Patriarchal Attitudes Research Articles

Ending violence against women: Help-seeking behaviour of women exposed to intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa.

Intimate partner violence is a serious public health problem that transcends cultural boundaries in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have reported that violence characteristics and perception are strong predictors of help-seeking among women. We assessed the prevalence and factors associated with help-seeking among female survivors of intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa. We pooled data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of eighteen sub-Saharan African countries. The data were extracted from the women's files in countries with datasets from 2014 to 2021. A weighted sample of 33,837 women in sexual relationships: married or cohabiting who had ever experienced intimate partner violence within the five years preceding the survey were included in the analysis. Percentages with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to present the results of the prevalence of help-seeking for intimate partner violence. We used a multilevel binary logistic regression analysis to examine the factors associated with help-seeking among survivors of intimate partner violence. The results were presented using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with their respective 95% CI. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Out of the 33,837 women who had ever experienced intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa, only 38.77% (95% CI = 38.26-39.28) of them sought help. Ethiopia had the lowest prevalence of women who sought help after experiencing intimate partner violence (19.75%; 95% CI = 17.58-21.92) and Tanzania had the highest prevalence (57.56%; 95% CI = 55.86-59.26). Marital status, educational level, current working status, parity, exposure to interparental violence, women's autonomy in household decision-making, mass media exposure, intimate partner violence justification, wealth index, and place of residence were associated with help-seeking behaviour of intimate partner violence survivors. The low prevalence of help seeking among women who have experienced intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa calls for the intensification of formal and informal sources of assistance. Education can play a critical role in empowering girls, which may increase future help-seeking rates. Through media efforts aimed at parental awareness, the long-term benefits of females enrolling in school could be achieved. However, concentrating solely on individual measures to strengthen women's empowerment may not bring a significant rise in help-seeking as far as patriarchal attitudes that permit violence continue to exist. Consequently, it is critical to address intimate partner violence from the dimensions of both the individual and violence-related norms and attitudes. Based on the findings, there should be public awareness creation on the consequences of intimate partner violence. Respective governments must increase their coverage of formal support services to intimate partner violence survivors especially those in rural communities.

Women’s Rights and Misperceived Gender Norms Under Authoritarianism

Evidence from democracies shows that making laws more egalitarian can increase individuals’ perceptions that others hold egalitarian views. How do citizens in authoritarian regimes that promote women’s rights perceive public opinion on gender issues? While regime actions and narratives could increase perceptions that egalitarian attitudes are widespread, the disconnect between policy and public preferences could inhibit the expressive power of law to alter perceived norms. Drawing on original surveys and qualitative evidence from Morocco, an important case of de jure advances in women’s rights, I find that Moroccans tend to overestimate others’ embrace of patriarchal attitudes on gender issues. The tendency to misperceive conservatism spans demographic categories and is especially pronounced among men. I argue that citizens’ awareness that policy processes are divorced from electoral accountability and the raised salience of conservative opposition during reform processes can reinforce perceived conservatism, even as women’s rights advance.

Intimate partner violence among minority groups: A view from northern Bangladesh

This study investigates the prevalence, characteristics, and associated factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) among minority groups of Bangladesh. A mixed methods approach was employed, combining a survey of 128 participants from minority groups with 10 in-depth case studies. The survey collected quantitative data, while case studies provided qualitative insights. The study reveals a pervasive prevalence of IPV within marginalized communities, with 40.6% of females reporting experiences of IPV. Husbands were identified as the primary abusers (91.4%) of IPV. Various determinants were identified as contributing factors to IPV. These include poor mental health, substance abuse, exposure to childhood violence, patriarchal attitudes, financial pressures, conventional drug use, adherence to cultural and societal norms, and limited education regarding healthy relationships, communication, and conflict resolution skills. Surprisingly, the study highlights that IPV is bidirectional, with 33.6% of respondents admitting to physically harming their spouse during violent incidents. Gender inequality or rigidity was not the predominant determinant of IPV among minority communities in northern Bangladesh. The study underscores the necessity of culturally sensitive strategies to address IPV within marginalized communities. The findings underscore the need to address both sides of the IPV dynamic and advocate for holistic interventions that acknowledge and respect cultural norms and values.

Psychosocial effects of gender-based violence among women in Vhembe district: A qualitative study.

The phenomenon of gender-based violence is a pertinent social problem in South Africa. The fear of reporting gender-based violence contributes to its continuation, marginalisation and silencing of victims. The study sought to explore the psychosocial effects of gender-based violence among women in Vhembe district. An exploratory phenomenological research design was used and sampling was performed purposively from a population of women who experienced gender-based violence in a low-resource, rural setting of Vhembe district. Semi-structured telephonic interviews were used as the main method of data collection after permissions and informed consent were sought for conducting the study. Thematic content analysis was applied to convert the participants' statements into a meaningful framework to derive the findings. A total of 15 participants aged from 19 to 35 years participated in the study. Their psychosocial experiences of gender-based violence were depression, worthlessness, social isolation and anger directed towards children. This research confirms that gender-based violence remains one of the most challenging problems associated with mental health problems in Vhembe district. It affirms the need to focus on awareness in rural areas afflicted by patriarchal attitudes, norms and stereotypes. Gender-based violence should to be viewed as human rights violation for victims' protection. The study contributes to the body of knowledge on the experiences of gender-based violence among marginalised women from rural areas.

Can patriarchal attitudes moderate the relation between women on boards and firm economic performance?

The paper investigates the moderating effect of patriarchal attitudes by country and year on the relationship between gender diversity on boards and firm performance. The international sample analyzed is composed of 1,103 listed firms from 18 European countries for the period of 2005–2019. Using a two-step system GMM approach, the analysis shows how the generally positive relationship between gender diversity and economic performance (proxied by return on assets and Tobin's Q) is offset and even surpassed by the negative moderating effect of patriarchal attitudes. Furthermore, our work tests critical mass theory and finds confirmation in line with the results obtained for gender diversity. The main contributions of this work include its use of new specific proxies for gender culture by country, namely, patriarchal attitudes and the finding of how they affect the relationship between women's board participation and firm performance in a negative and consistent way.

“I Am Not a Church Person!” Gendered Cultural Politics in the Portrayal of Fungisai Zvakavapano-Mashavave on Social Media in Zimbabwe

Women musicians in Zimbabwe continue to be subjugated because there are residual patriarchal attitudes driven by religion and cultural norms and values. This article discusses the nexus between culture, religion, and patriarchy as gauged by the portrayal of women musicians. The study looks at how Fungisai Zvakavapano-Mashavave was bullied on social media after collaborating with a Zimdancehall artist in the song “Vanondibatirana.” The study aims to ensure gender parity in a context where women are still being objectified despite Zimbabwe being a signatory to United Nations gender equity statutes. The African feminist concept of equality between females and males provides the theoretical framework for this qualitative study. The song’s message is explored using textual analysis. The findings show that traditional views on women’s roles continue to hinder women artists’ identity and self-esteem. Objectification of women is noted as a result of the way colonialism, religion, and culture influence some members of society to judge women musicians. The findings also show that women are denigrated and relegated to the subaltern, and recommendations advocate that women musicians reclaim equality alongside men in the musical performing arts.

The Impact of Patriarchy on the Education of Mother-learners: A Phenomenological Study of Three Rural Schools in Namibia

This article investigates some of the constraining factors experienced by 16 school-going mothers in the Okalongo circuit, Namibia. This was a qualitative phenomenological study, conducted through in-depth individual interviews, focus group discussions, and reflective journals with 16 school-going mothers between the ages of 17 and 20, purposively selected from three different public rural schools. This qualitative, phenomenological study analyses, through feminist and intersectionality theory, the lived experiences of these young mothers as they encounter the traditional, patriarchal attitudes and practices of the Ovambadja community because these girls fell pregnant before their formal, cultural initiation. The article documents, through the voices of the young women themselves, the numerous constraints they experienced and overcame in their determination to complete their schooling. The findings show that, aside from the deeply held destructive patriarchal beliefs that significantly constrain and harm the mother-learners, the Namibian Learners Pregnancy Policy, which is intended to protect and ensure pregnant learners and mother-learners complete their schooling, is not being properly or effectively implemented. The study recommends an increase in efforts at the national level in Namibia to raise awareness among members of parliament, school administrators and principals, and all policymakers to develop better monitoring systems that will improve policy implementation in schools.

From Calvinism to Consumerism: The Persistence of Patriarchy in Robert Eggers's The Witch (2015) and Anna Biller's The Love Witch (2016)

Abstract: Robert Eggers's film The Witch (2015) is filled with meticulously accurate seventeenth-century period detail; it presents us with a grim, pre-modern world in which the supernatural is a real and palpable presence, but the ending suggests an alternative course that American history might have taken, away from the materialism of capitalist modernization. Anna Biller's The Love Witch (2016), on the other hand, presents us with a bright-and-shiny postmodern world bereft of any real magic, except for the magic of images. It also reminds us that the alternative road suggested by the ending of The Witch was not, in fact, taken. Together, these two films about witchcraft bookend the long, slow process of capitalist modernization that transformed the U.S. from the dark and mysterious wilderness encountered by its early European colonists to the hyper-civilized postmodern superpower of today. The very different figurations of witchcraft in the two films serve as focal points that highlight the dramatic historical movement from 1630s New England to modern-day California. At the same time, the two films, read together, suggest that certain stereotypes concerning witches (and women) have managed to survive this historical storm virtually intact. In a broader sense, the process of capitalist modernization has transformed almost every other aspect of Western society, yet certain fundamental patriarchal attitudes highlighted and critiqued in The Witch remain a problem in The Love Witch , as well.

&lt;em&gt;Her Story Is Like a Weed&lt;/em&gt;: Censoring the Vulnerability in Women’s Writing

The aim of this article is to broaden feminist scholarship on women writers by exploring the relationship between women’s writing, intimacy, vulnerability and censorship, and the rediscovering and canonization of women’s writing in Latvian literary culture. In the early twentieth century, intimacy and motherhood as a source of vulnerability in women’s writing was closely linked to censorship, which revealed enduring patriarchal attitudes. The disclosure of vulnerability associated with a woman’s embodied experience was “a weed” which critics wanted to weed out. Focusing on the example of Anna Rūmane-Ķeniņa (1877–1950), whose literary texts create experimental journeys into intimacy, exploring the inner states of female characters, family relationships and particular situations (death and grief that bring her characters into intimate contact with others and change the shape and experience of intimacies), the article examines the censoring attitude of literary criticism towards the openness with which women’s experiences are discussed.

Ambivalent Sexism in the State of Qatar

Abstract This article examines public attitudes toward ambivalent sexism in the State of Qatar, which has taken considerable initiatives to prioritize women’s empowerment strategies and promote equality between men and women. It investigates whether these equality initiatives are reflected in nationals’ attitudes toward women by measuring scores on the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). While prior research has focused almost exclusively on the role of social implications, much less has been explored regarding the public sentiments underlying traditional gender roles and patriarchal attitudes in Qatari society. This study uses original survey data from a national sample of a 2019 survey. The results of the novel analytical descriptive approach used here suggest that individuals in Qatar are highly sexist on average, indicating that as a nation, Qatar scores low on gender equality measures. The analysis also reveals that benevolent sexism is evaluated more positively than hostile sexism, although its underlying dimensions correlate with patriarchal views and gender stereotyping in the context of high gender inequality. These findings are especially important considering the ever-emerging dynamics of gender roles and the increased efforts being gradually expended for improved gender parity.

INTERPRETASI PEREMPUAN KEPALA KELUARGA DI CYBER JOURNALISM BERDASARKAN SARA MILLS MODEL OF CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

This research is elaborated with the intention of examining and critiquing whether cyber journalism today still exhibits a patriarchal attitude. Qualitative is a method applied by the Sara Mills Model of Critical Discourse Analysis as the basis for data analysis. The study results found that SindoNews.com is marginalized women-headed (widows) in their reporting. From January to March 2022, it was found that there were 60 news headlines about widows and 9 (nine) news headlines about widowers on the website. SindoNews.com reports in an unbalanced manner by disclosing the current percentage of widows but does not report the percentage of widowers in the same portion of news. In fact, when a divorce occurs, is not only the status of a widow, but also a widower. Then there are some news stories that discuss widowers and widows in the same portion of the news, but the titles that are highlighted are only widow status. SindowNews.com seems to prefer frying the word widow as the selling point of the news here. In addition, the status of widows was also found to be interpreted with negative tendencies, such as seductive names, thirst for sex life, women who should be pitied, perpetrators of crime, easy women, and other wild meanings. Based on the journalistic code of ethics, especially in articles (1) and (3), this kind of reporting is not feasible because the aspect of balance still needs to be fulfilled. However, the author does not deny that SindoNews.com also reports on widow cases with a positive tendency, although the intensity is small.

Razor-sharp charms: Hugh Grant’s image renegotiation and the turn to villains

ABSTRACT In the last decade, Hugh Grant has been going through something resembling a career revival. After retreating from his roles as an English gentleman and romantic lead during the mid-2000s, Grant has recently re-emerged to garner critical acclaim in productions, such as Paddington 2 (2017), The Gentlemen (2019), and The Undoing (2020). What these roles have in common is that Grant has abandoned his days as prince charming in favour of a series of unlikeable characters and morally complex villains. This article analyses how this turn to villain signifies a renegotiation of Hugh Grant’s star image and how this career revival stands into contact with his previous persona. Combining a close reading of some of Grant’s recent films, together with a discussion of press discourse and interviews, I account for how Grant’s villain performances are shaped and mediated by different artistic, commercial, and discursive forces. As such, I elucidate how Grant’s renegotiation of his image helps distances himself from his previous career phase, is utilised by filmmakers to subvert audience expectations, and invites us to question the patriarchal and English imperialist attitudes that lay embedded in his previous performances.

Sociological explanation of factors affecting family violence with the grounded theory approach

Aim: The purpose of this research was to explain the sociological factors affecting family violence with a grounded theory approach. Methods: The current research method has studied the factors and consequences of violence against women in the family with a qualitative approach and using grounded theory. In order to collect information and select the participants, the purposeful sampling method was used and with the progress of the study, the sampling of desirable cases was done until reaching the theoretical saturation with 21 women who have been subjected to violence who have referred to the social emergency center of Nahavand city, a semi-structured interview. The finding was carried out. After analyzing and reviewing the content of the interviews, 202 primary concepts were open-coded and 20 major categories and finally one central or core category were extracted in the axial coding. Results: The results of this research show that factors such as husband's addiction, personality problems and disorders, forced and early marriage, patriarchal attitude in the family, lack of family support, lack of socialization and social education, and unfavorable economic conditions are among the major and effective factors in increasing and the occurrence of violence against women in the family are considerable. Conclusion: According to the results and findings obtained from this qualitative research, holding workshops, life skills sessions and pre-marital counseling to increase the awareness and recognition of couples and dealing with each other, especially early in life, in order to deal with and reduce the phenomenon of violence. It is suggested against women.

«Жила-была одна баба». Семейная драма священнической жены Людмилы Капитоновой (по материалам государственного архива республики Татарстан)

Introduction. The article uses a concrete historical example through an anthropological approach to make one of the first attempts in Russian historiography to highlight the problem of the place, role and position of women within the family and intra-church relations of the early XX century. Materials and methods. The analysis of archival material demonstrates a complex system of communication and deep psychological and cultural contradictions in the environment of the provincial parish clergy of the period under review. A woman was assigned a subordinate role in it, while her violation of the traditional order turned into adverseconsequences. Results. The increase in the level of education of women and, as a result, the strengthening of their intellectual, legal and cultural emancipation in the post-reform period, ran into patriarchal attitudes of the church environment. The clash of tradition and innovation resulted in acute interpersonal and intragroup conflicts, during which the parties often annihilated basic ethical rules. It is noteworthy that, acting as an arbiter in the clashes of subordinates, the hierarchy sought to counteract the penetration of cultural and psychological innovations into the Orthodox community. It happened that such protectionism went against the canons and legislation of the church, turning into a violation of the key principles of justice. Nevertheless, thanks to this orientation and practical approaches, the church sought to achieve mental homogeneity of the clergy and internal stability of the system in conditions of external social turbulence. Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that the church society was a closed system with a very peculiar matrix of norms and rules, hanging in a stable disequilibrium between traditionalism and post-reform modernism. The church, which was based on a patriarchal way of life, was not ready for the correction of gender roles in the conditions of innovative changes, even where this did not pose a direct threat to its cultural tradition.

Ruchy kobiece w Rosji na przełomie XIX i XX w. w walce o dostęp kobiet do edukacji

Women’s movements in Russia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consisted of a number of environments that differed in terms of ideology and were activating at different times. All of them wanted to broaden women’s access to education, up to equal rights with men. For some it was the main goal, as education was a chance for women to gain economic independence and subjectivity. Achieving these goals required not only the consent of the tsarist authorities, but also a change in the patriarchal attitude of society, including women themselves. Progress was gradual, but not systematic, and there were periods of regression. The main factor was the current political and social situation in the Empire, which was very dynamic at that time. Six decades saw the spread of co-educational primary schools and Sunday schools for adults, the creation of female high schools with a curriculum close to that of male gymnasia, and female colleges of a vocational nature. Independent, active, conscious and educated leaders of women’s movements have become role models for new generations of women.

Investigating the Factors Affecting Women's Political Participation in Nepal: A Qualitative Study

This qualitative study investigates the factors affecting women's political participation in Nepal. The research employed semi-structured interviews with 15 female politicians and 10 male politicians to collect data. The findings indicate that despite constitutional and legal provisions, women's political participation remains low due to various social, cultural, economic, and political factors. Challenges include gender discrimination, lack of education and awareness, patriarchal attitudes and beliefs, cultural norms and traditions, poverty, and political violence. The study emphasizes the need for policy and program interventions that promote gender equality and women's empowerment to enhance women's political participation. The involvement of various stakeholders, including civil society organizations, political parties, government agencies, and the media, is crucial for sustainable progress.

Gender Attitudes Across Generations in Contemporary Armenian Society (Comparative Analysis)

Contemporary gender norms and attitudes in Armenia have been shaped by a complex interplay of pre-Soviet traditional culture, the legacy of the Soviet socialist modernization project, and the post-Soviet spread of western ideas and values. The paper examines generational differences in gender norms and attitudes in Armenian society, by comparing three generational groups. The mixed-method analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative data, including the nationally-representative household-based Gender Barometer Survey conducted in 2014, as well as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions among members of different generational groups in Armenia during 2015-2020. The results of the factor analysis show considerable generational complexity in gender norms and attitudes. We find that the majority of Armenian society, regardless of gender and generation, strongly adheres to the core family values and the corresponding gendered family roles. At the same time, the analyses show that individuals who belong to the older generation, i.e., the generation whose socialization took place under Soviet rule, display the most conservative patriarchal gender attitudes. The middle generation, whose coming of age occurred during the period of the early radical post-Soviet transformation, demonstrate inconsistent gender attitudes: while adhering to conservative gender norms, they are also most dissatisfied with the state of gender equality and in some aspects, such as achievement of status and wealth, display considerable gender egalitarianism. Finally, the youngest generation generally subscribes to the most egalitarian attitudes, but this group is far from homogenous, demonstrating a sharp divide between urban dwellers, who are very egalitarian-minded, and rural ones, who are remarkably conservative. Notably, young women living in cities display by far the most egalitarian attitudes. Moreover, among men, the generation is not a significant predictor of the level of egalitarianism in gender attitudes, compared to education and area of residence (city/village). However, it has a more significant impact on women’s perception of the traditional gender scheme. We conclude with a discussion of the role of changes in gender norms and attitudes in a broader transformation of Armenian society.

Attitudes of Forensic Cases Towards Violence Against Women and Affecting Factors

Objective: This study aims to determine the attitudes of forensic cases who applied to Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine Department of Forensic Medicine towards violence against women and to investigate the variables affecting those attitudes.&#x0D; Method: 152 participants in the research filled questionnaire consisting of 45 questions, the sociodemographic characteristics of the cases, the state of being subjected to violence, and the ISKEBE Violence against Women Attitude Scale.&#x0D; Result: When ISKEBE scale mean scores of participants were examined, total score and score of the subscale related to attitudes towards the identity were found to be higher in females. The total score and both subscales were found higher for participants who were single, those living in city center, and those whom both they and their spouse had an education level of high school or above. Those who did not have children were found higher total score and score of the subscale regarding the attitudes towards the body.&#x0D; Conclusion: Results obtained in our study, in which the attitudes of forensic cases who have experienced a traumatic process related to violence against women and affecting factors were examined, were generally similar to the studies evaluating other groups in the society. We are of the opinion that implementing education policies that are prepared taking into account the society gender roles, especially the sexist and patriarchal attitudes of men towards women, and that cover all segments of the society, would be important to change attitudes related to violence against women.

Savior or Villain? A Corpus Stylistic Approach to the Linguistic Construction of Victim-Survivors of Sexual Violence in Westworld

This paper explores how the identity of victim-survivors of sexual violence is portrayed in the dystopian TV series Westworld (2016-present) by analyzing the linguistic characterization of the lead female character, Dolores Abernathy. To do so, this paper adopts a mixed methodology which combines corpus stylistics and Appraisal Theory with a feminist critical reading of the results in order to examine the textual cues in Dolores’ dialogue which characterize her journey from being a victim to becoming an empowered being. The results of the analysis show that the series features a misappropriation of female empowerment and liberation since Dolores presents a masculinization of her fictional identity which mirrors patriarchal practices and attitudes against women.

A Study of Sexism in Kate Chopin’s ‘The Story of An Hour’

This paper makes an attempt to explore sexism subtly knitted in Kate Chopin’s The Story of An Hour by applying post-feminist perspectives which not only raises voice against women’s subjugation by patriarchal ideology but also against women’s patriarchal attitude towards women who often ventilate sexist language- the product of masculine tutelage towards women. This paper is to find out why they use such opinionated language at women rather than practicing its fair use. Even their assisting utterance also becomes sympathetic and sexist. It is usually masked under the veil of support and sympathy. Chopin’s assumption of the use of gendered language can be seen in Mrs. Josephine upon Mrs. Mallard of this story. This paper will mainly be based on textual reading, feminist interpretation, and library consultation.