Patriarchal Mindset Research Articles

Women Laws: Shield or Sword with Special Reference to India

The condition of women deteriorated in the Indian society over the years subjecting them to a patriarchal mindset, cruelty and other forms of inhumane and unjust treatment. Taking this into mind the Legislature and the Judiciary took positive steps towards curbing this social evil by enacting various effective laws and laying down guidelines, observations and recommendations respectively. Various Women Centric Laws were enacted for the protection of women from various evils prevailing in the society. These evils included that of dowry, cruelty, domestic violence, sexual harassment, rape, outraging the modesty of women, etc. These laws were set up as a shield to protect their respect and dignity against crime that is committed against them. However, in the recent years, the data shows that several cases that are filed by women against men pertaining to crime against women are false and are filed in a fit of anger, over trivial fights or in order to blackmail the men to gain some unfair advantage. This article discusses about various women laws along with the data showing the need of such laws. This article further discusses about misuse of such laws where the women are using these laws as a sword for their benefit and the observations and guidelines issued by the Supreme Court and High Court in this regard.

‘The family fight is on!’

Finnish marital surnaming practices give precedence to the husband’s surname as the family name after marriage. Legislation treats partners symmetrically and offers alternatives, but a patriarchal mindset still has a hold on the transition to a family. This article analyses interviews of 19 mixed-sex wedding couples and focuses on how they resort to humour in discussing alternatives to patrilineal practice. Literature shows that humour plays an important role in maintaining and regulating close relationships, but it can also be used as an indirect way to dismiss partners’ concerns. The results of this exploratory and descriptive analysis of couple interviews highlight different ways in which humour is used when discussing the potentially sensitive matter of marital surnaming.

Ascendancy of Mass Media in Achieving Gender Equality

For centuries, marginalisation has affected the niches and nooks of the world on a different level. Identities like caste, creed, religion, language, race and gender have been practiced with a hierarchy and hegemony. Women are one of the largest marginalized communities along with LGBTQIA+. OTT platform plays a crucial role in displaying voices from the margins in order to showcase socio-cultural inequality and inhumanity. The present paper deals with the Indian patriarchal mindset that refuses to accept women as a major contributor and creator of society. Accepting all weak gender identities as a part of the main stream is almost like mission impossible. Desmond Tutu’s ‘rainbow colour society’ is a far reaching-goal in India. Thanks to social media of the 21st century for transmitting these minority voices to the public’s attention and awareness. The media of the 21st century has aided a lot in conditioning society’s mindset into accepting an egalitarian society. The present paper deals with marginalized married Indian women’s voices from a film called The Great Indian Kitchen on OTT and a television series based on Manju Kapoor’s novel Married Woman and Jhumpa Lahiri’s novel, Namesake. The house wives have been portrayed as searching for identities and are rebellious against the stereotypical roles. The issues of identities of the women protagonists have been powerfully depicted through these channels. The research is based upon qualitative and quantitative data analysis with statistical evidence wherever necessary. The paper is divided into four parts, namely the role of media in the 21st century, issues of identities as a theoretical background, application of the identity issues of Ashima , protagonist of book , Namesake Nimisha, the protagonist, in the film The Great Indian Kitchen and in the tele-series The Married Woman and last but not the least conclusions. This is a study and critique to highlight how the media aids in re-conceptualization of societal norms and traditions for the queer and female community to gain their self-esteem and dignity with special reference to GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure).

Inheritance Rights of Women in Upper Chitral: A Case Study of Tehsil Mastuj (Pakistan)

The following research mainly focuses on the inheritance rights of women in Upper Chitral. In Pakistani society, women are discriminated against and have not always been subjected to decent behavior. Their rights should be addressed in various facets of life, such as when deciding their roles and choosing their marriage partners. This research will look into the religious and constitutional laws regarding inheritance and their implementation; it will give the readers an idea of whether women in Upper Chitral are aware of their rights related to inheritance and if they still need to be made aware. It will also highlight the common causes of their need for more awareness. Further research will elaborate on the patriarchal mindset prevailing in Upper Chitral that is hindering women's independence and growth. A qualitative approach has been used for this research. In-depth interviews were conducted to get the relevant data. Purposive sampling was employed. Primary data has been used for this research. The study found that women in Upper Chitral inherit significantly less than men, limiting their economic opportunities and enhancing the gender gap. Cultural traditions often clash with legal frameworks designed to promote equality. However, there are positive improvements as evolving social norms, increased legal awareness, and community initiatives are challenging these discriminatory practices. Younger generations are more flexible to gender equality. Education empowers women to fight for their inheritance rights. The study recommends a multi-pronged approach that addresses legal reforms, cultural beliefs, and economic empowerment through education and financial literacy.

Work from home effects on working mothers in a patriarchal society during pandemic times: A study from India

The study examines the effects of work-from-home (WFH) on working mothers in India, characterized by a patriarchal mindset, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey involving 560 mothers from various sectors, all utilizing WFH due to pandemic measures, was conducted. A moderated mediated model was analyzed in the quantitative study using structural equation modeling. The results showed the absence of domestic help and family work guilt affected the job satisfaction of working mothers. The results showed that the overall dual-stage moderated mediation index from home demands (HDs) to job satisfaction via family–work conflict was significant. In addition, the first stage (HDs × absence of domestic help family–work conflict) and second stage (family–work conflict × family–work guilt job satisfaction) moderations were significant. This article also outlines the limitations of the current work and presents future scope for research.

The saga of struggling diversity in the 21st century: a qualitative study

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the barriers that act as a hindrance and are the reason behind the struggles for the successful practice of diversity and inclusion. It also provides suggestions that organisations across the Asian region can adopt to have a conducive work environment to flourish diversity and inclusion.Design/methodology/approachQualitative data were collected from 21 in-depth semi-structured interviews, where the male and female interviewee ratio was 6:4. The interviewees were diversity and inclusion leaders, diversity and inclusion consultants and human resources (HR) experts from Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, UAE, Singapore, Bangladesh and Nepal. The interviewees belonged to varied industries, including information technology, automobile, manufacturing, engineering, logistics and independent consultants. Every interview recorded was transcribed, and an inductive content analysis technique was used using NVivo. Broad themes and several antecedents were identified which hinder the successful practice of diversity and inclusion.FindingsThere exists a patriarchal mindset in society as the main reason; that is why Asian countries are finding it difficult and are struggling to embrace diversity and inclusion successfully. There is a lack of awareness amongst managers about how inclusive gender diversity impacts the company’s financial status. Reports show that companies that have female board members have better profit margins in comparison to those that do not.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was conducted within one industry setting, the service sector; therefore, the findings may not apply to other industries because of the different organisational cultures and HR policies.Practical implicationsThis study offers managerial implications that can help the organisation foster and embrace diversity and inclusion by overcoming the barriers.Social implicationsThere should be fair and equitable inclusivity of females in the workplace. Female employees should be heard without biases and discrimination and allowed to speak up with equity. Females should not be seen differently during organisational decision-making, participation and empowerment.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the few to explore the challenges faced by Asian region organisations to embrace diversity and inclusion by empirical evidence. The study shows how the Asian region struggles to go beyond gender diversity and move away from patriarchal hegemony, which is the study’s unique contribution.

TRACES OF POST-STRUCTURALIST FEMINISM IN LOCHHEAD’S BLOOD AND ICE

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, which is considered as the foremost British gothic novel, has influenced numerous writers as a source of inspiration. Liz Lochhead, a renowned Scottish poet and playwright, offers her unique perspective on the classic novel of Frankenstein, which has been retold and reinvented numerous times in contemporary literature. Lochhead skilfully weaves together the ideas of dream and reality, as well as past and present, in a seamless and significant manner throughout the play. In the play, she raises doubts about Mary's ability to create as a writer and care for her child, while also questioning Claire's feminine identity. Lochhead is able to demonstrate her remarkable power that defies the limitations imposed by the phallocentric society and traditional gender roles. Through her characters Mary Shelley and Claire, Lochhead serves as a force that contradicts and challenges the prevailing patriarchal mind set. Using the theoretical principles of poststructuralist feminism, this study initially intends to demonstrate how Lochhead challenges the binary oppositions that have historically limited women's roles and identities in the play. In the light of Cixous's écriture feminine concept, the second objective is to examine how Lochhead approaches the issue of women's alienation in a phallocentric culture, how she disrupts patriarchal linguistic structures, and opens up new avenues for women’s self-expression.

TRACES OF POST-STRUCTURALIST FEMINISM IN LOCHHEAD’S BLOOD AND ICE

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, which is considered as the foremost British gothic novel, has influenced numerous writers as a source of inspiration. Liz Lochhead, a renowned Scottish poet and playwright, offers her unique perspective on the classic novel of Frankenstein, which has been retold and reinvented numerous times in contemporary literature. Lochhead skilfully weaves together the ideas of dream and reality, as well as past and present, in a seamless and significant manner throughout the play. In the play, she raises doubts about Mary's ability to create as a writer and care for her child, while also questioning Claire's feminine identity. Lochhead is able to demonstrate her remarkable power that defies the limitations imposed by the phallocentric society and traditional gender roles. Through her characters Mary Shelley and Claire, Lochhead serves as a force that contradicts and challenges the prevailing patriarchal mind set. Using the theoretical principles of poststructuralist feminism, this study initially intends to demonstrate how Lochhead challenges the binary oppositions that have historically limited women's roles and identities in the play. In the light of Cixous's écriture feminine concept, the second objective is to examine how Lochhead approaches the issue of women's alienation in a phallocentric culture, how she disrupts patriarchal linguistic structures, and opens up new avenues for women’s self-expression.

DRIVING GRASSROOTS GENDER EQUALITY: EMPOWERING WOMEN IN BANGLADESHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Bangladesh is one of the most overpopulated countries in the world where women are involved in domestic work. Political and economic empowerment is considered a male-dominated public activity. This paper aims to explore the dimensional issues and challenges faced by women representatives in Union Parishads in the decision-making process which is crucial for ensuring womens economic empowerment at the grassroots level. This study attempts to critically assess the extent of womens economic empowerment in local government institutions in Bangladesh. This paper also investigates the low rate of women holding elected positions at the grassroots level and the reasons behind their dismal performance in the objective and decision-making process and economic empowerment. From this point of view, this study has identified some factors that are negatively affecting the active participation of women representatives in the Union Parishad such as lack of education and training facilities, lack of social and cultural norms and values, lack of awareness, social constraints, family constraints, lack. Family support, lack of economic awareness, lack of peer support, patriarchal mindset, lack of freedom of movement, sexual harassment, domestic violence, low status, unequal distribution of work and religious misinterpretation. Finally, this paper provides a summary of proposed improvements to the current system as well as alternative system options for enhancing womens economic empowerment in local governments in Bangladesh to achieve gender equality at the grassroots level.

Women Entrepreneurship in MSME Sector

Abstract: Women's empowerment is now a global movement, and along with social and political empowerment, economic empowerment is of utmost importance for women in India. Focus challenges on all these fronts, acting in part as an invisible force and attempting to steer the course of women's empowerment in India in all conceivable milieus, including domestic, professional, financial, and political to combat this unstoppable force known as patriarchal mindset. For the purpose of empowering women and resolving their socioeconomic and employment issues, the Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium companies (MSME) is placing more emphasis on creating substantial work opportunities for them through various industries and companies.This paper focus on various variables that prioritize women's empowerment, numerous government efforts and programs, schemes, information on MSMES and cutting-edge technology, and education for women in business.

Belajar dari Aktivis Perempuan Muda: Sebuah Cara Memengaruhi Kesadaran Politis Sejak Dini

This research emphasizes the importance of involving young women in various activism. Problems arise when young women are often considered immature to be involved in social and political movements. Apart from being supported by a patriarchal mindset that tends to subordinate women’s experience, there is an intersectional problem where young people need more knowledge to make changes. In fact, one way to encourage active representation of women in political space is to encourage involvement from a young age. This research explores the activism experiences of young women who influence their respective communities. Data was collected through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and strengthened through literature studies. The data is managed using a political participation theory approach, as well as the influence of affect theory in digital activism. The findings in this research show that young women’s knowledge is just as essential in the political space. Their advocacy is full of the spirit of the times, so they can have a strong influence on other young women through the community they have built.

Domestic Cycle of Violence

In our society, mostly women are groomed to agree to the thinking of the Men. Men are made to think their believes are more righteous and holds more value than the women due to the basic difference of role play in the society. In our society, earlier only the men were the bread earners and the women were restricted to the household chores. This major difference gave birth to the deep-rooted patriarchal mindset of India. Though with various amendments, this situation has improved in the society but as certain facts are pushed under the rug and not represented statistically or discovered evidently the fraction of domestic violence that we are shown compared to the reality differs drastically in number. Despite prevailing laws, certain acts of violence have been normalized in families and the women are explained how these actions don’t amount to violence as it occurred as a result of the fault of the women. Now the fault of women ranges from the tiniest inconvenience to a major mistake. Irrespective, the violence is justified and neutralized by bringing up the lifestyle of the women when there is no other explanation to rationalize. From a legal perspective, it is not just a crime but also a strategic way of rooting the fear in the mindset of women and normalizing the acts of violence to make it look common. From a societal and moral standpoint, things are made complicated by the various versions of reality and numerous layers of incoherent justifications. This paper will deal with all the prevailing laws regarding domestic violence, its implication and the various gap prevailing in laws regarding domestic abuse.

Women’s land ownership in India: Evidence from digital land records

Women play critical roles in agricultural operations in many developing countries, yet they have limited ownership and de facto control over agricultural lands. Literature shows that insecure land rights constrain women’s economic prospects and make them vulnerable to poverty and violence. Despite initiating women-friendly amendments in existing polices in India, the situation has remained unresponsive. Clearly, the existing patriarchal mind-set, cultural and social ethos have imposed restrictions on women land ownership. For deriving important policy pointers, ground realities on land distribution and existing iniquities is required which is lacking in available databases. In this context, the paper aims to reinforce with evidence the bias against women in land rights at different stages so that policy can be rethought in new ways. The analysis is based on sex-disaggregated data extracted from nearly 16,000 original digital copies of land records for 12 States/Union Territories (UTs) in rural India, a first of its kind of exercise. Our results show that just having a title won’t resolve the bigger challenge of different levels of inequities that women still face when they own the land in terms of limited access to single land titles, lower shares, smaller size and inferior quality of land holdings. We also analyse the extent to which the States laws and provisions related to women land rights have controlled these biases, for which State-wise laws/ provisions were reviewed. We find mixed impacts of these provisions with significant variations across States, the reasons being lack of proper implementation and prevailing social attitudes/ customs. Finally, while emphasising the need to start rethinking and reinforcing these laws and provisions in a new way, the paper suggests feasible steps in this direction.

Female Online Motorcycle Drivers and Their Gender Equity: A Case in Pontianak

Online motorcycle taxi is a media in the form of an online application as a tool to order transportation services. Customers use gadgets to order motorcycle taxis online and connect with drivers who are ready to take or pick them up to their desired destination. The emergence of online motorcycle taxi drivers has caused a dynamic in viewing human work so that not only men can work as online motorcycle taxi drivers. This article aims to prove that women as online motorcycle taxi drivers is a form of gender equality. This study used a qualitative research method with data analysis techniques using triangulation, and a detection method using a research approach with interviews involving direct interaction between researchers and respondents to obtain information and data based on a frame of mind using ecofeminism. The patriarchal mindset causes a negative view of women and nature, which are seen as objects that can be controlled by men. In this context, ecofeminism offers a solution by strengthening the position of women and nature and fighting for gender equality and environmental protection. In the case of women's online motorcycle taxis, Ecofeminism Theory highlights the potential for gender to be improved by giving equal opportunities and access to women to become online motorcycle taxi drivers, without being limited by gender stereotypes that hinder women's roles. The results of this study show that as online motorcycle taxi drivers, women are able to make money, make decisions and develop the same potential as men while reducing the stereotype that online motorcycle taxi drivers work only for men.
 Keywords: Feminism; Women's Existence; Ojek Online.

Beyond Legal Measures: A Review of the DRC's Initial Report under the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa

AbstractThe Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) established a reporting process to monitor compliance. Despite its shortcomings, this process provides an opportunity for states to engage in a frank, constructive and open dialogue with the African Commission on the measures they have adopted to realize women's rights and the challenges they face. The DRC's initial report on implementing the Maputo Protocol provides an opportunity to assess how the country has advanced women's rights. This article notes that the DRC has adopted legislation and policies to comply with some of its obligations under the protocol. However, these have not brought about much transformation in terms of effective enjoyment of rights due to the contested nature of many women's rights and the community's patriarchal mindset. The article argues that states should focus on extra-legal measures that can counteract negative attitudes and beliefs towards women's rights.

Indian Coal Mines in Hundred Years Old Fiction and Now: A Geographical Analysis

This study attempts to construe the first-ever coalmine-oriented Bengali fiction from a social, historical, and geographic perspective. Sailjananda Mukhopadhyay wrote Koylakuthi (the coal miners’ office) in 1922, representing Bengal’s coal mines. This study aims to reconstruct the miners’ society from the early 20th Century with narratives from this story and examine the societal challenges and changes a hundred years apart. A comparative study of the mining geo-cultural landscape of the 1920s Bengal and its contemporary counterpart is carried out. Changed geography, technology, and community are observed. And it reveals that areal expansion of the coalfields has increased production, and technological advancement has increased the safety and security of the miner class. However, the labour structure, class and caste hierarchy, and patriarchal mindset have hardly changed.

Indian females in the twenty-first century: how they have fared? An analysis using geospatial techniques.

Gender equality and women empowerment have been on the top of the agenda globally. Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls has been mentioned by the United Nations in its Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-5) as a target. Various efforts and initiatives have been taken at global, regional and local level to eliminate gender inequality. Women in India have been stereotyped and discriminated since ancient times due to the patriarchal mindset. Social evils such as sati, purdah system, female foeticide, female infanticide, dowry, domestic violence have been faced by women. Various constitutional and legal provisions have been framed to eliminate such evils. In contemporary times, women have become sensitised about their rights and have come a long way in terms of women empowerment. Various schemes have been launched by central and state governments for emancipation of women. However, the patriarchal mindset still exists and gender biasness is still experienced by women both in public and private space. The paper attempts to analyse the level of women empowerment in different states of India. The study is based on the secondary data collected from various government sources. An analysis of the reasons responsible for the trends has also been done. It has been found in the study that female literacy has a positive bearing on the health and decision-making of females. Also, government support in the from of infrastructure and schemes act as a catalyst in women empowerment. Women-centric organisations and Self Help organisations have promoted economic empowerment and decision-making of females.

Caring Kind: Exploring Gender-based Violence Through Artworks by Women from or based in Turkey between 1980–2020

Art opens new pathways for novel modes of engagement with feminism and the related history of theory, writing, and activism through transdisciplinary approaches. One pathway is the reflection of gender-based violence in artworks. This paper follows the traces of the patriarchal mindset and its reflections in various forms of gender-based violence in selected artworks of women artists based in or from Turkey between 1980 and 2020. This study has a specific focus on artists whose works are autobiographical, and who shift between experimental writing and visual art in their works. The resources for this study include artist interviews, artist books, Turkish art history literature that deal with the 1980–2020 period, archival material from artists, news articles, exhibition catalogues, art periodicals, as well as international literature on art writing as a feministic practice. Findings of this study indicate that art has the power of fore fronting, awareness raising, reframing, and thus transforming existing knowledge and commonly held beliefs concerning gender in a society through its various forms of expression.

Dinamika Kebijakan Keterwakilan Perempuan Pasca Reformasi Di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (DPR-RI)

The background of this research is the phenomenon of female minority groups in the Indonesian parliament DPR-RI. The formulation of the problem that arises is how is the representation of women in the post-reform parliament? This research uses political recruitment theory and party typology. This study uses a qualitative method of library research, especially previous studies. This study finds women's affirmation policies have been present in the post-referral election law. However, the implementation of the rules is still not effective in increasing the number of women representatives at the national level of the DPR-RI. Several inhibiting factors; First, the 30 percent quota regulation for women in political contestation is still a nomination. Second, the dominance of party elite decisions with a patriarchal mindset is often an obstacle that hinders women's political participation. Third, the pattern of party recruitment tends to be pragmatic in the nomination of cadres as candidates for legislative members.

Polygamy: Uncovering the effect of patriarchal ideology on gender-biased interpretation

Polygamy, which was practiced without limitations in the past, had been restricted to four wives after the arrival of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. However, some scholars have different views on this issue, supposedly influenced by the literal and cultural background of patriarchal tradition on treating women as the object of polygamy. This article attempts to examine the construction of patriarchal interpretation in a gender-biased interpretation, its factors and its implications. This study adopts a qualitative approach and employs a content analysis approach. Interviews with relevant scholars are also used to explore in-depth information regarding this subject. The object of research is based on a full set (30 juz/chapters) of 11 books of tafsir written in Indonesia. These books are Tafsir Al-Furqan, Tafsir Quran, Adz-Dzikra: Terjemah dan Tafsir al-Quran, Al-Quran dan Terjemahnya, Tafsir Quran Karim, Tafsir al-Azhar, Tafsir Rahmat, Tafsir al-Quran al-Majid an-Nur, Tafsir al-Mishbah, Al-Quran and its Exegesis of the Department of Religion, and Tafsir al-Hijri. This study found that women have been exploited through polygamy practices. Our findings show that biased gender interpretation, especially because of the patriarchal mindset, brought a greater impact on the Quranic interpretation. This study suggested that reinterpretation towards Quranic verses particularly dealing with gender issues needs to be strengthened in accordance with justice and humanistic values.Contribution: This article offered two approaches for the study of the Quran in order to establish gender equality and justice in marriage practice. Firstly, the adaptive and humanistic interpretations of the Quran need to be strengthened and should raise common consciousness in Muslim society. Secondly, there is a need to study the Quran in an integrative, holistic and hermeneutical understanding of the Quranic text. This method can explore the deepest meaning of the Quran so it can rise gender-sensitive, humanist and moderate interpretations.