Patriarchal Attitudes Research Articles

Womanist Expressions in the Poetry of Judith Wright and Oodgeroo Noonuccal

Judith Wright and Oodgeroo Noonuccal, two well-known poets of Australia, consider woman to be the moral fiber of society playing an integral role to build the other life-sustaining relationships. Woman, they assert is the real maker of a “family” and her soul is steeped in the values and ideology of the society. But the tragedy lies in the fact that she is devoid of the real happiness of life. The poetic works of both the poets reveal their profound sympathy for women and their struggle to realize their desires and ambitions, both inside and outside. Dealing with the disappointment, senselessness and torment of women in a patriarchal society they depict how patriarchal attitudes are bred through various socialization processes like family, marriage, religion and education. Their poetry deal with the roles played by women that placate their life with love and care revealing also the difficulty faced in search of finding their identity and individuality. The poets view love as an ideology and also as one of the primary means through which women are subordinated and suppressed to the extent of losing their identity. However, both the poets also salute the hidden strength in women capable of bringing revolution when the appropriate time comes. Their expressions reveal that women need to voice their suffering, break the chains of the patriarchal system and develop a new set of values to liberate them from male prejudice placing them on equal terms. Both the poets have cross-culturally tried to educate women to take a stand against their suppression and oppression and show their determination to resist further exploitation to ascertain human status.

Black Girls' Feistiness as Everyday Resistance in Toni Cade Bambara's: Gorilla, My Love

Black Girls' Feistiness as Everyday Resistance in Toni Cade Bambara'sGorilla, My Love Aria S. Halliday (bio) Black women's literature positions resistance as one of the most important aspects of a Blacka woman's experience.1 Writers such as Zora Neale Hurston and Audre Lorde illuminate the connections between identity formation and resistance, especially in relation to patriarchal and heteronormative attitudes towards relationships and gender norms. For Toni Morrison and Alice Walker, resistance within mother/daughter relationships, as well as resistance to ancestral and community expectations, are at the center of Black female characters' experiences. Although included in Black literary constellations alongside Morrison and Walker, Toni Cade Bambara's shorter works have been anthologized without much criticism dedicated to her depictions of young Black women and resistance within the Black community. This article, then, focuses on Toni Cade Bambara's use of young Black girl protagonists as resistive characters who critique societal and intraracial issues in her short stories. Primarily, I feature Scout and Squeaky, two Black girl protagonists in Toni Cade Bambara's short stories "Gorilla, My Love" and "Raymond's Run." As girls who are assertive, willing to fight, and outspoken, Scout and Squeaky illustrate how communities and families infuse their girls with strategies to resist. Utilizing a Black feminist interpretation of James Scott's "everyday forms of resistance," I argue that Scout and Squeaky's feistiness is rooted in resistive [End Page 50] families and communities who reject normative aged, gendered, and racialized performances of girlhood.2 In doing so, I highlight how Bambara resituates feistiness as a necessary attribute created and secured in communities in the civil rights cultural moment of the 1960s and 1970s.3 This article contextualizes Black girls against traditional tropes of girls, challenging how Black girls have been made invisible because of their particular racialized experiences. I then turn to Bambara's characterizations of Squeaky and Scout to illustrate how "bad" Black girls cultivate feistiness as a survival skill. Lastly, I explore how feistiness could underlie "strong Black woman" stereotypes proliferated in popular culture that Black women confront daily. Despite their mischaracterizations, strength for Black girls is rooted in resistive communities and is necessary to promote the creativity, self-determination, and feistiness required of a world that constantly criminalizes and demonizes Black women and girls. Is She Really Bad? Racializing Bad Girl Tropes Previous scholarly work on Toni Cade Bambara has focused on her longer works, such as The Salt Eaters or three stories featured in the 1970 collection Gorilla, My Love: "The Lesson," "The Hammer Man," and "My Man Bovanne."4 Although Bambara has been anthologized as an author who centers African American culture and vernacular expression in her narratives, Nancy Hargrove implies that she is less often recognized as a young adult fiction writer like Twain, Joyce, and Salinger.5 Likewise, I have found that Bambara's writing has rarely been explored for her attention to Black girlhood. I contend, however, that Bambara positions girls as prominent actors in their communities. Set in the urban North, Gorilla, My Love contains fifteen short stories that explore Black families and love relationships. Many of Bambara's stories use a young girl protagonist or a representative character named Hazel. Although different in each narrative, Hazel, as a recurring character throughout the collection, provides literary continuity to feistiness as an important motif for Bambara. Moreover, Bambara's depictions of Black girlhood feistiness restructure normative conceptions of childhood because she resists simple characterizations of children as innocent or invisible. In traditional girlhood studies scholarship, the bad girl trope positions a girl who is angry, aggressive, and sexually active at the outskirts of society and community.6 Her isolation further fuels her anger, which incites her bad behavior. Marion Brown explains that white girls in literature who are considered aggressive or nonconformist are representatives of the bad girl trope—in addition to the sad girl who has low self-esteem and [End Page 51] strained relationships with women and the mad girl who adopts punk rock aesthetics and performativity to rebel—and are demonized for their "masculine" behaviors.7 However, these characterizations privilege narrow...

ЛАТЕНТНОСТЬ ДОМАШНЕГО НАСИЛИЯ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ

The article is devoted to the problem of domestic violence and its latency in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As a result of the analysis of the conducted sociological research the authors revealed the reasons why the victims of domestic violence are afraid to apply to the law enforcement authorities and proposed measures for obtaining true infor-mation about the real extent of domestic violence. Violence is a serious problem in society as it has very dangerous consequences, both for the physical and psychological state of the victims. Recently, there has been an increase in domestic violence. The victims of domestic violence are women, children, the elderly and the disabled, the most defenceless categories of citizens. In order to study problems of domestic violence and to identify its causes and extent of its latency a sociological survey was carried out in September 2020 which involved 642 people from 3 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Zhambyl, Turkestan, Almaty) and 3 cities of national importance (Nur-Sultan, Alma-Ata, Shymkent). Of those surveyed, 84 per cent were female and 16 per cent male. The survey revealed the extent of domestic violence. According to the findings of the survey, 85 per cent of the population surveyed reported domestic violence. More than a half identified physical violence as the main form of violence, 40% identified moral and psycho-logical violence, and 10% identified economic violence in families. Reasons for the latency of violence include the well-established mentality in Kazakhstan, which dictates its own rules of behaviour, the rules of morality and ethics that prevail in society, and the persistence of patriarchal attitudes in the family. Another objective of the survey was to determine what measures people thought would be more effective in preventing domestic violence. Most respondents noted a need for toughening of legislation on domestic violence, introducing a separate crime in criminal legislation (51.9%), holding preventive talks in families (40.7%), establishing crisis centres and shelters for victims of domestic violence (33.3%). In general, it is noted that in order to obtain true information about the real extent of domestic violence and to reduce its latency, all measures should be divided into three main directions, depending on the type of latency to be affected. The first is to minimise the latency of all crime. Secondly, measures should be taken to reduce natural latency. Thirdly, measures should be taken to reduce man-made crime. Citizens' trust and cooperation with law enforce-ment agencies should be increased. On this basis, further study and research is required to provide the rationale and evidence for identifying the latency of violent offences.

An evaluation of male learners’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual and reproductive health in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal province

Background: With a disparate HIV prevalence among young men and women, high rates of teenage pregnancies and a lack of responsible fatherhood, issues of reproductive health among young people need to be urgently addressed. The aim of this research was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual and reproductive health among young men in the Bethesda Hospital catchment area of northern KwaZulu-Natal province.Methods: This observational, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at six randomly selected high schools within the uMkhanyakude district. All grade 12 male learners ≥ 18 years completed a questionnaire regarding their reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices.Results: A total of 279 learners participated in the study with a median age of 20.2 years and a mean knowledge score of 63.8%. Only 28.3% of the learners showed good or excellent knowledge on basic sexual and reproductive health questions; 50.9% believed that girls say ‘no’ to sex when they mean ‘yes’, and 46.2% believed that girls were sexually aroused when dominated by a man. Some 156 (55.9%) of those who were sexually active did not know their current sexual partner’s HIV status. There were significant associations between being brought up in a female-headed family and early sexual debut but not between early sexual debut and paternalistic attitudes to women.Discussion and conclusions: Basic sexual and reproductive health knowledge among the majority of participants was adequate. Patriarchal attitudes of sexual domination were prominent, and these are probably influenced by sociocultural belief systems of traditional masculinity, which are defined and dominated by men. This perpetuates gender inequality and contributes to poor sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Poor health-seeking behaviour and attitude relating to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and having concurrent multiple sexual partners, puts them and their sexual partners at risk of HIV/AIDS acquisition. Strategies need to be developed to enhance socially acceptable and comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and services among young men in this area, foster positive attitudes towards women and encourage gender-equal relationships.

Mind your attitude: the impact of patriarchy on women’s workplace behaviour

PurposeBy conceptualising patriarchy in the workplace as a social situation, the purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence of patriarchal attitudes and their impact on women’s workplace behaviour among Nigerian organisations.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a qualitative research approach, drawing on data from 32 semi-structured interviews with female employees and managers in two high-street banks in Nigeria.FindingsThe study finds that patriarchy shapes women’s behaviour in ways that undermine their performance and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). Furthermore, the study finds that patriarchal attitudes, often practised at home, are frequently transferred to organisational settings. This transference affects women’s workplace behaviour and maintains men’s (self-perceived) superior status quo, whereby women are dominated, discriminated against and permanently placed in inferior positions.Research limitations/implicationsThe extent to which the findings of this research can be generalised is constrained by the limited sample and scope of the research.Practical implicationsThe challenges posed by the strong patriarchy on women’s workplace behaviour are real and complex, and organisations must address them in order to create a fairer workplace in which employees can thrive. It is therefore essential for organisations to examine periodically their culture to ensure that all employees, regardless of gender, are involved in the organisation’s affairs. Furthermore, organisations need to help women become more proactive in combating patriarchal behaviour, which often affects their performance and OCB. This requires organisations to affirm consistently their equal opportunities, equal rights and equal treatment policies. It is essential that organisations take this problem seriously by attaching due penalty to gender discrimination, as this will go a long way in ensuring positive outcomes for women and providing a fairer workplace.Originality/valueThis study provides empirical evidence that a more egalitarian work environment (in Nigerian banking) will result in improved performance from female employees and organisations. It calls for greater policy and organisational interventions to create a more inclusive work environment and an equal society.

Women and Employment in Tunisia

Tunisia's legacy of “state feminism” and its strong civil society—including human rights, labor, and women's rights organizations—have placed Tunisian women in advance of their Arab sisters, and women are present across an array of professions and occupations. Still, most Tunisian women remain outside the labor force, face precarious forms of employment, or are unemployed. This article examines women's employment patterns, problems, and prospects in the light of an untoward economic environment, conservative social norms, and feminist advocacy. Drawing on interview and documentary data, and informed by feminist political economy and institutionalism, it highlights the importance of institutional supports for working mothers and improved work conditions to encourage more female economic participation and stronger labor-force attachment and thus to weaken patriarchal attitudes and values. The paper points to the need for both class-based and gender-based policies with respect to women's economic participation and rights.

Are Traditional, Negative Gender Attitudes Associated with Violent Attitudes toward Women? Insights from a New, Culturally Adapted Measure in India

We conducted four focus group discussions followed by three studies to develop and validate a scale for measuring traditional attitudes toward women in Indian society. Study 1 (n = 592) yielded four factors (i.e., Perceived Feminine Frivolity and Selfishness; Extra-Familial Patriarchal Attitudes; Within-Family Patriarchal Attitudes; Perceived Feminine Weakness) underlying traditional negative attitudes toward women in Indian society. In Study 2 (n = 250), a four-factor reflective model offered a comparatively better model fit and robust psychometric properties for the proposed scale. Study 3 (n = 343) showed that the proposed measure (the Traditional Attitudes toward Indian Women scale; TAIW) explains a significantly greater amount of variance in violent attitudes toward women as compared to a scale standardized in other cultures, demonstrating the predictive relevance of the scale. Decoding the complex relationship between culture and gender-based violence, our measure establishes a clear link between traditional gender and violent attitudes toward women both among male and female participants. We discuss the implication of our findings for policy, research, professional practice, and psychological intervention to create a more inclusive and egalitarian social experience for women.

Understanding Proximate Factors Associated With Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence by Men In India

At a time when there is a severe dearth of men centric versions of intimate partner violence and the perpetuation of the same by men shows anomalous surge around the world, it is essential to investigate the predictive factors of the same with its intricacies from perpetrators perspectives too. Understanding the factors instrumental in making perpetrators of violence, especially when violence on women is the demonstration of men's failure to appreciate the inherent poise and parity of women, can enable us to have policy interventions to involve men as a part of solution in our efforts towards combating all forms of violence, resulted from aggressive masculinity with gender stereotypes, which sanctions use of violence as well as a sense of entitlement over women.
 This study attempts to encapsulate the links between IPV perpetration and perpetrators' attitude towards gender equality, childhood gender inequity & violence experiences and explores the associations between education, age, occupation and income of perpetrators on IPV. A quantitative research design was followed in this study where 1600 men from four different districts, having different gender equality and development indices, within Gujarat, India were selected by proportionate random sampling.
 The results of this study vividly demonstrate the ubiquity of IPV, a petrifying crime pervasive around the world. It also underlines how strong and deeply rooted patriarchal attitudes internalised within men are intricately linked to their inclination towards IPV. Childhood gender inequity, as well as violence experiences of men, is also emerged as a set of proximate factors found to be significantly correlated with their propensity to be violent towards women. This study immensely contributes towards policy recommendations which will help generations to disapprove of violence on women and grow up with gender equity attitudes.

A Study of the Gender-Biased Attitudes of Korean Middle School Students toward Home Economics as a Subject: Implementing the Implicit Association Test

The purpose of this study was to develop an Implicit Association Test to measure students’ gender-biased attitude toward Home Economics, a required subject in middle-school and to examine the effects of gender, gender-biased attitude toward Home Economics, and gender egalitarianism on the perception of the subject. A total of 508 male and female middle-school students were surveyed using Qualtrics. The results revealed that the students had a gender-biased attitude of perceiving Home Economics as feminine as a whole, and this tendency was more evident among female than male students. To the contrary, their attitudes toward Home Economics as a subject was generally favorable when asked explicitly using self-administered questions. Among the high school elective classes, students preferred ‘fashion’ most, followed by ‘dietary life’, ‘technology and home economics’, and ‘family life culture’. Female students, students with patriarchal attitude, and students who has gender-biased attitude toward Home Economics were more likely to perceive Home Economics as an alienated and less important subject. The generally positive explicit attitude toward Home Economics may be the results the social desirability effect due to the education. However, the home economists should develop a plan to overcome the gender-biased implicit attitude in order for the value of Home Economics as a subject to be fully addressed.

Child Sexual Abuse Dialogue: The Place of Religious Sermon Discourses

This article investigates the Apostolic Faith Mission in Zimbabwe (AFM) church’s responses to the problem of child sexual abuse, through a discourse analysis of its sermons. Studies on this topic are scarce, and this study makes a modest contribution to this seemingly understudied area. AFM church was chosen as it is the oldest and fastest growing Pentecostal church in Zimbabwe. The study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as both a framework for conceptualising the sermon discourses and a methodological thrust. In the CDA scheme, discourse is perceived to be in a dialectical relationship with social reality. A total of thirty sermons collected using the Library Research technique, and purposively sampled, were analysed using Fairclough’s five-step model of data analysis. This involved identifying trends in discourse, interpreting the discourse patterns, evaluating the interpretations, drawing generalisations and lastly suggesting recommendations. It is indicated that, although religious sermons are organs of moral, social and political education, those delivered in the AFM church fail to address the horror of child sexual abuse, owing to various socio-cultural factors such as ideologies, taboos, gender inequalities and patriarchal attitudes. Recommended is the need for preachers to address this dilemma, given their power of influence in the society. Keywords : Child Sexual Abuse; Sermon Discourse; AFM Church; Critical Discourse Analysis. DOI : 10.7176/JPCR/46-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

An evaluation of male learners’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual and reproductive health in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal province

Background: With a disparate HIV prevalence among young men and women, high rates of teenage pregnancies and a lack of responsible fatherhood, issues of reproductive health among young people need to be urgently addressed. The aim of this research was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual and reproductive health among young men in the Bethesda Hospital catchment area of northern KwaZulu-Natal province.Methods: This observational, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at six randomly selected high schools within the uMkhanyakude district. All grade 12 male learners ≥ 18 years completed a questionnaire regarding their reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices.Results: A total of 279 learners participated in the study with a median age of 20.2 years and a mean knowledge score of 63.8%. Only 28.3% of the learners showed good or excellent knowledge on basic sexual and reproductive health questions; 50.9% believed that girls say ‘no’ to sex when they mean ‘yes’, and 46.2% believed that girls were sexually aroused when dominated by a man. Some 156 (55.9%) of those who were sexually active did not know their current sexual partner's HIV status. There were significant associations between being brought up in a female-headed family and early sexual debut but not between early sexual debut and paternalistic attitudes to women.Discussion and conclusions: Basic sexual and reproductive health knowledge among the majority of participants was adequate. Patriarchal attitudes of sexual domination were prominent, and these are probably influenced by sociocultural belief systems of traditional masculinity, which are defined and dominated by men. This perpetuates gender inequality and contributes to poor sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Poor health-seeking behaviour and attitude relating to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and having concurrent multiple sexual partners, puts them and their sexual partners at risk of HIV/AIDS acquisition. Strategies need to be developed to enhance socially acceptable and comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and services among young men in this area, foster positive attitudes towards women and encourage gender-equal relationships.

Key factors deterring women's engagement with skilled birth attendants in three districts of Timor—Leste. A qualitative descriptive study

ObjectiveTo describe the barriers to women's access to maternity services in three districts of Timor-Leste. Research design/setting: Focused ethnography with data collection methods commensurate with a qualitative research design. Setting and participants: Data was collected in three districts in Timor-Leste. Participants included seventeen stakeholders, health professionals and managers providing skilled birth attendance (SBA) in Timor-Leste and thirty women who have given birth and are competent to give consent. Findings: Access to SBA services is seriously impeded by poor roads and lack of transportation, the poor condition and amenity of services, restricted hours of opening, the lack of availability of skilled SBA professionals and medical resources. Participants also commented upon the lack of privacy and multiple caregivers. Timorese patriarchal family structures, intergenerational decision-making and cultural attitudes towards reproductive health information and services potentially reduce women's access to reproductive health services. ConclusionThis data provides a comprehensive record of the multiple structural barriers to women's access to SBA services. The modified AAAQA framework provides categories and an organisational structure to these barriers to SBA services. Implications for practiceMaternity care in Timor-Leste is extremely poorly resourced. Midwives and other SBA will need to provide innovative low cost solutions if they are to consistently provide respectful culturally safe midwifery care. This includes the provision of privacy and a one to one midwifery relationship `with woman'. In addition, many women are unable to access SBA, where possible the MoH can consider strategies to improve the provision of SBA services to women birthing in community.

When the Boss Thinks a Woman’s Place is Home: The Role of Religion in Employer Discrimination

Religious conservatism is often associated with patriarchal attitudes and deterioration of women’s rights. This conventional wisdom has motivated ubiquitous policies that limit public expressions of religion and emphasize secular values. This paper demonstrates that a policy change which undermines secularity ends up empowering women. The current article takes advantage of a unique divergence in political institutions that occurred in Turkey’s recent history to explore how revoking a headscarf ban affected employment outcomes of women in the public sector. In a difference-in-discontinuities setting, I exploit the before/after discontinuous policy variation and compare female employment within municipalities that have Islamist and secular mayors. I find that eliminating legal obstacles against observant Muslim women in the labor market improves female employment in Islamist municipalities. Yet, when women are not allowed to wear headscarves to work, Islamist mayors employ less women vis-a-vis secular mayors. Overall, findings point to unintended consequences of headscarf bans on pious women.

Child Sexual Abuse and Situational Context: Children’s Experiences in Post-Conflict Northern Uganda

ABSTRACTAlthough substantial literature exists on child sexual abuse (CSA), little is known about abuses children encounter in northern Uganda, a post-conflict area. Media reports have indicated a high incidence for CSA. The study, firstly, explored boys’ and girls’ experiences of sexual abuse by adults in this post-conflict region and secondly, interventions directed at improving the current situation of children at risk of child abuse and the survivors were investigated as well. The study was guided by radical feminism and nested ecological framework theories. Semi-structured interviews were conducted involving 43 sexually abused children. Narrative responses were audio recorded and transcribed. Content qualitative analysis was used to understand sexual offenses from children’s perspectives. Participants mentioned the following as the most perilous situations; laxity in parental roles, cultural norms, and practices, patriarchal attitudes, child sexual desires and attitudes, family breakdown and alcoholism. The study found many reported cases of CSA in the region. The results imply the exigent need of separate units specifically for reporting and handling child sexual offenses, need for personnel training on gender issues and filing system in child protection agencies and family programs for both fathers and mothers on child protection strategies for prevention and mitigation of CSA.

Factors associated with 'honour killing' in Afghanistan and the occupied Palestinian Territories: Two cross-sectional studies.

‘Honour killing’, the murder of women to preserve family reputation, is well recognised but infrequently systematically researched. This paper has three hypotheses. First, in families where women report an ‘honour killing’ there is more violence against women and girls, second these women are more likely to report more patriarchal gender attitudes than others, and third these families are exposed to higher levels of poverty. We asked (n = 1461) women enrolled in a trial in Afghanistan, and (n = 535) in a population-based sample in the occupied Palestinian Territories (oPT) if there had ever been an ‘honour killing’ in their family. In Afghanistan, 2.3% (n = 33), and the oPT 7.7% (n = 41), reported this. We built separate multivariable logistic regression models for each country, and for married and unmarried women in each country. Among Afghan married women, ‘honour killing’ was associated with borrowing because of hunger (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]8.71, 95%CI 2.27–33.40), easier access to money in emergency (aOR11.39, 95%CI 3.05–42.50), and violence within the family; intimate partner violence (IPV) (aOR3.73, 95%CI 1.12–12.36), and IPV and mother-in-law violence (aOR10.52, 2.60–42.56). For unmarried women in Afghanistan, ‘honour killing’ was associated with easier access money in an emergency (aOR4.06, 95%CI 0.85–19.37), household violence (hit by parent or sibling, or parent and sibling [aOR5.47, 95%CI 0.82–36.70; aOR7.37, 95%CI 1.24–43.86, respectively]); more childhood traumas (aOR1.24, 1.11–1.38), and more patriarchal personal gender attitudes (aOR1.24, 1.00–1.54). In the oPT experiencing IPV (aOR3.07, 1.02–9.23) and borrowing and experiencing IPV (aOR5.89, 1.84–18.79) were risks for married women. For unmarried women borrowing because of hunger was associated with higher risk (aOR2.33, 95%CI 1.18–4.85). Despite limitations–specifically the potential women were reporting the same ‘honour killing’—our analysis suggests ‘honour killings’ are associated with violence, patriarchy, and poverty. Research is needed for the prevention of ‘honour killing’, which must address the root causes.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03236948.

Does individualism promote gender equality?

Abstract We argue that individualism promotes gender equality. Individualist values of autonomy and self-determination transcend gender identities and serve to legitimize women’s goals and choices. In contrast, collectivist values may subordinate women’s personal goals to their social obligations, generating greater acceptance of gender inequality. Using individual level data from World Values Surveys, we find that individualism is significantly associated with support for gender equal attitudes regarding employment, income, education, and political leadership. Individualism is also associated with greater levels of female employment and educational attainment, and lower levels of fertility. These results are robust to controlling for income, education, religion, historical plough use, gendered language, and country-time fixed effects. Our within country analysis allows us to isolate the impact of individualism from other confounding effects. Using historical rainfall variation as an instrument for individualism, we find that the exogenous portion of individualism reduces support for patriarchal attitudes and fertility, and it increases female employment and educational attainment. These effects are economically large. We address concerns over instrumental validity by controlling for a variety of factors, including historical plough use, religious affiliation, religiosity, social trust, average rainfall levels, distance from the equator, cool-water conditions, agricultural suitability, historical political and economic development, and the presence of large animals. This paper contributes to a mounting body of evidence suggesting a key role for highly persistent cultural norms and values in determining gender inequality, the gender division of labor, and economic and social outcomes for women.

Patriarchal Attitudes and Marital Adjustment of Korean Husbands with Foreign Wives : Testing the Mediating Effect of Acculturation

Patriarchal Attitudes and Marital Adjustment of Korean Husbands with Foreign Wives : Testing the Mediating Effect of Acculturation

SLIPPING INTO THE SHADOWS OF KYAI’S FIGURES: WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN INDONESIAN PESANTREN’S WEB OF POWER

This paper explores women‟s efforts in challenging male authority within Indonesian pesantren (Islamic education institution). Historically, pesantren tradition did not involved women in its social and religious affairs, and the full authority was in the hand of Kyai (owner and leader of Pesantren). Later on, women, through figures of Nyai (wife, or daughters of Kyai), have started to get involve in pesantren‟s life by helping Kyai in managing pesantren‟s daily life, especially, in taking care of female santri (students). The paper investigates what kind of negotiations, conducted by these women, in dealing with pesantren‟s patriarchal attitude so they can more participate in its „public” and authority matters. Based on a qualitative research data, collected from fieldwork in selected pesantren around Indonesia, this paper argues that in order to maximize their contribution in pesantren web of power, pesantren women as Nyai actively try in any ways to change patriarchal concepts, to empower themselves, and to negotiate social changes.

Patriarchal attitudes in two selected isiXhosa literary texts

This paper addresses problems concerning patriarchy and its undisputable connection to the demotion of women, using a feminist point of view. The question of patriarchal dominance and inequalities in African societies has been a trendy topic for decades and resulted from women's deprivation of the freedom of expression. This article seeks to show how the predominantly patriarchal isiXhosa culture is imbued with negative connotations towards women as depicted in two selected isiXhosa plays, namely Iinkunzi ezimbini by H Mothlabane and Inene nasi isibhozo by A Mtingane. The article also compares the presentation of the relationship between men and women in society, with particular emphasis on domestic and gender roles. The findings of this article, based on an analysis of the two literary texts, show to what extent isiXhosa culture is still inherently patriarchal. Finally, it is proposed that patriarchy is the reason for the problem of female subordination today.

About This Issue

We are pleased to present New Feminist Approaches to Chaucer, a special issue organized by guest editors Samantha Katz Seal and Nicole Sidhu. In the last quarter of the last century, feminism broadly transformed how medieval studies is conducted, and it has deeply impacted our reception and teaching of Chaucer's oeuvre. This critical trend shows no sign of abatement in the twenty-first century. The latest two special issues of The Chaucer Review both utilized feminist approaches. They were: Women's Literary Culture and Late Medieval English Writing, guest edited by Liz Herbert McAvoy and Diane Watt, Chaucer Review 51.1 (2016): 1–129; and Looking Forward, Looking Back in the Legend of Good Women, guest edited by Betsy McCormick, Lynn Shutters, and Leah Schwebel, Chaucer Review 52.1 (2017): 1–166.Now we are proud to publish a third special issue—creating, quite serendipitously, something of a trilogy. While some may occasionally wonder if there is anything new left to say on the topic of Chaucer and women, our contributors and readers clearly feel otherwise. As editors of The Chaucer Review, we too sense the subject's ongoing vibrancy.By now, of course, the discernible details of Chaucer's attitudes regarding female empowerment, gender permeability, and sexual constraint have been interrogated extensively from a wide variety of theoretical and conceptual perspectives. The poet has been variously condemned for his patriarchal attitudes, sexist stereotyping, and personal failings; praised for his sympathetic protofeminist interest in women's lives, possibilities, and thought; and, very frequently, explicated with respect to his particular treatment of specific women characters. The authors of the articles in New Feminist Approaches to Chaucer push our interrogation of Chaucer's gender politics further than these methods typically take us, finding their inspiration especially in current feminist thinking about the strength of horizontal communities and their capacity to resist male-inflected vertical power structures.Theories of intersectional feminism that explicitly link race and gender as impacted by repressive institutions inform Suzanne Edwards's reading of the Franklin's Tale for its achronological allusions to Gloria Naylor's Bailey's Cafe. Concerns associated with the empowerment generated by the #MeToo movement guide Carissa Harris's reading of race and resistant sisterhood in the Legend of Philomela, where Chaucer's treatment of rape and female response is so different from what is found in the accounts of Ovid and Gower. Samantha Katz Seal challenges the always implicit, often explicit gender prejudices that insiduously inflect putatively historicist, uniformly demeaning evaluations of Philippa Chaucer. Nicole Sidhu asks us to reconsider the assumptions that have allowed a focus on January's gendered enactment of power over his wife to overshadow the striking parallels in January's exercise of socioeconomic power over Damian, such that wife and squire resist together the hierarchies of dominance in the Merchant's Tale. New understandings enabled by feminist and queer theories of temporality inspire Tara Williams to rethink the repetitive narrative structure in the Legend of Good Women, wherein the idea of kalender is a recurring metaphor. Emma Lipton explores how current theorizations of activist feminism provide models for effecting social change, enabling us to reevaluate the triumph of feminist contractual education at the close of the Wife of Bath's Tale. The Knight's Tale provides the grounds for Holly Crocker's proposal that Chaucer's treatment of Emily challenges the gender politics of his day by urging an egalitarian feminist subjectivity based on effectively yielding rather than futilely wielding power.We join our guest editors Samantha Katz Seal and Nicole Sidhu in hoping that these stimulating articles in new feminism will stimulate fresh waves of thought about how one might read Chaucer. As our human understanding of how gender and power intersect in society continues to evolve and hopefully effect some positive change, our responses to the literature we teach will necessarily advance in tandem.