Inhibition Of Pathogens Research Articles

"Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Response to Fungicides and Herbicides Applied using Different Spray Nozzles"

Late leaf spot [caused by Nothopassalora personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) U. Braun, C. Nakash, Videira & Crous] is an economically important disease in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and fungicides are used routinely to protect peanut from infection and the resulting yield loss. Herbicides are an important component of effective weed management in peanut. Concern over particle drift of pesticides exists in the farming community, especially after stewardship issues associated with synthetic auxin application in herbicide resistant crops in the United States. Spray nozzles that deliver larger droplets that are less prone to drift is a possible solution to this issue. However, fungicides may be less effective in penetrating the crop canopy and covering foliage for protection from pathogens with these nozzles compared with nozzles delivering smaller droplets. Research was conducted to compare suppression of late leaf spot disease when chlorothalonil, prothioconazole plus tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and chlorothalonil were applied sequentially every 14 days using hollow cone nozzles (fine droplet size), regular flat fan nozzles (medium droplet size), air induction flat fan nozzles (coarse droplet size), and turbo teejet induction nozzles (ultra-coarse droplet size). Regular flat fan and hollow cone nozzles were slightly more effective in delivering fungicides based on canopy defoliation at harvest compared with turbo teejet induction nozzles and in some cases air induction nozzles. However, suppression of pathogens by fungicides applied using all four nozzle types prevented canopy defoliation adequately to protect peanut from yield loss. In a separate experiment, peanut yield and control of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and late leaf spot did not differ at harvest when herbicides and fungicides were applied with air induction or turbo teejet induction nozzles throughout the cropping cycle. These results indicate that farmers can apply fungicides and herbicides to peanut using nozzles that limit potential for particle drift with minimal concern over reduced pesticide efficacy and protection of yield from pests.

The Influence of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and Turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) essential oils on the growth of Rhizoctonia sp. in vitro

Rhizoctonia sp. is a soil-borne pathogen that causes damping-off in various forestry plant seedlings. Using plant-based pesticides is a disease control solution that is more environmentally friendly than chemical pesticides. Essential oil is a component that can be used as a biopesticide because it contains antifungal properties, such as the compounds in patchouli and turmeric essential oils. This study examines the inhibition of patchouli and turmeric essential oils and their combinations with various concentrations on the growth of the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia sp. in vitro. Observations were made using patchouli, turmeric, and a combination of patchouli and turmeric essential oil with concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) and PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth). The in vitro pathogen inhibition test results showed that the type and concentration of oil in PDA significantly inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia sp.. In contrast with PDB, only oil concentration significantly inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia sp.. The combination of patchouli and turmeric essential oils with a concentration of 10% on PDA and turmeric essential oil with a concentration of 10% on PDB showed the highest inhibitory response.

Plant Growth Promotion and Plant Disease Suppression Induced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain GD4a.

Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold disease (GMD), invades plants to obtain nutrients and disseminates through airborne conidia in nature. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain GD4a, a beneficial bacterium isolated from switchgrass, shows great potential in managing GMD in plants. However, the precise mechanism by which GD4a confers benefits to plants remains elusive. In this study, an A. thaliana-B. cinerea-B. amyloliquefaciens multiple-scale interaction model was used to explore how beneficial bacteria play essential roles in plant growth promotion, plant pathogen suppression, and plant immunity boosting. Arabidopsis Col-0 wild-type plants served as the testing ground to assess GD4a's efficacy. Additionally, bacterial enzyme activity and targeted metabolite tests were conducted to validate GD4a's potential for enhancing plant growth and suppressing plant pathogens and diseases. GD4a was subjected to co-incubation with various bacterial, fungal, and oomycete pathogens to evaluate its antagonistic effectiveness in vitro. In vivo pathogen inoculation assays were also carried out to investigate GD4a's role in regulating host plant immunity. Bacterial extracellular exudate (BEE) was extracted, purified, and subjected to untargeted metabolomics analysis. Benzocaine (BEN) from the untargeted metabolomics analysis was selected for further study of its function and related mechanisms in enhancing plant immunity through plant mutant analysis and qRT-PCR analysis. Finally, a comprehensive model was formulated to summarize the potential benefits of applying GD4a in agricultural systems. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of GD4a, isolated from switchgrass, in enhancing plant growth, suppressing plant pathogens and diseases, and bolstering host plant immunity. Importantly, GD4a produces a functional bacterial extracellular exudate (BEE) that significantly disrupts the pathogenicity of B. cinerea by inhibiting fungal conidium germination and hypha formation. Additionally, our study identifies benzocaine (BEN) as a novel small molecule that triggers basal defense, ISR, and SAR responses in Arabidopsis plants. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain GD4a can effectively promote plant growth, suppress plant disease, and boost plant immunity through functional BEE production and diverse gene expression.

Synergetic response on herbal and probiotic applications: a review.

Herbs and their by-products are important traditional medicines and food supplements; they provide numerous beneficial effects for animals. Consequently, probiotics are living cell organisms, nontoxic, and friendly microbes. Probiotics have numerous beneficial activities such as inhibition of pathogens, enhancement of the immune system, growth, disease resistance, improving water quality, reducing toxic effects, synthesis of vitamins, prevention of cancer, reduction of irritable bowel syndrome, and more positive responses in animals. Herbal and probiotic combinations have more active responses and produce new substances to enhance beneficial responses in animals. Herbal and probiotic mixture report is still limited applications for animals. However, the mechanisms by which they interact with the immune system and gut microbiota in animals are largely unclear. This review provides some information on the effect of herbal and probiotic blend on animals. This review discusses current research advancements to fulfill research gaps and promote effective and healthy animal production.

Insights into immunoregulatory effects of bioactive polysaccharides derived from seaweeds through gut microbiota

Seaweeds polysaccharides possess diverse structures and functions, extending beyond culinary uses to potentially offer health benefits. Notable among seaweed polysaccharides are fucoidans, carrageenans, galactans, agars, alginates, and laminarin etc. These bioactive compounds exhibit a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects. Seaweed polysaccharides, characterized by their unique structural complexity, present themselves as promising candidates for immunomodulation. This review provides an overview of the intricate connections between gut microbiota, immune system dynamics, and the prebiotic potential of seaweed polysaccharides. The review highlights the prebiotic effects of seaweed polysaccharides, examining their fermentation in the colon, promotion of beneficial bacteria, and inhibition of pathogens. This section presents the significant discoveries from the review, categorizing them based on the types of seaweeds studied which are brown, red, and green. It highlights the distinct prebiotic effects associated with the polysaccharide. The conclusion summarizes the key insights derived from the dynamic interplay of gut microbiota, seaweed polysaccharides, and their prebiotic effects.

Green Waste Compost Impacts Microbial Functions Related to Carbohydrate Use and Active Dispersal in Plant Pathogen-Infested Soil

The effects of compost on physical and chemical characteristics of soil are well-studied but impacts on soil microbiomes are poorly understood. This research tested effects of green waste compost on bacterial communities in soil infested with the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Compost was added to pathogen-infested soil and maintained in mesocosms in a greenhouse experiment and replicated growth chamber experiments. Bacteria and F. oxysporum abundance were quantified using quantitative PCR. Taxonomic and functional characteristics of bacterial communities were measured using shotgun metagenome sequencing. Compost significantly increased bacterial abundance 8 weeks after amendment in one experiment. Compost increased concentrations of chemical characteristics of soil, including phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, and pH. In all experiments, compost significantly reduced abundance of F. oxysporum and altered the taxonomic composition of soil bacterial communities. Sixteen bacterial genera were significantly increased from compost in every experiment, potentially playing a role in pathogen suppression. In all experiments, there was a consistent negative effect of compost on functions related to carbohydrate use and a positive effect on bacteria with flagella. Results from this work demonstrate that compost can reduce the abundance of soilborne plant pathogens and raise questions about the role of microbes in plant pathogen suppression.

Lipid transfer protein StLTPa enhances potato disease resistance against different pathogens by binding and disturbing the integrity of pathogens plasma membrane.

Potato is the third most important food crop worldwide. Potato production suffers from severe diseases caused by multiple detrimental plant pathogens, and broad-spectrum disease resistance genes are rarely identified in potato. Here we identified the potato non-specific lipid transfer protein StLTPa, which enhances species none-specific disease resistance against various pathogens, such as the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Verticillium dahliae, and the bacterial pathogens Pectobacterium carotovorum and Ralstonia solanacearum. The StLTPa overexpression potato lines do not show growth penalty. Furthermore, we provide evidence that StLTPa binds to lipids present in the plasma membrane (PM) of the hyphal cells of P. infestans, leading to an increased permeability of the PM. Adding of PI(3,5)P2 and PI(3)P could compete the binding of StLTPa to pathogen PM and reduce the inhibition effect of StLTPa. The lipid-binding activity of StLTPa is essential for its role in pathogen inhibition and promotion of potato disease resistance. We propose that StLTPa enhances potato broad-spectrum disease resistance by binding to, and thereby promoting the permeability of the PM of the cells of various pathogens. Overall, our discovery illustrates that increasing the expression of a single gene in potato enhances potato disease resistance against different pathogens without growth penalty.

MicroMPN: methods and software for high-throughput screening of microbe suppression in mixed populations.

We created a unified set of software and laboratory protocols for screening microbe libraries to assess the suppression of a pathogen in a mixed microbial community. Existing methods of fluorescent labeling were combined with the most probable number (MPN) assay in a microplate format to enumerate the reduction of a pathogenic soil microbe from complex soil matrices. This work provides a fluorescent expression vector available from Addgene, step-by-step laboratory protocols hosted by protocols.io, and MicroMPN, a command-line software for processing plate reader outputs. MicroMPN simplifies MPN estimation from 96- and 384-well microplates. The microplate screening assay is amenable to robotic automation with standard liquid handling robots, further reducing the hands-on processing time. This tool was designed to evaluate synthetic microbial communities for use as microbial inoculates or probiotics. The fluorMPN method is also useful for screening chemical and antimicrobial libraries for pathogen suppression in complex bacterial communities like soil.

Antagonistic activity of Phaeobacter piscinae against the emerging fish pathogen Vibrio crassostreae in aquaculture feed algae.

Aquaculture provides a rich resource of high-quality protein; however, the production is challenged by emerging pathogens such as Vibrio crassostreae. While probiotic bacteria have been proposed as a sustainable solution to reduce pathogen load in aquaculture, their application requires a comprehensive assessment across the aquaculture food chain. The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonistic effect of the potential probiotic bacterium Phaeobacter piscinae against the emerging fish pathogen V. crassostreae in aquaculture feed algae that can be an entry point for pathogens in fish and shellfish aquaculture. P. piscinae strain S26 produces the antibacterial compound tropodithietic acid (TDA). In a plate-based assay, P. piscinae S26 was equally to more effective than the well-studied Phaeobacter inhibens DSM17395 in its inhibition of the fish pathogens Vibrio anguillarum 90-11-286 and V. crassostreae DMC-1. When co-cultured with the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana, P. piscinae S26 reduced the maximum cell density of V. crassostreae DMC-1 by 2 log and 3-4 log fold, respectively. A TDA-deficient mutant of P. piscinae S26 inhibited V. crassostreae DMC-1 to a lesser extent than the wild type, suggesting that the antagonistic effect involves TDA and other factors. TDA is the prime antagonistic agent of the inhibition of V. anguillarum 90-11-286. Comparative genomics of V. anguillarum 90-11-286 and V. crassostreae DMC-1 revealed that V. crassostreae DMC-1 carries a greater arsenal of antibiotic resistance genes potentially contributing to the reduced effect of TDA. In conclusion, P. piscinae S26 is a promising new candidate for inhibition of emerging pathogens such as V. crassostreae DMC-1 in algal feed systems and could contribute to a more sustainable aquaculture industry.IMPORTANCEThe globally important production of fish and shellfish in aquaculture is challenged by disease outbreaks caused by pathogens such as Vibrio crassostreae. These outbreaks not only lead to substantial economic loss and environmental damage, but treatment with antibiotics can also lead to antibiotic resistance affecting human health. Here, we evaluated the potential of probiotic bacteria, specifically the newly identified strain Phaeobacter piscinae S26, to counteract these threats in a sustainable manner. Through a systematic assessment of the antagonistic effect of P. piscinae S26 against V. crassostreae DMC-1, particularly within the context of algal feed systems, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of P. piscinae S26 as probiotic and thereby provides a strategic pathway for addressing disease outbreaks in aquaculture. This finding has the potential of significantly contributing to the long-term stability of the industry, highlighting the potential of probiotics as an efficient and environmentally conscious approach to safeguarding aquaculture productivity against the adverse impact of pathogens.

Unlocking the Potential of Substrate Quality for the Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Black Soldier Fly against Pathogens.

Globally, antibiotics are facing fierce resistance from multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. There is an urgent need for eco-friendly alternatives. Though insects are important targets for antimicrobial peptides, it has received limited research attention. This study investigated the impact of waste substrates on the production of antibacterial agents in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (HIL) and their implications in the suppression of pathogens [Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)]. The 20% acetic acid (AcOH) extract from market waste had the highest antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 17.00 mm, followed by potato waste (15.02 mm) against S. aureus. Hexane extract from HIL raised on market waste also showed a significant inhibitory zone (13.06 mm) against B. subtilis. .Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values recorded were 25 mg/mL against all test pathogens. The fastest time-kill of 20% AcOH extract was 4 h againstB. subtilis, E. coli, ,andP. aeruginosa. Lauric acid was also identified as the dominant component of the various hexane extracts with concentrations of 602.76 and 318.17 μg/g in HIL reared on potato and market waste, respectively. Energy from the market waste substrate correlated significantly (r = 0.97) with antibacterial activities. This study highlights the key role of substrate quality and extraction methods for enhancing the production of antibacterial agents in HIL, thus providing new insights into the development of potential drugs to overcome the alarming concerns of antimicrobial resistance.

EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF RHIZOBACTERIAL ISOLATES ASSOCIATED WITH SPENT MUSHROOM COMPOST AGAINST BACTERIAL WILT OF TOMATO

Bacterial wilt, caused by the soil-borne pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, poses a significant threat to tomato crops worldwide. This study aims to assess the microbial potential of rhizobacterial isolates obtained from spent mushroom compost in suppressing bacterial wilt of tomatoes. Spent mushroom compost is a byproduct of mushroom cultivation and is known to harbor diverse microbial communities with potential plant-beneficial properties. Tomato leaves that were contaminated were collected from a number of places in the Rawalpindi Area, Punjab, Pakistan. Rhizobacterial isolates were collected from the rhizosphere of tomato plants grown in the presence of spent mushroom compost. These isolates were then subjected to laboratory evaluations for their antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum. Selected rhizobacterial isolates were further characterized for their plant growth-promoting traits. The potential of these isolates to enhance tomato plant growth and confer resistance against bacterial wilt was evaluated through greenhouse experiments. Results indicated that certain rhizobacterial isolates exhibited substantial antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum. Additionally, these isolates demonstrated multiple plant growth-promoting traits, suggesting a potential dual role in both pathogen suppression and plant enhancement. Greenhouse experiments revealed a significant reduction in the incidence of bacterial wilt in tomato plants and increase in the growth promotion traits were observed while treated with the selected rhizobacterial isolates alone and in combination compared to control groups. The findings from this study highlight the promising role of rhizobacterial isolates associated with spent mushroom compost in managing bacterial wilt in tomatoes.

Effects of Bacillus in Pectobacterium quorum quenching: A survey of two different acyl-homoserine lactonases.

Numerous functions in pathogenic Pectobacterium are regulated by quorum sensing (QS). Two different aiiA genes isolated from Bacillus sp. A24(aiiAA24) and Bacillus sp. DMS133(aiiADMS133) were used. Both genes encode acyl-homoserine lactonase (AiiA), which disrupts QS in Pectobacterium. To investigate the effect of different AiiAs on the inhibition of Pectobacterium carotovorum pathogenicity, two aiiA genes from different Bacillus strains were cloned and the resulting plasmids pME6863 (aiiAA24) and pME7080 (aiiADMS133) were transformed into P. carotovorum EMPCC cells. The effects of different lactonases on virulence features such as enzymatic activity, twitching and swimming motilities, and production of pellicle and biofilm formation were investigated. In EMPCC/pME6863, twitching and swimming motilities, and pellicle production were significantly reduced compared with EMPCC/pME7080. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure virulence gene expression in transformed cells compared with expression levels in wild-type EMPCC. The expression of peh and hrpL genes was greatly reduced in EMPCC/pME6863 compared with EMPCC/pME7080. The sequence alignment and molecular dynamic modeling of two different AiiAA24 and AiiADMS133 proteins suggested that the replacement of proline 210 from AiiAA24 to serine in AiiADMS133 caused the reduction of enzyme activity in AiiADMS133.

Short-chain fatty acids of various lengths differentially inhibit Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacteriaceae species.

The gut microbiota is inextricably linked to human health and disease. It can confer colonization resistance against invading pathogens either through niche occupation and nutrient competition or via its secreted metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the primary metabolites in the gut as a result of dietary fiber fermentation by the gut microbiota. In this work, we demonstrate that the interaction of single-species gut commensals on solid media is insufficient for pathogen inhibition, but supernatants from monocultures of these commensal bacteria enriched in acetate confer inhibition against anaerobic growth of the enteric pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. The three primary SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) strongly inhibit the intestinal commensal Escherichia coli Nissle as well as a panel of enteric pathogens besides K. pneumoniae at physiological pH of the cecum and ascending colon. This inhibition was significantly milder on anaerobic gut commensals Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bifidobacterium adolescentis previously demonstrated to be associated with microbiota recovery after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. We describe a general suppression of bacterial membrane potential by these SCFAs at physiological cecum and ascending colonic pH. Furthermore, the strength of bacterial inhibition increases with increasing alkyl chain length. Overall, the insights gained in this study shed light on the potential therapeutic use of SCFAs for conferring colonization resistance against invading pathogens in a dysbiotic gut.IMPORTANCERising antimicrobial resistance has made treatment of bacterial infections increasingly difficult. According to the World Health Organization, it has become a burgeoning threat to hospital and public health systems worldwide. This threat is largely attributed to the global rise of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in recent years, with common hospital-acquired pathogens growing increasingly resistant to last-line antibiotics. Antibiotics disrupt the homeostatic balance of the gut microbiota, resulting in the loss of colonization resistance against enteric pathogens. This work describes the ability of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiota to be effective against a wide panel of enteric pathogens without major impact on common gut commensal species. We also demonstrate a previously undescribed link between alkyl chain length and antibacterial effects of SCFAs. SCFAs, thus, hold promise as an alternative therapeutic option leveraging on the antimicrobial activity of these endogenously produced gut metabolites without disrupting gut microbiota homeostasis.

Indigenous Populations of a Biological Control Agent in Agricultural Field Soils Predicted Suppression of a Plant Pathogen.

The nematophagous fungus Hyalorbilia oviparasitica and relatives (Hyalorbilia spp.) are known to parasitize several endoparasitic nematodes. In this project, we hypothesized that indigenous populations of this fungus could be used to predict nematode suppression in agricultural field soils. We quantified Hyalorbilia spp. in soil samples from 44 different sugar beet fields in the Imperial Valley of California. Seven soils harboring Hyalorbilia spp. and two that tested negative for the fungi were examined for nematode suppressive activity. Untreated and autoclaved portions of each soil were planted with cabbage and infested with sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) juveniles. Females and cysts of H. schachtii were enumerated after 12 weeks. In the seven soils harboring Hyalorbilia spp., females and cysts in the untreated soils were reduced by 61 to 82% compared with the autoclaved controls. Soils with no detectable Hyalorbilia spp. exhibited no nematode suppression. Two novel Hyalorbilia strains, HsImV25 and HsImV27, were isolated from H. schachtii females reared in field soil using an enrichment and double-baiting cultivation technique. Both strains suppressed H. schachtii populations by more than 80% in soil-based assays, confirming that Hyalorbilia spp. are the likely causal agents of the nematode suppression in these soils. This study demonstrated that indigenous populations of a hyperparasite (Hyalorbilia spp.) in agricultural field soils predicted suppressive activity against a soilborne plant pathogen (H. schachtii). To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate this capability. We anticipate that this research will provide a blueprint for other similar studies, thereby advancing the field of soilborne biological control.

Addressing Antimicrobial Properties in Guided Tissue/Bone Regeneration Membrane: Enhancing Effectiveness in Periodontitis Treatment.

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) are the two surgical techniques generally used for periodontitis disease treatment. These techniques are based on a barrier membrane to direct the growth of new bone and gingival tissue at sites with insufficient volumes or dimensions of bone or gingiva for proper function, esthetics, or prosthetic restoration. Numerous studies have highlighted biocompatibility, space-creation, cell-blocking, bioactivity, and proper handling as essential characteristics of a membrane's performance. Given that bacterial infection is the primary cause of periodontitis, we strongly believe that addressing the antimicrobial properties of these membranes is of utmost importance. Indeed, the absence of effective inhibition of periodontal pathogens has been recognized as a primary factor contributing to the failure of GTR/GBR membranes. Therefore, we suggest considering antimicrobial properties as one of the key factors in the design of GTR/GBR membranes. Antibiotics are potent medications frequently administered systemically to combat microbes and mitigate bacterial infections. Nevertheless, the excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in a surge in bacterial resistance. To overcome this challenge, alternative antibacterial substances have been developed. In this review, we explore the utilization of alternative substances with antimicrobial properties for topical application in membranes. The use of antibacterial nanoparticles, phytochemical compounds, and antimicrobial peptides in this context was investigated. By carefully selecting and integrating antimicrobial agents into GTR/GBR membranes, we can significantly enhance their effectiveness in combating periodontitis. These antibacterial substances not only act as barriers against pathogenic bacteria but also promote the process of periodontal healing.

Unraveling How Antimicrobial Lipid Mixtures Disrupt Virus-Mimicking Lipid Vesicles: A QCM-D Study.

Single-chain lipid amphiphiles such as fatty acids and monoglycerides are promising antimicrobial alternatives to replace industrial surfactants for membrane-enveloped pathogen inhibition. Biomimetic lipid membrane platforms in combination with label-free biosensing techniques offer a promising route to compare the membrane-disruptive properties of different fatty acids and monoglycerides individually and within mixtures. Until recently, most related studies have utilized planar model membrane platforms, and there is an outstanding need to investigate how antimicrobial lipid mixtures disrupt curved model membrane platforms such as intact vesicle adlayers that are within the size range of membrane-enveloped virus particles. This need is especially evident because certain surfactants that completely disrupt planar/low-curvature membranes are appreciably less active against high-curvature membranes. Herein, we conducted quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D) measurements to investigate the membrane-disruptive properties of glycerol monolaurate (GML) monoglyceride and lauric acid (LA) fatty acid mixtures to rupture high-curvature, ~75 nm diameter lipid vesicle adlayers. We identified that the vesicle rupture activity of GML/LA mixtures mainly occurred above the respective critical micelle concentration (CMC) of each mixture, and that 25/75 mol% GML/LA micelles exhibited the greatest degree of vesicle rupture activity with ~100% efficiency that exceeded the rupture activity of other tested mixtures, individual compounds, and past reported values with industrial surfactants. Importantly, 25/75 GML/LA micelles outperformed 50/50 GML/LA micelles, which were previously reported to have the greatest membrane-disruptive activity towards planar model membranes. We discuss the mechanistic principles behind how antimicrobial lipid engineering can influence membrane-disruptive activity in terms of optimizing the balance between competitive membrane remodeling processes and inducing anisotropic vs. isotropic spontaneous curvature in lipid membrane systems.

Novel Wild-Type Pediococcus and Lactiplantibacillus Strains as Probiotic Candidates to Manage Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance.

As the food and pharmaceutical industry is continuously seeking new probiotic strains with unique health properties, the aim of the present study was to determine the impact of short-term dietary intervention with novel wild-type strains, isolated from various sources, on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance. Initially, the strains were evaluated in vitro for their ability to survive in simulated gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, for adhesion to Caco-2 cells, for bile salt hydrolase secretion, for cholesterol-lowering and cellular cholesterol-binding ability, and for growth inhibition of food-borne pathogens. In addition, safety criteria were assessed, including hemolytic activity and susceptibility to antibiotics. The in vivo test on insulin resistance showed that mice receiving the HFD supplemented with Pediococcus acidilactici SK (isolated from human feces) or P. acidilactici OLS3-1 strain (isolated from olive fruit) exhibited significantly improved insulin resistance compared to HFD-fed mice or to the normal diet (ND)-fed group.

Synergistic interaction of nanoparticles and probiotic delivery: A review.

Nanotechnology is an expanding and new technology that prompts production with nanoparticle-based (1-100 nm) organic and inorganic materials. Such a tool has an imperative function in different sectors like bioengineering, pharmaceuticals, electronics, energy, nuclear energy, and fuel, and its applications are helpful for human, animal, plant, and environmental health. In exacting, the nanoparticles are synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches through different techniques such as chemical, physical, and biological progress. The characterization is vital and the confirmation of nanoparticle traits is done by various instrumentation analyses like UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, annular dark-field imaging, and intracranial pressure. In addition, probiotics are friendly microbes which while administered in sufficient quantity confer health advantages to the host. Characterization investigation is much more significant to the identification of good probiotics. Similarly, haemolytic activity, acid and bile salt tolerance, autoaggregation, antimicrobial compound production, inhibition of pathogens, enhance the immune system, and more health-beneficial effects on the host. The synergistic effects of nanoparticles and probiotics combined delivery applications are still limited to food, feed, and biomedical applications. However, the mechanisms by which they interact with the immune system and gut microbiota in humans and animals are largely unclear. This review discusses current research advancements to fulfil research gaps and promote the successful improvement of human and animal health.

Role of microbial inoculants for improving productivity and systemic resistance in Abelmoschus esculentus

Okra is an economic vegetable crop and widely dispersed throughout the world's tropical, subtropical zones. It is necessary for human health and an adequate supply of total vitamins, minerals, digestive enzymes and other elements that are typically deficient in developing-country diets. The disease issues in this crop are root-decaying infections. Microbial inoculants are gaining a reputation in agronomic research. Pseudomonas species have the ability to boost plant immunity by inducing resistance against biotic and abiotic stress. Because of its substantial properties in growth and pathogen suppression during its complimentary relationship with host, Pseudomonas is the most preferred bio-inoculant. The association of Pseudomonas with crop stimulates the secretion of phytohormones, secondary metabolites and enzymes responsible for growth and pathogen control. The aim of the study is to figure out the consequences of competing inoculants on the nutritional content and quality of okra plants. So different strains of P. fluorescens (EFP161, EFP121, EFP43, EFP56, and EFP171) were inoculated (200 mL in soil) along with okra seeds in field trails. The experiment was completely randomized block design and run for 60 days of inoculation. After harvesting (60 days), their growth parameters with their biomass and stress resistance indicators like polyphenols (26.5 μg/mL), antioxidant (43.08%) and salicylic acid content (0.11 μg/mL) were estimated in Pseudomonas treated plants. Fruit quality parameters including total soluble solids (4.7%), pH, moisture content (93%), proteins (95 μg/mL) and carbohydrates (39 μg/mL) were tested in order to check their nutritional value. Okra plants showed some complications during field trails like death of the young seedlings, wet soil, rotting of small pods is a fairly common problem. These inoculants exhibited plant growth-stimulating properties by elevating their resistance power to stress and against phytopathogens responsible for plant growth reduction. The inoculation of these strains not only increased the plant growth parameters but also increased the nutritional quality of fruits. This research summarizes the impact of microbial inoculants as agricultural inputs.

Modulating mediation medium for few layered dichalcogenides enhances inhibition of common pathogens

Illustration of inhibition of pathogens by few layered dichalcogenides.