Pathological Bone Changes Research Articles

Construction of an image recognition process on the basis of optical Fourier diffractometry: application to degraded bone structure classification

A hybrid optical and digital image recognition method (based on optical Fourier diffractometry) applied to the detection of disease-induced pathological changes in bones is presented. X-ray bone images are analyzed in a new type of computer-controlled diffractometer. The set of image parameters, extracted from the diffractogram, is evaluated by statistical analysis. The synthetic statistical image descriptors, constructed based on the groups of training images, enable recognition of bone samples with degraded bone structure and then recognition of disease. About 89% of images were classified correctly. After optimization, this method can be applied to a computer-aided medical diagnosis process.

Analysis of maxillary sinusitis using computed tomography.

Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis can be defined as sinusitis induced by a dental lesion. We examined the CT findings of 68 patients with maxillary sinusitis in order to differentiate between inflammation of sinus origin and inflammation of dental origin. Maxillary sinusitis was classified into four types according to clinical symptoms, history and conventional radiographic findings: type 1, simple sinusitis; type 2, odontogenic sinusitis; type 3, mixed sinusitis; type 4, slight sinus abnormality with a dental lesion. The relationship between the type of maxillary sinusitis and CT findings was analysed. Type 1 sinusitis exhibited severe pathological changes in both mucosa and bone which often extended into the nasal cavity and other paranasal sinuses. Type 2 sinusitis exhibited localized pathology on the unilateral antral floor. Type 3 sinusitis exhibited severe pathology characteristic of type 1 combined with type 2 sinusitis. Type 4 sinusitis could be differentiated by the CT findings into type 1 or type 2 sinusitis. The classification of sinusitis in this manner has implications for treatment planning, and CT should therefore be performed when conventional radiography does not provide sufficient information.

Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in bone and their correlation with bone‐blood flow: Effect of decreased arterial supply and venous congestion on intraosseous oxygen and carbon dioxide in an animal model

Pathological changes in bone have been related to a preceding impediment of the arterial or venous bone circulation and hypoxia. In this study, we analyzed the feasibility of mass spectrometry in measuring intraosseous oxygen and carbon dioxide. The partial pressures were also measured in intraosseous blood samples, and blood flow in bone was measured with the radioactive microspheres technique. The average partial pressure of oxygen in the lateral femoral condyle was 34 +/- 1.6 mm Hg when measured in intraosseous blood samples and 36.3 +/- 2.3 mm Hg when measured with the on-line mass spectrometer, with significant correlation between the methods. The absolute value of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide measured in situ with mass spectrometry was correlated with the value in the withdrawn blood. There was no significant difference in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the two sides or between repetitive measurements. Arterial occlusion resulted in severe hypoxia, whereas more moderate changes followed venous occlusion.

Environmental characteristics of regional groundwater in relation to fluoride poisoning in North China

More and more data indicated that high- or low-fluoride-bearing drinking water led to endemic diseases in which fluoride poisoning was caused by high levels of fluoride (fluoride ion content >1.0 mg/I) in drinking water. Fluoride poisoning in North China is characterized by pathological changes of bones and teeth. Much attention has been devoted to the study of fluoride-bearing groundwater in North China because regionally groundwater has been the main source of water supply, and fluoride poisoning has developed to the extent that it affects human health seriously. Results from the studies in North China summarized in this article indicate that regional high-fluoride-bearing groundwater has a regular distribution corresponding with the development of endemic fluoride poisoning and has something to do with paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions, geology, and hydrogeology, especially with types of hydrogeochemistry, pH value of groundwater, degree of mineralization, and so forth. High-fluoride-bearing groundwater in relation to fluorosis occurs mainly in North China, and many effective measures have been taken to reduce the fluoride content in drinking water and to cure the disease after analyzing the distribution and environmental characteristics of high-fluoride-bearing groundwater.

Effects of intraperitoneal administration of hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate on rat bone metabolism

The influence of hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDITEMP.Na 6) on biochemical parameters in bone has been studied to help explain recently reported histological and pathological changes in bone induced by this agent. A single, intraperitoneal (ip) injection of EDITEMP.Na 6 (350 μmol/kg on Day 0) significantly decreased the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase (Alp) in mature male Wistar rats for up to 10 days following the injection. However, in immature rats the initial EDITEMP.Na 6-induced reduction of serum Alp activity preceded a steady increase in serum Alp activity, which was significantly elevated between Days 6 and 13. This increase coincided with a significant increase in bone Alp activity (an indicator of bone formation) on Day 8. Diaphyseal acid phosphatase (Acp) activity (an indicator of bone resorption) was significantly reduced, on Days 4 and 8 but not on Day 1, following treatment with EDITEMP.Na 6. Repeated exposure of immature male Wistar rats to EDITEMP.Na 6 (70 μmol/kg/day, ip for 7 days) also led to a significant and persistent increase in serum and bone Alp activities and a reduction in diaphyseal Acp activity. The data are in accord with published histomorphological evidence of reduced bone resorption and suggest delayed mineralization of osteoid tissue laid down during the treatment with EDITEMP.Na 6. There were only transient and limited changes in bone DNA content and [ 3H]thymidine incorporation throughout the studies, indicating the absence of marked cytotoxicity or altered bone cell proliferation associated with EDITEMP.Na 6-induced changes in phosphatase enzyme activities.

Effects of Intraperitoneal Administration of Hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-Ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate on Rat Bone Metabolism

Effects of Intraperitoneal Administration of Hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-Ethylenediaminetetra-methylenephosphonate on Rat Bone Metabolism. MOORE, N. C, AND CHIPMAN, J. K. (1990). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14, 491–501. The influence of hexasodium N,N,N′,N′-ethylenedi-aminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDITEMP.Na6) on. biochemical parameters in bone has been studied to help explain recently reported histological and pathological changes in bone induced by this agent. A single, intraperitoneal (ip) injection of EDITEMP.Naj (350 μmol/kg on Day 0) significantly decreased the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase (Alp) in mature male Wistar rats for up to 10 days following the injection. However, in immature rats the initial EDITEMP.Na6-induced reduction of serum Alp activity preceded a steady increase in serum Alp activity, which was significantly elevated between Days 6 and 13. This increase coincided with a significant increase in bone Alp activity (an indicator of bone formation) on Day 8. Diaphyseal acid phosphatase (Acp) activity (an indicator of bone resorption) was significantly reduced, on Days 4 and 8 but not on Day 1, following treatment with EDITEMP.Na6. Repeated exposure of immature male Wistar rats to EDITEMP.Na* (70 μmol/kg/day, ip for 7 days) also led to a significant and persistent increase in serum and bone Alp activities and a reduction in diaphyseal Acp activity. The data are in accord with published histomorphological evidence of reduced bone resorption and suggest delayed mineralization of osteoid tissue laid down during the treatment with EDITEMP.Na6 There were only transient and limited changes in bone DNA content and [3H]thymidine incorporation throughout the studies, indicating the absence of marked cytotoxicity or altered bone cell proliferation associated with EDITEMP.Na6-induced changes in phosphatase enzyme activities.

Silent otitis media: Clinical applications

Silent (masked) otitis media refers to usually chronic pathological conditions behind an intact tympanic membrane which may be clinically "undetected" or "undetectable." Correlations are described for pathological changes in temporal bones and clinical considerations for silent otitis media associated with Hemophilus influenzae meningitis in infants, silent otitis media--the continuum, silent otitis media--sequelae, and chronic silent otitis media.

Radioisotope bone scanning in horses

The detection of radionuclide activity in the living equine skeleton, using bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals and a hand-held radiation detector, is reported. Pathological changes in bone can be detected and subsequent development monitored. The availability and use of this diagnostic technique in equine practice is discussed.

Bone changes in mice after prolonged continuous exposure to a high concentration of carbon monoxide

Quantitative and qualitative pathological changes in mouse bones are described after continuous exposure to 0.24% v/v of carbon monoxide in air for periods of up to 180 days. Planimetric measurements of five bones (parietal bone, sternum, lumbar vertebrae, ribs and shafts of femurs) showed a considerable increase in the amount of bone tissue in all bones except the femurs. The greatest amount of new bone formation was found, in decreasing order, in the skull, ribs, lumbar vertebrae and sternal segments. The cortex of the femur shafts showed some thinning, although there was more trabecular bone in the metaphyses. At the same time an expansion of marrow cavities was found in ribs, parietal bones and femurs. Possible pathomechanisms responsible for the excessive bone formation are explored. It is suggested that an increased rate of blood flow through the bone and marrow tissues played an important role.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Two Prehistoric American Indian Skeletons: a Dietary Hypothesis

Two prehistoric adult skeletons exhibiting path ological bone changes resembling those of hemolytic anemia were examined to determine the nature of these changes. Our findings show that abnormal hemoglobin variants responsible for these disorders do not exist in modern day American Indian natives. On this basis, it is very unlikely that their predecessors possessed the genes for these variants. A condition known as porotic hyporostosis similar to those bony changes produced by hemolytic disorders occur in high incidence in neighboring Anasazi people, and it has been found that the condition results from a lack of iron and protein in their diet. Since the Evans Mound people (reported on here) subsisted on a similar diet, it is suggested that these pathological changes are also the result of a dietary deficiency.

A Case of Short Rib Polydactyly

A patient with neonatal dwarfism had many characteristics of the Majewski syndrome, except for a cleft lip and abnormalities of internal organs. Absence of these anomalies and presence of more severe pathological changes in bone suggest either a wider spectrum for this disorder or a separate entity.

A Palaeopathological Study of the Vertebral Columns of the Japanese from Jomon to Edo Periods

Though the pathological changes in bones of the early Japanese people have attracted attention of physical anthropologists for more than half a century, the descriptions of only a few pathological anomalies have been published in various independent reports.The present study deals with various kinds of pathological changes in vertebral columns. As shown in Table 1, 188 vertebral columns in total from Jomon to Edo periods were observed. Since the skeletal remains from Yayoi to Muromachi periods are in very poor condition, and as many skeletal remains of Edo period were found in group burials, skulls and post-cranial skeletons could not be identified with certainty.Spondylosis deformans which forms osteophytes in vertebrae was classified according to various types and grade as shown in Figure 1, The incidence of osteophytes in the male of Jomon and Edo periods are given in Table 2.Regarding the degree of osteophytes, significant statistical differnces were observed between Jomon and Edo people. The former have higher frequencies in grades II, III and N, than the latter. This seems to reflect the difference of the condition of subsistence especially of the intensity of physical working. The highest frequency of osteophytes was seen in the lower thoratic and the lumbal spines, especialy in L-2 and L-3. The degree of osteophytes (grade) changes from grade I to IQ and N with the advance of age.Lumbo-sacral transitional vertebrae, spina bifida occulta, and Schmorl's node were also observed. The incidences of each type of these malformations in both sexes are given in Tables 3, 4 and 5.Lumbo-sacral transitional vertebrae was classified into four types set forth by JINNAKA according to the process of articular formation as shown in Figure 2. Spina bifida occulta in the sacrum was classified into two types, complete type and imcomplete type. The former was not recog nized at all in every period. The incidences of the later range from 10% to 13%.Schmorl's node was found frequently on the lower thoratic and the lumbal vertebral bodies as it was the case with spondylosis deformans.Other interesting pathological changes in vertebrae diagnosed as spondylitis tuberculosa, spondylarthritis ankylopoetica, vertebral body fracture, congenital intravertebral ankylosis, congenital anomalies, etc., were described. As for the origin of tuberculosis in Japan, this infectious disease is supposed to have been imported from the Asian continent in Yayoi or Kof un period by immigrants who introduced continental culture to this country.

Prostaglandin in calcium and bone metabolism.

The effect of prostaglandins on bone resorption and formation is reviewed. The prostaglandins probably play a role in pathological changes in bone, e.g., those occurring in immune responses and neoplastic disease. Their physiological role is unknown.

Frostbite in a pre-Columbian mummy.

AbstractRadiographs of a prehistoric inhabitant of the Atacama desert show pathological bone changes which are consistent with frostbite, gangrene and autoamputation. The burial position of the body suggests a reversal of sex roles during life, possibly resulting from the frostbite injuries.

Some radiological features of the cranial fossae.

SummaryUsing radio‐opaque wire and strips of thin lead, some of the anatomical features of the cranial fossae of dried skulls were examined radiographically and the findings correlated with the gross anatomy.Standard radiographic projections were used and several films were taken with the skull positioned in the Broadbent‐Bolton cephalo‐meter.A detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the cranial fossae is essential to accurately assess skull fractures and pathological bone changes.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE DEPOSITION AND DEMINERALIZATION OF BONE

A rational approach to the study of pathological changes in bone involves an analysis of the factors which influence the two fundamental processes of bone deposition and demineralization. Upon such a basis, a classification of the diseases which affect bones is submitted. As the chief reliance must often be placed upon the roentgenogram, the value of which lies in the portrayal of variations in the density of bones, such a classification may be used as a chart of differential diagnosis.

Multiple Neoplasms in a Sarcoma Strain of Mice

Multiple neoplasms are quite frequent in the Simpson Strain of mice. The exact figures for the ordinary stock have not been published, but an analysis of the neoplasms found in 195 mice of the inbred Sarcoma Strain is presented here (Table I). The animals show the principal types of neoplasm present in the parent stock with the exception of sarcoma other than bone sarcoma. Sarcomata are, in any case, rare in the original stock. The relative proportions of the various tumours differ from that in the parent stock. The incidence of bone tumours in this strain is discussed in detail in the preceding paper (p. 248). Of the 75 female mice with bone tumours, 10 also had mammary carcinoma, 10 had lung tumours, 4 had leukaemia, 1 had haemangioma of the kidneys, 1 had both lung and mammary tumours, and 1 had haemangioma of the uterus, a lung tumour, and leukaemia. There were 48 does with bone tumours only. Thus 36 per cent of the females with bone tumours had other types of neoplasm as well. Of the total of 97 females, 85 had neoplasms of one sort or another, only 56 of these having a single type; 12 animals showed no trace of neoplasm post mortem, though 3 of these had pathological changes in bone, mentioned in the preceding paper (see p. 250).

Failure to Enhance the Growth of B. Leprae by Wherry's Gaseous Method (CO2, O2 Environment)

One of us (Duval1) reported the observation that the acid-fast bacillus of Hansen in removed pieces of leprous tissue continued slowly, over a period of months, to multiply and that the microdetail by Holst and Frölich, Hess, Höjer and Westin, Meyer and McCormick, and others. Changes in the organs have received less attention. Guinea pigs were fed on the basal vitamin C free diet of Sherman, supplemented by cod liver oil and yeast to supply adequate quantities of vitamins A, B, D, and G. After a preliminary survey of the histopathology of the organs and tissues, work was concentrated on adrenals, heart, testes and liver in which evidence of scorbutic effects was most marked. The pathologic bone changes studied by us did not differ from those reported by other investigators. Microchemical preparations of formalin fixed and fresh tissue, both teased and cut with freezing microtome, were compared after treatment with Sudan iv, osmic acid, Nile blue sulphate and Nile pink for distribution of fat. Since practically identical pictures were obtained with all of these reagents, in later work Sudan iv and formalin fixed tissue was chosen. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were used for controls. The distribution of cholesterol esters was indicated by the presence of doubly refractive materials in warmed formalin sections when examined with Nicol's prisms. The distribution and relative concentration of vitamin C in the tissues, particularly in the adrenals, was followed by the intensity of the reduction of 0.4% neutral silver nitrate.

Correlation of Chemical and Pathological Changes in Teeth and Bones on Rachitic and Non-Rachitic Diets

Correlation of Chemical and Pathological Changes in Teeth and Bones on Rachitic and Non-Rachitic Diets

An Analysis of Bone and Joint Lesions of Known Syphilitic Origin

A clear description of the evolution of any pathological process in bones and joints, as demonstrated by the X-ray, is often difficult to convey to others, and from the literature as found in many text books and articles on bone and joint syphilis, there is much confusion and unsatisfactory classification or standardization. Especially is this true of joint syphilis. Every known joint lesion, as hypertrophic and atrophic, arthritis, tuberculosis, osteochondritis juvenilis, exostosis, etc., has been attributed to lues. It has been stated that over 50 per cent of joints, routinely diagnosed and treated for tuberculosis, are, in reality, syphilitic and respond rapidly to antisyphilitic treatment. One writer dogmatically asserts that 10 per cent of all chronic joint affections are syphilitic; another, that there is no typical picture of joint syphilis. The Wassermann test is deemed unreliable in bone and joint syphilis and is said to be positive in only 50 per cent. In consequence, an analysis of a large number of known syphilitic bones and joints, from a radiological as well as a clinical point of view, might prove of interest on this occasion. Syphilis of bones and joints is exceedingly rare in its second stage, presenting no characteristic signs or symptoms; consequently, will be dismissed with brief mention. Gross pathological changes in bones and joints are found only in the third or tertiary stage. Trophic or parasyphilis is a different and distinct problem and will be discussed only in a very general manner. The frequency and virulence of syphilis varies as to social conditions, local morality, and intelligence of the personnel from which the estimate is derived. Statistics have usually been compiled from clinics, with patients of the lowest stratum of life and poorest hygienic conditions. Those under consideration are obtained from the records of a private orthopedic clinic and orthopedic service in general and orthopedic hospitals. A very small number were Negroes. This is a fair average of private practice in America and far above that found in the charity institutions of large cities. All were under personal supervision as to diagnosis as well as treatment. A survey was made from private records, in which there were 130 with bone and joint syphilis. In addition, there were 13 parasyphilitic joints of the Charcot type and 33 in which syphilis existed coincident to, but independent of, other affections of bones and joints. Of the 130 with bone and joint syphilis, records of the blood Wassermann test were found in 100, of which 88 were distinctly positive and 12 negative. The percentage of positive reactions has been much higher during the past five or six years, since the Wassermann test has become better standardized and more efficient. This proves the diagnostic value is about the same as in syphilis in any other portion of the body.