Formation Pathways Research Articles

Show me the outputs! The influence of charitable outputs and charitable cause phrasing on charitable giving

AbstractCharitable outputs, the immediate effects of charitable organization services, are among the most vital messages for encouraging rational giving, and different outputs should thus affect fundraising effectiveness. However, this topic has received relatively little attention from scholars. Fundraising practice includes two types of charitable outputs—goods‐oriented and services‐oriented, raising the question of how charitable organizations should use these two types of charitable outputs to increase donor support. The findings of four main experimental studies show that the fit of the types of charitable outputs and charitable cause phrasing can promote charitable giving. Specifically, goods‐oriented (vs. services‐oriented) charitable outputs have a better facilitating effect when charitable cause phrasing is concrete (vs. abstract). We also find evidence for the mediating role of ability perception and effort perception in this effect of fit, reflecting different formative pathways that influence individuals' giving. Our research proposes a categorization perspective of charitable outputs and provides managerial guidance for designing fundraising messages.

Comparison of combustion and interaction mechanisms of mixed working fluids R152a and R1270: A theoretical and experimental study

In the background of global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, mixed working fluids could mitigate flammability concerns of low global warming potential (GWP) working fluids for organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) and compression refrigeration cycles. In this study, the combustion and interaction mechanisms of R152a/R1216 and R1270/R1216 were investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) and ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) methods were employed to analyze the combustion processes of the two binary working fluids and the formation pathways of the toxic substance HF. Additionally, the influence of R1216 on the combustion of R152a and R1270 was evaluated and compared at different reaction temperatures and component ratios. The results showed that, R1216 did not inhibit but rather promoted the consumption of R152a and R1270. Corresponding experiments demonstrate that the combustion of R152a and R1270 becomes more complete and occurs more quickly after the addition of low proportions of R1216. Subsequently, the flammability limits of the two binary working fluids were determined through experiments at different ambient temperatures. The experimental results indicated that the rise in ambient temperature expands the flammability limit ranges of both binary working fluids, and the higher the proportion of R1216, the more sensitive the flammability is to changes in ambient temperature.

Transcriptomics analyses reveal the key genes involved in stamen petaloid formation in Alcea rosea L.

Alcea rosea L. is a traditional flower with a long cultivation history. It is extensively cultivated in China and is widely planted in green belt parks or used as cut flowers and potted ornamental because of its rich colors and flower shapes. Double-petal A. rosea flowers have a higher aesthetic value compared to single-petal flowers, a phenomenon determined by stamen petaloid. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon is still very unclear. In this study, an RNA-based comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed between the normal petal and stamen petaloid petal of A. rosea. A total of 3,212 differential expressed genes (DEGs), including 2,620 up-regulated DEGs and 592 down-regulated DEGs, were identified from 206,188 unigenes. Numerous DEGs associated with stamen petaloid were identified through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. Notably, there were 63 DEGs involved in the plant hormone synthesis and signal transduction, including auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid signaling pathway and 56 key transcription factors (TFs), such as MADS-box, bHLH, GRAS, and HSF. The identification of these DEGs provides an important clue for studying the regulation pathway and mechanism of stamen petaloid formation in A. rosea and provides valuable information for molecular plant breeding.

Unveiling the synthesis of aromatic compounds in sauce-flavor Daqu from the functional microorganisms to enzymes

Aromatic compounds serve as the primary source of floral and fruity aromas in sauce-flavor (Maotai flavor) baijiu, constituting the skeleton components of its flavor profile. Nevertheless, the formation mechanism of these compounds and key aroma-producing enzymes in sauce-flavor Daqu (fermentation agent, SFD) remain elusive. Here, we combined metagenomics, metaproteomics, metabolomics, and key enzyme activity to verify the biosynthesis pathway of aromatic compounds and to identify key enzymes, genes, and characteristic microorganisms in SFD. The results showed that the later period of fermentation was critical for the generation of aromatic compounds in SFD. In-situ verification was conducted on the potential key enzymes and profiles in various metabolites, providing comprehensive evidence for the main synthetic pathways of aromatic compounds in SFD. Notably, our results showed that primary amine oxidase (PrAO) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) emerged as two key enzymes promoting aromatic compound synthesis. Additionally, two potential key functional genes regulating aromatics generation were identified during SFD fermentation through correlation analysis between proteins and relevant metabolites, coupled with in vitro amplification test. Furthermore, original functional strains (Aspergillus flavus-C10 and Aspergillus niger-IN2) exhibiting high PrAO and ALDH production were successfully isolated from SFD, thus validating the results of metagenomics and metaproteomics analyses. This study comprehensively elucidates the pathway of aromatic compound formation in SFD at the genetic, proteomic, enzymatic, and metabolomic levels, providing new ideas for the investigation of key flavor substances in baijiu. Additionally, these findings offer valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of aromatic compounds generation.

КАТЕГОРИЯ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ И ПОСЕССИВНОЕ МЫШЛЕНИЕ ДРЕВНИХ ТЮРКОВ (на материале рунических памятников письменности)

The proposed article substantiates the possessive thinking of the ancient Turks and explores the category of belonging in various texts of the Old Turkic language, formed by synthetic morphological means, that is, through possessive affixes. On the basis of various researches of scientists, the authors indicate the relevance of the subject of possessive constructions in the ancient Turkic language, as affixes of belonging have “inalienable” properties of belonging, inherent only to the Turkic worldview of the most ancient times. Despite the extensive research on possessive forms, there are types of possessiveness that require more detailed study. This is necessary to enrich theoretical 27Том 3, No2, 2024 Язык и литература: теория и практикаISSN 2957-5567 (Print) 2957-5575 (Online)and historical data on the main pathways of formation and reasons for their emergence, grammatical methods of their formation, and their use as a means of expressing syntactic relationships. The authors have set the goal of the research to identify the peculiarities of possessive thinking among ancient Turks, as reflected in possessive affixes, and to examine how both the person and number of the subject of “inalienable” possession are expressed. The analysis focuses on the specific feature of the worldview of the nomads of the Great Steppe, which is linked to the means of expressing possession that emerged through grammatical reflection and has been preserved in all modern Turkic languages. On the empirical material of runic written monuments, the nature of origin and functioning of affixes of belonging in the Old Turkic language is revealed

Diagnosing the massive-seed pathway to high-redshift black holes: statistics of the evolving black hole to host galaxy mass ratio

ABSTRACT Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with masses of ∼109 M⊙ within the first billion year of the universe challenge our conventional understanding of black hole formation and growth. One pathway to these SMBHs proposes that supermassive stars born in pristine atomic cooling haloes yield massive seed BHs evolving to these early SMBHs. This scenario leads to an overly massive BH galaxy (OMBG), in which the BH to stellar mass ratio is initially Mbh/M* ≥ 1, well in excess of the typical values of ∼10−3 at low redshifts. Previously, we have investigated two massive seed BH candidates from the Renaissance simulation and found that they remain outliers on the Mbh–M* relation until the OMBG merges with a much more massive halo at z = 8. In this work, we use Monte-Carlo merger trees to investigate the evolution of the Mbh–M* relation for 50 000 protogalaxies hosting massive BH seeds, across 10 000 trees that merge into a 1012 M⊙ halo at z = 6. We find that up to 60 per cent (depending on growth parameters) of these OMBGs remain strong outliers for several 100 Myr, down to redshifts detectable with JWST and with sensitive X-ray telescopes. This represents a way to diagnose the massive-seed formation pathway for early SMBHs. We expect to find ∼0.1–1 of these objects per JWST Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) field per unit redshift at z ≳ 6. Recently detected SMBHs with masses of ∼107 M⊙ and low-inferred stellar-mass hosts may be examples of this population.

Single-cell transcriptomics across 2,534 microbial species reveals functional heterogeneity in the rumen microbiome.

Deciphering the activity of individual microbes within complex communities and environments remains a challenge. Here we describe the development of microbiome single-cell transcriptomics using droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing and pangenome-based computational analysis to characterize the functional heterogeneity of the rumen microbiome. We generated a microbial genome database (the Bovine Gastro Microbial Genome Map) as a functional reference map for the construction of a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the rumen microbiome. The atlas includes 174,531 microbial cells and 2,534 species, of which 172 are core active species grouped into 12 functional clusters. We detected single-cell-level functional roles, including a key role for Basfia succiniciproducens in the carbohydrate metabolic niche of the rumen microbiome. Furthermore, we explored functional heterogeneity and reveal metabolic niche trajectories driven by biofilm formation pathway genes within B. succiniciproducens. Our results provide a resource for studying the rumen microbiome and illustrate the diverse functions of individual microbial cells that drive their ecological niche stability or adaptation within the ecosystem.

Photoenhanced sulfate formation by the heterogeneous uptake of SO2 on non-photoactive mineral dust

Abstract. Heterogeneous uptake of SO2 on mineral dust is a predominant formation pathway of sulfates, whereas the contribution of photo-induced SO2 oxidation to sulfates on the dust interfaces still remains unclear. Here, we investigated heterogeneous photochemical reactions of SO2 on five mineral oxides (SiO2, kaolinite, Al2O3, MgO, and CaO) without photocatalytic activity. Light enhanced the uptake of SO2, and its enhancement effects negatively depended on the basicity of mineral oxides. The initial uptake coefficient (γ0,BET) and the steady-state uptake coefficient (γs,BET) of SO2 positively relied on light intensity, relative humidity (RH), and O2 content, while they exhibited a negative relationship with the initial SO2 concentration. Rapid sulfate formation during photo-induced heterogeneous reactions of SO2 with all mineral oxides was confirmed to be ubiquitous, and H2O and O2 played key roles in the conversion of SO2 to sulfates. In particular, triplet states of SO2 (3SO2) were suggested to be the trigger for photochemical sulfate formation. Atmospheric implications supported a potential contribution of interfacial SO2 photochemistry on non-photoactive mineral dust to atmospheric sulfate sources.

Application of pyrite trace-metal and S and Ni isotope signatures to distinguish sulfate- versus iron-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane

The formation of authigenic pyrite in marine sediments involves multiple reactions between ferrous iron (Fe2+) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Ferrous iron is commonly provided through the reductive dissolution of Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides by organic matter (i.e., dissimilatory Fe reduction), dissolved sulfide (i.e., abiotic Fe reduction) or methane (i.e., Fe-AOM), whereas sulfide is supplied by organoclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) or sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SD-AOM). Since Rayleigh-type distillation operates widely in sediments of gas-hydrate-bearing zones, sulfur and nickel isotope compositions (i.e., δ34S and δ60Ni) cannot readily distinguish OSR- from SD-AOM-associated pyrite. However, these microbial pathways may yield different patterns of trace-element enrichment in pyrite. To better understand the linkage of trace-element patterns to specific microbial pathways (i.e., Fe reduction, Fe-AOM, OSR and SD-AOM), and to evaluate the use of S and Ni isotopic signatures as tracers for pyrite formation pathways in methane-rich sediments, we report pyrite-associated trace element and δ34S and δ60Ni isotope analyses of sediments from a gas hydrate borehole (Site GMGS4-SC-03) from the Shenhu area, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea. Pyrite formed in conjunction with Fe- and/or SD-AOM exhibits abundant framboidal overgrowths and extremely high δ34S (up to +142.8‰) and δ60Ni (up to +2.72‰), representing the highest stable S and Ni isotopic compositions of pyrite reported to date. These pyrite morphologies are enriched in Co and Ni, which may be a diagnostic signature of an SD-AOM pathway. By contrast, OSR-associated pyrite is enriched in Cu and Zn due to OSR-induced release of trace elements from decaying organic matter. In addition, the relationship of As to Cu and/or Zn can distinguish microbial Fe/Mn reduction from Fe/Mn-AOM, because microbial Fe/Mn reduction releases trace elements from both Fe/Mn-(oxyhydr)oxides (i.e., As) and organic matter (i.e., Cu and Zn), whereas Fe/Mn-AOM only releases trace elements from Fe/Mn-(oxyhydr)oxides. Furthermore, an observed covariation between As and either Co or Ni in most pyrite with high δ34S, indicates that this pyrite captured both As released during Fe/Mn-AOM and Co and Ni from SD-AOM. Thus, the high nickel isotope values measured in this study likely dominantly reflect release of isotopically heavy Ni from Fe- and Mn-(oxyhydr)oxides. Our results demonstrate that the trace-element composition of pyrite in gas-hydrate-bearing sediments can record the geochemical signature of the dominant microbial processes.

Unravelling CH4 and N2O dynamics in tidal wetlands using natural abundance isotopes and functional genes

Tidal wetlands are one of the major sources of CH4 and N2O in natural systems to the atmosphere; yet we still lack insights into the impact of their biogeochemical dynamics on the emissions of these greenhouse gases (GHGs). Here, we investigated the CH4 and N2O sources in four tidal wetlands ranging from freshwater to polyhaline with a focus on their production pathways. By using natural abundance isotopes and functional marker genes, we found that salinity level, sediment moisture content, quantity and quality of organic carbon (OC) and nutrients were major drivers of the wetland CH4 and N2O emissions. As the salinity levels decreased in the tidal wetlands, both the labile nature and concentration of nutrients and OC increased. These conditions favored methanogenesis as indicated in the abundance and expression of mcrA and the CH4 emissions from the freshwater wetland. Conversely, higher salinity depressed organic matter decomposition rates and microbial activities, causing much lower CH4 production in the saline wetlands. Isotope mapping revealed that denitrification contributed mainly to wetland N2O emissions (80–90%), reflected in the strong expression of denitrifier marker genes nirS, nirK, and nosZ and low nosZ:nir ratio. Nitrification played an important role in wetland N2O emissions at high NH4+ and low salinity levels. This condition was the case in the freshwater wetland – the strongest N2O emitter – where we found the highest NH4+ concentrations and the most abundant and expressed nitrifier marker genes amoA AOA and amoA AOB. Methanogen and denitrifier marker genes were more abundant and expressed at the surface layer compared to the subsurface layer, implying the presence of methane and denitrification paradoxes in the tidal wetlands. This study paves a way for the coupling of isotope and functional gene analyses to deeply explore GHG formation pathways and responsible microbial activities in dynamic wetland systems.

Unveiling the pathways of ethanol decomposition to carbon radicals by nanosecond pulse bubble discharge in liquid: a two-step hybrid model

In recent years, bubble discharge in liquid has become a novel approach for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials; however, the fundamental discharge process and synthesis mechanism are still not well understood. In this work, we build a two-step simulation model (combining 2D fluid dynamics and zero-dimensional plasma kinetics) to investigate nanosecond pulse discharge in an Ar bubble immersed in liquid ethanol and chemical reaction processes inside. The 2D simulation results show that discharge develops along the gas‒liquid interface where ethanol decomposes, resulting in much higher densities of active species (CH3, C2H5 and OH). The electric field of the selected reference point near the interface obtained by the 2D model is transmitted into the 0D model. The numerical results show that the decomposition of ethanol mainly occurs at the discharge stage, in which electron impact dissociation (e.g. C2H5OH + e → CH2OH + CH3 + e) and Penning dissociation (e.g. C2H5OH + Ar* → CH2OH + CH3 + Ar) dominate. The density of all carbonaceous species rapidly increases during discharge, while that of some carbon radicals (CH and C) continues to increase due to neutral species reactions when discharge ceases. By quantitative analysis of the reaction contributions, the dominant pathways of C2, CH and C are revealed, i.e. C2H5OH → C2H5 → [C2H, C2H2, C2H3] → C2 and C2H5OH → CH3 → CH2 → CH → C. In addition, the formation pathways of H and OH radicals, which are indispensable for the transformation of carbonaceous intermediates, are also analysed.

Investigation into the genotoxic impurity, 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine, in rifampicin

This study assessed the presence of the genotoxic impurity 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (MNP) in 27 batches of rifampicin capsules obtained from 11 manufacturers in China. While they were below the temporary limit of 5 ppm set by the US Food and Drug Administration, the observed levels (0.33–2.36 ppm) exceeded the acceptable threshold of 0.16 ppm. Building upon preliminary findings and degradation experiments, we concluded that MNP is a by-product of the oxidative degradation of rifampicin or is introduced via oxidation or nitrosation during the synthesis process involving 1-methyl-4-aminopiperazine. The pathways of MNP formation were confirmed in this study. Furthermore, we observed that the addition of antioxidants, sealed storage, and selection of dominant crystal forms can aid in controlling MNP levels.

Interfacial structures and properties of sulfide-Fe matrix in steel: A first principles study

Fine sulfides can promote the refinement of microstructure and improve the strength and toughness of materials. The interface properties between sulfides and steel matrix are associated with this phenomenon. The first principles calculation combined with two-dimensional lattice mismatch and two-step nucleation theory is adopted to calculate the interface properties of TiS/bcc-Fe, TiS/fcc-Fe and TiS/MnS at the atomic level. The results show that TiS has a weak ability to promote the transition of austenite to intragranular ferrite (IGF) due to the low adhesion work value. And TiS needs to overcome energy barriers to induce the formation of IGF because the higher interface energy of TiS/bcc-Fe than TiS/fcc-Fe. The heterogeneous nucleation ability of TiS(001)/MnS(111) is stronger than that of TiS(001)/MnS(110), indicating that TiS is beneficial for improving the deformation performance of MnS without affecting the ability of MnS (110) surface to induce IGF nucleation for grain refinement. Based on the two-step nucleation theory, the structures and properties of TiS clusters are analyzed. The formation pathway of TiS/Fe interface can be described as: Tiatom + Satom + Featom → core (TiSn)–shell (fcc-Fe(111)) → core (TiS(001))–shell (fcc-Fe(110) + bcc-Fe(100)).

Quantum chemical pathways for the formation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) from 2,4,5-trichlorophenol: a mechanistic and thermo-kinetic study.

Dioxins, specifically 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), are highly toxic dioxins known for their severe health impacts and persistent environmental pollutants. This study focuses on understanding the formation pathways of TCDD from its precursor molecule 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP). In our exploration of reaction pathways from 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP), we delve into three reaction mechanisms: free-radical, direct condensation, and anionic. Our findings highlight the significance of the radical mechanism, particularly propagated by H radicals, with a notable increase in dioxin formation around 900K. These results are consistent with experimental observations indicating an increase in the conversion of trichlorophenol from 600 to 900K in the non-catalytic gas phase reaction. Thermodynamic parameters (∆H, ∆S, and ∆G), reaction barriers, and rate constants (k) were calculated across a temperature range of 300-1200K to support the findings and provide insights into the optimal temperature range for controlling dioxins during the incineration process. In this study, quantum chemical calculations were conducted using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional and the 6-311 + + G(d,p) basis set in Gaussian 16 software. Stationary points, including transition states (TS), were confirmed with frequency calculations. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations ensured minimum energy paths between TS and products, visualized in GaussView 6.0 Program. Single-point energy calculations utilized a more precise basis set, 6-311 + + G(3df,2p), for enhanced energy accuracy, incorporating zero-point vibrational energy (ZPE) and other energy corrections. These calculations were repeated over a temperature range of 298.15-1200K at 1atm pressure. Finally, rate constant (k) expressions associated with TCDD formation were determined using transition state theory (TST).

Exploring the potential of Huangqin Tang in breast cancer treatment using network pharmacological analysis and experimental verification

Aims of this studyThis study aims to investigate the potential of Huangqin Tang (HQT), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, in the treatment of breast cancer (BC) through a comprehensive approach integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation.MethodsChemical composition and target information of HQT were collected using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Disease-related target genes were obtained from the GeneCards database. Network pharmacological analysis, including construction of compound-disease-target networks and protein-protein interaction networks, was performed. Molecular docking simulations were conducted to evaluate the binding affinity between HQT components and key targets. Experimental validation was carried out using cell viability assays, clone formation assays, flow cytometry, Western blotting, and pathway analysis.ResultsA total of 210 candidate targets were identified. Network analysis revealed STAT3, AKT1, MAPK3 etc. as central targets. Enrichment analysis suggested HQT may exert anti-tumor effects through regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation related pathways. Molecular docking showed that the key compounds baicalein, wogonin, kaempferol and quercetin all bound effectively to MAPK1. The binding of baicalein to IL6 and naringenin to TNF-α was also relatively stable. The experimental results demonstrated that HQT effectively inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells, with IC50 values of 2.334 mg/mL and 1.749 mg/mL in MCF-7 cells at 24 h and 48 h, and IC50 values of 1.286 mg/mL and 1.496 mg/mL in MDA-MB-231 cells at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Furthermore, HQT induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in breast cancer cells and downregulated the expression of related proteins including CDK1, Cyclin B1, CDK2, and Cyclin E. Additionally, HQT promoted apoptosis in breast cancer cells by upregulating the expression of Bak and CC-3, while downregulating the expression of Bcl-2. Notably, HQT also exhibited regulatory effects on the HIF-1 signaling pathway.ConclusionsThis study provides insights into the potential multi-component and multi-target mechanisms of HQT against BC, suggesting it may achieve therapeutic effects through regulating inflammatory response and cancer-related pathways via the identified active compounds and targets. The findings highlight the importance of integrating traditional medicine with modern approaches for the development of novel cancer therapies.

Identification and Analysis of Biomarkers Associated with Lipophagy and Therapeutic Agents for COVID-19.

Lipids, as a fundamental cell component, play an regulating role in controlling the different cellular biological processes involved in viral infections. A notable feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is impaired lipid metabolism. The function of lipophagy-related genes in COVID-19 is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate biomarkers and drug targets associated with lipophagy and lipophagy-based therapeutic agents for COVID-19 through bioinformatics analysis. Lipophagy-related biomarkers for COVID-19 were identified using machine learning algorithms such as random forest, Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination, Generalized Linear Model, and Extreme Gradient Boosting in three COVID-19-associated GEO datasets: scRNA-seq (GSE145926) and bulk RNA-seq (GSE183533 and GSE190496). The cMAP database was searched for potential COVID-19 medications. The lipophagy pathway was downregulated, and the lipid droplet formation pathway was upregulated, resulting in impaired lipid metabolism. Seven lipophagy-related genes, including ACADVL, HYOU1, DAP, AUP1, PRXAB2, LSS, and PLIN2, were used as biomarkers and drug targets for COVID-19. Moreover, lipophagy may play a role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. As prospective drugs for treating COVID-19, seven potential downregulators (phenoxybenzamine, helveticoside, lanatoside C, geldanamycin, loperamide, pioglitazone, and trichostatin A) were discovered. These medication candidates showed remarkable binding energies against the seven biomarkers. The lipophagy-related genes ACADVL, HYOU1, DAP, AUP1, PRXAB2, LSS, and PLIN2 can be used as biomarkers and drug targets for COVID-19. Seven potential downregulators of these seven biomarkers may have therapeutic effects for treating COVID-19.

HLH-30/TFEB rewires the chaperone network to promote proteostasis under conditions of Coenzyme A and Iron-Sulfur Cluster Deficiency.

The maintenance of a properly folded proteome is critical for cellular function and organismal health, and its age-dependent collapse is associated with a wide range of diseases. Here, we find that despite the central role of Coenzyme A as a molecular cofactor in hundreds of cellular reactions, limiting Coenzyme A levels in C. elegans and in human cells, by inhibiting the conserved pantothenate kinase, promotes proteostasis. Impairment of the cytosolic iron-sulfur clusters formation pathway, which depends on Coenzyme A, similarly promotes proteostasis and acts in the same pathway. Proteostasis improvement by Coenzyme A/iron-sulfur cluster deficiencies are dependent on the conserved HLH-30/TFEB transcription factor. Strikingly, under these conditions, HLH-30 promotes proteostasis by potentiating the expression of select chaperone genes providing a chaperone-mediated proteostasis shield, rather than by its established role as an autophagy and lysosome biogenesis promoting factor. This reflects the versatile nature of this conserved transcription factor, that can transcriptionally activate a wide range of protein quality control mechanisms, including chaperones and stress response genes alongside autophagy and lysosome biogenesis genes. These results highlight TFEB as a key proteostasis-promoting transcription factor and underscore it and its upstream regulators as potential therapeutic targets in proteostasis-related diseases.

Prominence and coronal rain formation by steady versus stochastic heating and how we can relate it to observations

Prominences and coronal rain are two forms of coronal condensations for which we still lack satisfactory details on the formation pathways and conditions under which the two come to exist. Even more so, it is unclear why prominences and filaments appear in so many different shapes and sizes, with a vertical rather than a horizontal structure or vice-versa. It is also not clear why coronal rain is present in some cases and not in others. Our aim is to understand the formation process of prominences and coronal rain in more detail by exploring what influence two specific heating prescriptions can have on the resulting formation and evolution, using simulations. We try to determine why we see prominences with such a variety in their properties, particularly by looking at the large-scale topology and dynamics. We attempted to recreate some of these aspects by simulating different types of localised heating. Besides the differences we see on a large scale, we also attempted to determine what the smaller-scale phenomena are, such as reconnection, the influence of resistivity (or lack thereof), the influence of flows and oscillations. We compared prominences that formed via a steady versus stochastic type of heating. We performed 2.5D simulations using the open-source MPI-AMRVAC code. To further extend the work and allow for future direct comparison with observations, we used Lightweaver to form spectra of the filament view of our steady case prominence. With that, we analysed a reconnection event that shares certain characteristics with nanojets. We show how different forms of localised heating that induce thermal instability result in prominences with different properties. The steady form of heating results in prominence with a clear vertical structure stretching across the magnetic field lines. On the other hand, stochastic heating produces many threads that predominantly have a horizontal motion along the field lines. Furthermore, the specific type of heating also influences the small-scale dynamics. In the steady heating case, the prominence is relatively static; however, there is evidence of reconnection happening almost the entire time the prominence is present. In the case of stochastic heating, the threads are highly dynamic, with them also exhibiting a form of transverse oscillation (strongly resembling the decayless type) similar to the vertically polarised oscillations previously found in observations. The fact that the threads in the stochastic heating case are constantly moving along the field lines suppresses any conditions for reconnection. It, therefore, appears that, to first order, the choice of heating prescription defines whether the prominence-internal dynamics are oriented vertically or horizontally. We closely inspected a sample reconnection event and computed the synthetic optically thick radiation using the open-source Lightweaver radiative transfer framework. We find the associated dynamics to imprint clear signatures, both in Doppler and emission, on the resulting spectra that should be testable with state-of-the-art instrumentation such as DKIST.

Host-star Properties of Hot, Warm, and Cold Jupiters in the Solar Neighborhood from Gaia Data Release 3: Clues to Formation Pathways

Giant planets exhibit diverse orbital properties, hinting at their distinct formation and dynamic histories. In this paper, using Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3), we investigate if and how the orbital properties of Jupiters are linked to their host star properties, particularly their metallicity and age. We obtain metallicities for main-sequence stars of spectral type F, G, and K, hosting hot, warm, and cold Jupiters with varying eccentricities. We compute the velocity dispersions of the host stars of these three groups using kinematic information from Gaia DR3 and obtain average ages using a velocity dispersion–age relation. We find that the host stars of hot Jupiters are relatively metal rich ([Fe/H] = 0.18 ± 0.13) and young (median age of 3.97 ± 0.51 Gyr) compared to the host stars of cold Jupiters in nearly circular orbits, which are relatively metal poor (0.03 ± 0.18) and older (median age of 6.07 ± 0.79 Gyr). The host stars of cold Jupiters in high-eccentricity orbits, on the other hand, show metallicities similar to those of the hosts of hot Jupiters, but are older, on average (median age of 6.25 ± 0.92 Gyr). The similarity in metallicity between the hosts of hot Jupiters and the hosts of cold Jupiters in high-eccentricity orbits supports high-eccentricity migration as the potential origin of hot Jupiters, with the latter serving as the progenitors of hot Jupiters. However, the average age difference between them suggests that the older hot Jupiters may have been engulfed by their host star over timescales ∼ 6 Gyr. This allows us to estimate the value of stellar tidal quality factor, Q*′∼106±1 .

Theoretical and experimental studies of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol on TM/In2O3-ZrO2 catalysts (TM = Cu, Ni and Pd): Mechanism analysis and quantitative description of MSI

Amidst the escalating concerns surrounding energy and environmental issues, the hydrotreatment of emitted CO2 and conversion into C1 products, such as methanol, have emerged as a pivotal strategy for effective mitigation. Previous investigations have identified the potential of indium-zirconium oxide catalysts doped with transition metals (TMs) for methanol synthesis. However, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of different TM loadings on catalytic performance, as well as a quantitative elucidation of the degree of metal-support interaction (MSI) between TM and substrate, necessitates further exploration. A multifaceted approach covering density functional theory (DFT) calculation, experimental validation and machine learning (ML) analysis is employed in this study to elucidate the underlying principles of MSI influence on hydrogenation, culminating in two general models for predicting the activation energy representing the degree of MSI. Consistent findings from theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate that, in comparison to Cu and Pd, Ni doped In2O3-ZrO2 catalyst shows superior performance both in thermodynamics and kinetics. This enhancement is attributed to the strong degree of MSI relationship between thermodynamically stable Ni and substrate, consequently leading to the enhancement in reducibility. Moreover, a three-layer framework is constructed to predict the activation energy in the formate pathway, which facilitates the evaluation of MSI degree in TM-loaded catalysts. To sum up, this work provides guidance for CO2 hydrogenation studies and quantitative analysis of MSI, contributing to a heightened understanding of the interaction mechanisms in analogous research systems.