the predominantly patriarchal nature of the film industry. The paper highlights Arnait Video Productions as a remarkable phenomenon, emphasizing its ability to convey a unique Indigenous female perspective through cinematic production, particularly in the film Before Tomorrow (2008), directed by Marie-Hélène Cousineau and Madeline Ivalu. The study aims to analyze and elucidate the nuances of this distinct female Indigenous collective filmmaking style, exploring its broader implications for the revitalization of Indigenous culture as portrayed in Before Tomorrow. The present article navigates the multifaceted discourse surrounding female film directors while focusing on the specific context of Indigenous cinema and the significance of Arnait Video Productions in preserving and mediating Indigenous culture through the medium of cinema.

Tracing out Elements of Radical Feminism in A Woman Like her by Sanam Mehar

The present study highlights the features of Radical Feminism in A Woman Like Her (2018) by Sanam Mehar using the lens of Ti Grace Atkinson’s Radical Feminism and theoretical framework of Radical Feminism. In the view of researcher the protagonist of the book made several bold decisions that questioned the patriarchal culture. She was killed in the name of honour because of these radical actions. The study also highlights the difficulties faced by Pakistani women. There are other issues that women face, including the fact that they are forced into marriage, that their activities are restricted to the home, that they are harassed at work, and that they are unable to engage in the practical life of their choosing. According to the study, only women, not men, are slain in the sake of honour, demonstrating the patriarchal nature of the culture.

Role of Remittance in Gender Transformation- A Study of Women Labor Migration in Pokhara Metropolitan City

The power, authority, and empowerment attained with the aid of economic capitals not only aids in the transformation of gender roles, but social and cultural capital also facilitates various facets of life, including: the standard of education, the types of employment involvement, the level of awareness, the types of family living, and the modes of interaction. As a result, both benefits and drawbacks can be found in the daily lives of both migrants and non-migrants due to the growing trend of female labor migration. In a traditionally patriarchal nation like Nepal, the migration of women for labor raises moral concerns about their moral decency as they struggle to reintegrate into their families and communities. The gender shift in the slum community of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal, is the main emphasis of this paper's examination of the various features of remittances and ways through which they are transferred. Particular focus is placed on the conversion of economic capital into social and cultural capital as well as the function of proxy managers in managing household duties and remittances. Data from both secondary literature and original sources are used to support the arguments made here. The data came from 199 households of women migrants' families who had moved away at least three years prior to the survey, which was conducted between March and July 2022. The data collecting and analysis techniques used were both quantitative and qualitative. The numerous facets of remittances are examined in this paper. The findings explain the diverse forms of capital accumulation and how women gain more influence in various spheres of social life. The study also offers a more nuanced view of how women are becoming more involved in household decision-making as a result of economic empowerment and how to address forthcoming socio-cultural barriers that prevent their engagement in public sphere.

Exploration of Male Partners’ Gender Based Violence by Female Partners in Dar es Salaam-Tanzania

This study explored Gender Based violence of male partners by female partners in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, using the qualitative approach. It employed a prolonged field engagement through in-depth interviews. While Dar es Salaam Region consists five municipalities, this study was conducted in Ilala Municipality owing its strategic location in the city with big populations and large social interactions. Through snowball sampling technique, 25 men were sampled as respondents and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The study established that males experienced a variety of gender-based violence including physical, psychological and economic violence. Factors contributing to gender-based violence included lack of awareness and negative perception toward gender-based violence services. Because of the patriarchal nature of the society, men who experience GBV did not report the incidents since they felt being embarrassed and undermined by the community's social structure. Based on conclusions, the study recommends that men should strive to get empowered economically, considering that there has been a positive correlation between men’s economic powerlessness and violence against them by their partners. Affected men should be sensitized on the availability and significance of various institutions dealing with GBV; they should consult the institutions whenever they fall victim to GBV. Finally, there is a need for more male representation in gender desks since gender desks in many police stations currently lack equitable men representation.

Decolonization of Feminism in the Malayan Nationalist Movement: A Case Study of Ibu Zain and Shamsiah Fakeh

The misrepresentation of Southeast Asians throughout history was often the results of the White Man’s burden doctrine practiced by Western colonialists, which clouded their perceptions of Southeast Asians, resulting in claims that Southeast Asians were inferior. This Eurocentric idea has distorted the representation of colonized nations in general. However, the worst Eurocentric fallacy is regarding Muslim women in Southeast Asia. They were not only misrepresented but also intimidated by the patriarchal nature of orientalism. Muslim women were, and indeed often still are, viewed as vulnerable victims that need to be saved from their men, making them quarry of double oppression. The most unfortunate part is even many modern white feminists still subscribe to these Eurocentric ideas. Thus, this paper aims to decolonize this narrative by illustrating the history of women’s involvement in politics from the time of the Malay Sultanate until post-World War II Malaya. This research also explores women’s participation in the far-right and far-left political movements in Malaya, with special references to Ibu Zain and Shamsiah Fakeh. We demonstrate the independence of Malayan women and affirm that they were well-presented in Malayan politics over this period of time.

THE FACE OF ELDER ABUSE IN AFRICA: THE NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE

Abstract Elder abuse is increasingly recognized as a serious problem in many African societies, including Nigeria. Contributing factors include a high level of poverty, unemployment, diminished availability, willingness, and ability of primary caregivers to provide for their older persons. Traditionally, elder abuse is considered taboo, and high secrecy surrounding its occurrence further contributes to challenges reporting and addressing the problem. Additionally, the patriarchal nature of the Nigerian society accounts for the gender-based differences in forms of abuse experienced with increased vulnerability among older women. This paper presents case studies that typify the experience of abuse among male and female older persons. The prevalence rates of abuse are drawn from community surveys across the six geopolitical zones. Although the methodologies vary, the total prevalence of any form of abuse experienced ranged from 30-81.1%. However, most studies relied on self-reports with no attempts at verification or data and records for triangulation of information.

Patriarchal nature of mourning from an African perspective

It is common in African culture for a widow to wear black or navy clothes as a sign of mourning her husband upon his death. Widows in Africa are expected to mourn for a certain period. In South Africa, most African ethnic groups expect them to mourn for a period of 12 months. Vows in the western culture state ‘until death do us part’, but this is not the case in the African traditions. A widow is still considered married even after the death of her husband. She must undergo mourning rituals as a widow to mourn her husband. The article extensively analysed the general processes that African families undergo after the death of a family member. It is important to note that most African traditions surrounding death are stricter for women than for men. This is because women undergo many rituals before they are considered clean enough to re-marry. This is the opposite for men as they have a shorter mourning period with less rituals. In this regard, the mourning process in African countries is governed significantly by patriarchal ideologies.Contribution: The main aim of this article is to effectively analyse the mourning process in most African countries and how all the processes are evidently a by-product of the patriarchal nature of the societies.

Nyonya Food, Culinary Capital and Women’s Empowerment in Stella Kon’s Emily of Emerald Hill and Selina Siak’s The Woman Who Breathed Two Worlds

Nyonya food is part of the construction of Peranakan Chinese group identity generally, but is also central to notions of Peranakan Chinese femininity, which emphasizes, among others, their mastery of culinary skills. The association of Nyonya food with Peranakan Chinese women may signal the secondary roles that are assigned to them by a patriarchal community, as foodwork is often considered supplementary in nature. However, in this paper, we propose a different way of reading Peranakan Chinese women’s relationship with food, as one that empowers them as heads of their households, decision-makers and custodians and transmitters of their community’s culture and identity. This paper sets out to explore how Nyonya food empowers Peranakan Chinese women in two literary texts: Stella Kon’s play Emily of Emerald Hill (1989) and Selina Siak’s historical novel, The Woman who Breathed Two Worlds (2016) by applying the concept of culinary capital to their depictions of women, food and foodwork. Through this analysis, we will demonstrate that food and foodwork do not merely reinforce Peranakan Chinese women’s gendered roles or reduce them to consumable products in literary texts, but rather endow them with culinary capital with which they can exercise their power and influence within their families and their communities. The protagonists of the works selected are formidable Nyonyas who engage in acts of challenging the patriarchal nature of their respective environments, and food is significant in their assertions of their power. Keywords: culinary capital; food and foodways; Nyonyas; Peranakan Chinese; women’s empowerment

Challenges of Female Entrepreneurship Pre-, During- and Post-Covid-19 Prospects in South Africa

Purpose: Female entrepreneurship discourse continues to receive heightened attention owing to various factors including the value of their contribution to national socioeconomic development. While the patriarchal nature of African societies remains one of the major issues impacting female entrepreneurs, the Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated the situation, therefore necessitating research that addresses interventions. This study examined the challenges of female entrepreneurship before, during, and the post-Covid-19 prospects in South Africa. By examining these challenges, the study aimed to shed light on factors militating against the success of female entrepreneurship, including the Covid-19 era and proposed solutions to overcome some of the challenges.
 Design/methodology/approach: A descriptive literature review methodology was used to conduct this study.
 Findings: The findings indicate that numerous cultural, economic, and institutional factors militate against productive female entrepreneurship. In addition, the results show that while Covid-19 affected all types of firms, and female-led enterprises suffered the most. Female-owned enterprises suffered the most in terms of lost revenues, business closures, and women retreating to traditionally assigned roles as family caregivers.
 Research limitations/implications: Given that the pandemic resulted in some cases of business closures and scaling down operations, there is a need for targeted support efforts to resuscitate female entrepreneurs in the post-Covid-19 era. Thus, extensive government and institutional financial and non-financial support are needed for female entrepreneurs.
 Practical implications: The study contributes to the overall discourse on supporting women’s participation in economic activities through entrepreneurship.
 Originality/value: This paper is original
 Paper type: a Research Paper

“No justice in birth”: Maternal vanishing, VBAC, and reconstitutive practice in Central Florida

AbstractMedical experiences offer valuable insight into how medical power can operate to subjugate bodies and subvert wills, revealing the patriarchal nature of institutional medical practice. Such revelations can inform anthropological understandings of power, resistance, and refusal at the intersection of gender and large bureaucratic structures, such as the medical industrial complex. This article explores the subversion of maternal will in the context of cesarean birth and practices around vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) as a form of resistance and refusal of biomedical power. Cesarean sections are the most common major surgical procedure in the United States, with one in every three births delivered surgically. For many birthing people, cesarean delivery was neither desired nor expected. Through the birth story narratives of 25 predominantly white women who pursued VBAC, this article proposes the concept of maternal vanishing to describe the process by which birthing people are disempowered during birth. I argue that women who pursued VBAC were engaged in an attempt to reconstitute themselves in subsequent births through a series of tactics that, in some ways, replicate hegemonic notions of neoliberal subjectivity and medical consumerism at the same they resist and refuse them.

Factors Affecting Voting Behavior among Youth in Luapula Province, Zambia

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the youth voting behavior considering how cultural factors, ethnicity, intergenerational factors, political ideologies and legal literacy determined voting behavior of the youth.
 Methodology: A Questionnaire was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data by including closed and open-ended questions. The quantitative data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) while the qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings were presented in form of tables, percentages and bar charts.
 Results: The findings revealed that the youth were to an extent influenced by culture in their voting patterns. The patriarchal nature of the communities in the country determined voting behavior in that mostly men were voted in.
 Conclusion: The study concluded that the level of literacy influenced voting behavior whereby, those in leadership and literate had a great influence on the choices made by the less literate.
 Recommendation: The study recommends increased dialogue and leadership training programs for the youth. Efforts to reclaim credibility of the electoral system and process should be made by the government through proper implementation of laws and civic education.

Same old story of good cop–bad cop? A narrative approach to social representations of the police's role in addressing gender‐based violence in Indian gender advocacy

AbstractDespite considerable evidence of the patriarchal nature of the police and underreporting of gender‐based violence in India, there is a dearth of literature on how gender advocacy campaigns in India tackle these issues. This study addresses this gap by exploring how the police is represented in gender advocacy in India. The material comprises of eight campaign videos from two ideologically opposing organizations: Amnesty International, an international human rights organization and Ministry for Women and Child Development, a government body. Social representations theory and narrative analysis are applied in the analysis to answer how the role of the police is narratively constructed. Results suggest two contrasting representations held by each organization in line with their organizational identities. While Amnesty constructed the police as villains obstructing women's access to justice, the Ministry represented the police as heroes defending women's safety. The analysis contributes a novel way of locating anchors and objectifications by a focus on narrative actions and goals. Additionally, the discussion of the findings broadens conceptions of hegemonic and polemic representations, arguing for a more power‐centric approach that conceives of hegemony in terms of access to media channels and material resources. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

The one-sided view of VaTsonga marital endurance, Vukati VA Kandza hi Mbilu: A challenge to pastoral care

Vukati VA Kandza hi Mbilu is a Xitsonga idiomatic expression implying that the road to marital success is for a wife to endure hardships. This idiomatic expression is firmly embedded in patriarchal beliefs, as it is only applicable to wives and not husbands. From time immemorial, the VaTsonga people have been aware of the complexities of marriage. Although they regard it as being a vital step towards full adulthood and maturity, they have several sayings which point out that marriage is not an easy undertaking, such as the well-known saying, Vukati VA Kandza hi Mbilu. The purpose of this article was to examine the VaTsonga idiomatic expression Vukati VA Kandza hi Mbilu, as well as its impact on VaTsonga marriages and patriarchy in VaTsonga marriages. Furthermore, the study provided recommendations to pastoral caregivers to promote gender equality and discourage the abuse of women in Tsonga marriages. A literature review methodological approach was adopted in this research to indicate that the idiomatic expression Vukati VA Kandza hi Mbilu chimes well with the patriarchal mindset of VaTsonga people with regards to marriage in general. Culture is patriarchal and this is general knowledge; therefore, this article argued that women are told and taught to accept male patriarchal rule along with the injustice and hardships that it causes them. Hence, this article challenged practical theology to play a role in fighting against this Tsonga patriarchal rule of marriage.Contribution: In the light of the above-named challenges, the one-sided view of VaTsonga marriage endurance and its patriarchal nature was discussed. Practical theology was called to respond to these issues, as it can play a significant role in challenging pastoral care to respond to such patriarchal VaTsonga idioms.

Ecclesiological Analysis of Women Leadership: A Theological Reflection

The important of the role of women in the life of the church cannot be over-emphasized. This is because research shows that larger percentages of church attendants who are active members are women. Incidentally, directly or indirectly most women are relegated to the background in terms of leadership position in the church probably due to cultural bias or the patriarchal nature and tradition of various culture and the Holy writ. This paper adopts an analytical and theological method in presenting the ecclesiological analysis of women leadership and the reflection thereof. Research shows that the majority of women throughout the world are still suffering from systemic trends of violence, inequality, discrimination, abuse, and neglect at home, in the labour market, church, and in society at large. Also, a second century Rabbi named Judah, Ben Ilai exclaimed: “Thank God I am not a woman, a slave, or a pagan” and down the centuries, many have also exclaimed the same sigh of relief. Some, even within Evangelicalism today, consented that this is the reason why Jesus chose twelve men to be the future leaders of the church and probably why Paul told Timothy not to permit a woman to teach in the church or have authority over a man; this in a sense is a sweeping generalization. Nevertheless, women as followers in the church play a significant roles in the composition of and roles within the church. Therefore, women in one way or another participate in the leading of the church as they influence the leadership of the church in diverse ways. Consequently, this paper examines the concept of Ecclesiology and women leadership and the theological reflection thereof.

A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Battered Woman in Selected Iraqi Caricatures

The present paper is a qualitative descriptive study. It aims to examine the macro-cultural schemata addressing the concept of violence against women in Iraq from a cognitive linguistic point of view. To meet this objective, a number of Iraqi social caricatures have been selected from two popular and active Iraqi caricaturists, Odeh Al-Fahdawi and Nasser Ibrahim. The selection and the analysis of data have been achieved following the validity and reliability procedures and the ethical considerations. To meet this objective, Sharifian’s Model (2011) of Cultural Schemata has been adopted in data analysis. The study has concluded that the macro-cultural schemata regarding the concept of violence in the selected panels reveals that violence against women does exist in the Iraqi society, and that woman and children are the major victims of that phenomenon. Moreover, the major cause of such a phenomenon is due to the patriarchal nature of the society that leads to have an unbalanced power between the two parties man vs. woman/children; in addition to other reasons related to the unfair social traditions and customs. The mismatch in power has been conceptualized creatively and differently by these two caricaturists. Speaking from the cognitive linguistic point of view, the researchers have also found that the panels are symbolic rather than iconic, as they involve culture-proper figures. Finally, both caricaturists invested the conceptual metaphors and figurative devices when depicting the concept of violence against women; that is, the concept of violence against women is universal in their panels; however, the way it is depicted is subjective and cultural-proper at the micro-cultural level.

International Beauties and Beasts: A feminist and new historicist analysis of Beauties and the Beasts from around the world

Other than the most widely-recognised Beauty and the Beast tales of de Beaumont and Disney, a number of writers from all over the world have recreated the tale. These writers originate from a number of social contexts, and each has recreated the tale according to the expectations of these societies. Alexander Afanasyev’s Russian tale The Enchanted Tsarévich, Consiglieri Pedroso’s Portuguese tale The Maiden and the Beast, Evald Tang Kristensen’s Danish tale Beauty and the Horse, the Italian tale Zelinda and the Monster and Chinese folk tale The Fairy Serpent are analysed in this article. These international remakes will be analysed using the New Historicist and Feminist frameworks. The article aims to understand the extent to which these less-recognised tales share patriarchal ideas. Moreover, the analysis draws connections between the ideas presented in the tales and their historical backdrop, emphasising that a literary work cannot be separated from its social context. The tales tell the story of gender inequality. They perpetuate patriarchal behaviours and expectations through the behaviours of and relationships between the beauties, Beasts, fathers and sisters depicted. The male characters are empowered decision-makers, who for the most part have control over their lives; however, the female characters are submissive and passive, given little to no control. Moreover, the tales relate closely to their social contexts, and this article analyses each tale in parallel with a discussion of its social context. The patriarchal nature of each tale suggests that the 19th century encouraged gendered inequality and differences as well.

Survivors, victims and soldiers as figures of nationalism: Representations of women in the War of Resistance against Japan museums in mainland China

The gendered memorializing of the War of Resistance against Japan (1931–45) has been an important part of China’s war memory politics in all of the different phases it has undergone since 1945. In the Mao era, the iconography of the ‘Anti-Japanese female revolutionary martyrdoms’ rose to prominence, while the following reformation period consolidated a she-victim/he-hero dichotomy most forcefully characterized by the visualization of the Nanjing Massacre through violated female bodies symbolizing the nation’s victimhood. This article argues that in the Xi Jinping era, women’s roles in museums have begun to transform again. Coming from the viewpoint of a feminist critique, it approaches five prominent war museums in mainland China with gender as its main analytical category, studying women’s representations in the memorial spaces and exhibitions. It suggests that the current trends introduced the role of survivor of sexual violence and female soldier into the museal landscape, slightly complicating the previous gendered repertoires in the war’s musealization. By exploring the Chinese sociocultural themes of ‘chastity martyrdom’ and ‘female warriors’ and the multi-layered politics of the so-called ‘comfort women’ it discusses the extent to which the strategies used to portray women serve patriarchal nationalism rather than women’s interests.

ТРАДИЦИОННОЕ КЫРГЫЗСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО И ВОПРОСЫ ФИЛОСОФИИ ГЕНДЕРА

The article discusses the features of the traditional Kyrgyz society. It is noted that the nature of gender relations was influenced by the nomadic way of being, the tribal, patriarchal nature of the Kyrgyz society. Particular attention is paid to the social roles of women and men in the division of labour, gender characteristics in customary law, peculiarities of inheritance law, etiquette proxemics in the kinship system and traditional games. The author notes that the patterns of male and female behaviour were laid down in the institution of the family. In the traditional Kyrgyz society, a man being a husband and a father, then subsequently a son had indisputable absolute authority. All family members unquestionably obeyed the head of the family - a man. The material, moral and psychological environment completely depended on the husband.

Ambitious and driven to scale the barriers to top management: experiences of women leaders in the Nigerian technology sector

The four theories—gendering of careers, glass ceiling, gender stereotypes and work-life balance—of the lack of inclusion of women in the technology sector have a certain face validity when looking at Nigeria, a historically patriarchal nation undergoing significant growth in penetration and diffusion in the technology sector. Consequently, this article is the first to further develop these theories through a critical realist exploration of the experiences of female senior managers in the Nigerian technology sector. The findings show that women technology leaders are ambitious and driven to scale the barriers to senior management roles. These four theories are extended by providing empirical data and insights into how this phenomenon is experienced differently in the Global South. The article recommends that organizations implement policies that support skilled and high-potential women employees to fulfill their career aspirations, thereby disrupting stereotypes and changing the dominant, masculine narrative of the technology industry.