Pathogens In Intensive Care Unit Research Articles

Incidence and Risk Factors Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in Intensive Care Units (ICUs)

Incidence and Risk Factors Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in Intensive Care Units (ICUs)

Risk factors associated with fluconazole resistance in Candida parapsilosis candidemia: A case-case study.

Candida species are among the most important invasive pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs). Non-albicans species including Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis) has increased in recent years. Fluconazole is the leading antifungal agent but resistance is a concern among C. parapsilosis species. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with fluconazole resistance in patients with candidemia due to C. parapsilosis in ICUs. This case-case study was conducted in a 750-bed, tertiary hospital between 2015 and 2021. Patients with fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis candidemia constituted the 'cases of interest' group and patients with fluconazole-susceptible C. parapsilosis candidemia constituted the 'comparison cases' group. Demographic and clinical data of the patients were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was performed using the backward elimination method to determine the independent predictors of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis bloodstream infections. The study included 177 patients. In the cultures of these patients, 76 (43%) fluconazole-resistant, 13 (7.3%) fluconazole-reduced susceptible, and 88 (49.7%) fluconazole-susceptible isolates were found. In the regression analysis the risk factors for fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis bloodstream infection, malignancy, immunosuppressive treatment, history of intra-abdominal surgery, hypoalbunemia, previous fluconazole use, and SOFA score were found to be associated in univariate analysis. In multivariate regression analysis, history of intra-abdominal surgery (OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.05-4.44), hypoalbuminemia (OR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.06-6.17) and previous fluconazole use (OR: 3.35; 95% CI: 1.02-11) were found to be independent predictors. In this study, a significant correlation was found between candidemia due to fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis in ICUs and intra-abdominal surgery, hypoalbuminemia, and previous fluconazole use. C. parapsilosis isolates and fluconazole resistance should be continuously monitored, strict infection control measures should be taken and antifungal stewardship programs should be implemented.

Reservoirs of Nosocomial Pathogens in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review.

Nosocomial pathogens are known to exacerbate morbidity and mortality in contemporary critical healthcare. Hospital fomites, which include inanimate surfaces, have been identified as "breeding grounds" for pathogens that cause nosocomial infections. This systematic review aimed to deliver incisive insights on nosocomial pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs) and the role of fomites as potential reservoirs for their transmission. An extensive exploration of electronic databases, including PubMed and Scopus, from 1990 to 2023, was carried out between 25th and 29th May 2023, per standard PRISMA guidelines. Information were extracted from articles that reported on fomites in the ICU. Studies that did not quantitatively report the fomite contamination, and those that exclusively took samples from patients in the ICU were excluded from the analysis. About 40% of the total samples collected on fomites from all the studies yielded microbial growth, with species of Staphylococcus being the most predominant. Other prevalent microbes were Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida spp., Enterococcus sp., and Enterobacter sp. The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) had the highest proportion of contaminated fomites. Among known fomites, the sphygmomanometer exhibited a 100% detection rate of nosocomial pathogens. This included E. aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS), E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, and MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa were commonly isolated on fomites in the ICUs. Many fomites that are readily used in patient care in the ICU harbour nosocomial pathogens. The most common fomite appeared to be mobile phones, sphygmomanometers, and stethoscopes, with Staphylococcus being the most common contaminant. Consequently, the need for rigorous disinfection and sterilization protocols on fomites in the ICU cannot be overemphasized. Additionally, heightened awareness on the subject among health professionals is crucial to mitigating the risk and burden of nosocomial infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria.

Causative Microorganisms Isolated from Patients with Intra-Abdominal Infections and Their Drug Resistance Profiles: An 11-Year (2011–2021) Single-Center Retrospective Study

ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of causative microorganisms recovered from patients with intra-abdominal infections (IAIs). MethodsA total of 2,926 bacterial and fungal strains were identified in samples collected from 1,679 patients with IAIs at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 2011 and 2021. Pathogenic bacteria and fungi were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the VITEK 2 compact system and the Kirby–Bauer method. AST results were interpreted based on the M100-Ed31 clinical breakpoints of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. ResultsOf the 2,926 strains identified, 49.2%, 40.8%, and 9.5% were gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and fungi, respectively. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent pathogen in intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients; however, a significant decrease was observed in the isolation of E. coli between 2011 and 2021. Specifically, significant decreases were observed between 2011 and 2021 in the levels of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli (from 76.9% to 14.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (from 45.8% to 4.8%). Polymicrobial infections, particularly those involving coinfection with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, were commonly observed in IAI patients. Moreover, Candida albicans was more commonly isolated from hospital-associated IAI samples, while Staphylococcus epidermidis had a higher ratio in community-associated IAIs. Additionally, AST results revealed that most antimicrobial agents performed better in non-ESBL-producers than in ESBL-producers, while the overall resistance rates (56.9%–76.8%) of Acinetobacter baumanmii were higher against all antimicrobial agents than those of other common gram-negative bacteria. Indeed, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus were consistently found to be susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid. Similarly, C. albicans exhibited high susceptibility to all the tested antifungal drugs. ConclusionThe distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of the causative microorganisms from patients with IAIs were altered between 2011 and 2021. This finding is valuable for the implementation of evidence-based antimicrobial therapy and provides guidance for the control of hospital infections.

Mortality and Outcomes of Patients Infected with Extensively Drug-Resistant Bacteria Admitted to Intensive Care Units

Background: The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units (ICU) makes treatment of these infections very difficult. Objectives: This study aimed to survey the resistance phenotype, risk factors, and possible treatment options for hospital-acquired infections (HAI) at ICUs in a referral university hospital. Methods: Samples were prepared from ICU patients with HAIs. Pathogens were isolated, and the resistance phenotype, prescribed antibiotics, mortality rate, associated risk factors, and clonal relationship of the isolates were assessed. Results: From 100 patients admitted to ICUs, 76 (76%) showed clinical symptoms of HAIs. The most common sources of infection were lung secretions (51.8%). The isolated bacteria were Gram-negative (77, 90.6%) and Gram-positive (9.4%). The most common isolated microorganism was the Acinetobacter baumannii complex (63.5%). The most effective antimicrobials were colistin (96.1%) and linezolid (100%) for Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates, respectively. An extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype was documented in all isolates of A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens. The XDR phenotype was a significant risk factor only for mortality. A. baumannii had the highest mortality rate (66.6%) among all the isolates. While A. baumannii strains had limited diversity, the other species were highly divergent. Conclusions: The results revealed a high mortality rate for Gram-negative isolates, especially in adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC). The high genetic similarities of ABC strains might be an indication of neglecting infection control prevention. The use of cotrimoxazole and colistin instead of carbapenems can be promising for mortality reduction in the studied ICUs.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a Tertiary Care Facility

Aim: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microorganisms in the ICU patients of a tertiary care facility in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: A retrospective study was conducted on the laboratory records of 50 patients with positive culture admitted to a tertiary care facility. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain patients’ records comprising of their name, sex, age, diagnosis, sample source, isolated pathogen culture results and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Blood, tracheal fluid, urine, sputum, pus, peritoneal fluid and catheter tips were included as specimen sources. Total 94% patients selected had clinically suspected nosocomial infections. Results: Overall, 45% of them had traumatic brain or spinal injury followed by 35% of post-operative cases, 10% respiratory disease related patients, 6% cardiac patients, 2% renal failure and 2% with miscellaneous infections. Majority of the patients admitted to the ICU were in the age range 51- 65 years. Positive microbial growth samples included blood (30%), trachea (24%), urine (26%), sputum (10%), pus (4%), peritoneal fluids (2%) and catheter tip (4%). Amongst the samples tested, Acinetobacter spp. (22%) were predominant, followed by E. coli (14%), P. aeruginosa (10%), S. aureus (10%) and Enterococcus spp. (8%). Majority of the gram negative species were resistant to amoxiclave, cefotaxime, pipercillin and teicoplanin. Conclusions: The incidence of nosocomial infections is high in ICU patients. Thus accurate antimicrobial treatment strategies together with the development of new therapeutic regimens and risk assessment in hospitals and their ICUs is significantly required to prevent antimicrobial drug resistance among microorganisms.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a Tertiary Care Facility

Aim: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microorganisms in the ICU patients of a tertiary care facility in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: A retrospective study was conducted on the laboratory records of 50 patients with positive culture admitted to a tertiary care facility. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain patients’ records comprising of their name, sex, age, diagnosis, sample source, isolated pathogen culture results and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Blood, tracheal fluid, urine, sputum, pus, peritoneal fluid and catheter tips were included as specimen sources. Total 94% patients selected had clinically suspected nosocomial infections. Results: Overall, 45% of them had traumatic brain or spinal injury followed by 35% of post-operative cases, 10% respiratory disease related patients, 6% cardiac patients, 2% renal failure and 2% with miscellaneous infections. Majority of the patients admitted to the ICU were in the age range 51- 65 years. Positive microbial growth samples included blood (30%), trachea (24%), urine (26%), sputum (10%), pus (4%), peritoneal fluids (2%) and catheter tip (4%). Amongst the samples tested, Acinetobacter spp. (22%) were predominant, followed by E. coli (14%), P. aeruginosa (10%), S. aureus (10%) and Enterococcus spp. (8%). Majority of the gram negative species were resistant to amoxiclave, cefotaxime, pipercillin and teicoplanin. Conclusions: The incidence of nosocomial infections is high in ICU patients. Thus accurate antimicrobial treatment strategies together with the development of new therapeutic regimens and risk assessment in hospitals and their ICUs is significantly required to prevent antimicrobial drug resistance among microorganisms.

Burden of severe infections due to carbapenem-resistant pathogens in intensive care unit.

Intensive care units (ICU) for various reasons, including the increasing age of admitted patients, comorbidities, and increasingly complex surgical procedures (e.g., transplants), have become "the epicenter" of nosocomial infections, these are characterized by the presence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) as the cause of infection. Therefore, the perfect match of fragile patients and MDROs, as the cause of infection, makes ICU mortality very high. Furthermore, carbapenems were considered for years as last-resort antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by MDROs; unfortunately, nowadays carbapenem resistance, mainly among Gram-negative pathogens, is a matter of the highest concern for worldwide public health. This comprehensive review aims to outline the problem from the intensivist's perspective, focusing on the new definition and epidemiology of the most common carbapenem-resistant MDROs (Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales) to emphasize the importance of the problem that must be permeating clinicians dealing with these diseases.

Green Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles of Potential Synergistic Activity with Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents against Some Nosocomial Pathogens.

Nosocomial bacterial and fungal infections are one of the main causes of high morbidity and mortality worldwide, owing to the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant microbial strains. Hence, the study aims to synthesize, characterize, and investigate the antifungal and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated using Camellia sinensis leaves against nosocomial pathogens. The biogenic AgNPs revealed a small particle diameter of 35.761 ± 3.18 nm based on transmission electron microscope (TEM) graphs and a negative surface charge of -14.1 mV, revealing the repulsive forces between nanoparticles, which in turn indicated their colloidal stability. The disk diffusion assay confirmed that Escherichia coli was the most susceptible bacterial strain to the biogenic AgNPs (200 g/disk), while the lowest sensitive strain was found to be the Acinetobacter baumannii strain with relative inhibition zones of 36.14 ± 0.67 and 21.04 ± 0.19 mm, respectively. On the other hand, the biogenic AgNPs (200 µg/disk) exposed antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans strain with a relative inhibition zone of 18.16 ± 0.14 mm in diameter. The biogenic AgNPs exposed synergistic activity with both tigecycline and clotrimazole against A. baumannii and C. albicans, respectively. In conclusion, the biogenic AgNPs demonstrated distinct physicochemical properties and potential synergistic bioactivity with tigecycline, linezolid, and clotrimazole against gram-negative, gram-positive, and fungal strains, respectively. This is paving the way for the development of effective antimicrobial combinations for the effective management of nosocomial pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs) and health care settings.

Tracking Epidemiological Characteristics and Risk Factors of Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria in Intensive Care Units.

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) emerged as a serious threat in intensive care unit (ICU) settings. Our study aimed to investigate the major pathogens in ICU and identify the risk factors for MDR infection. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients admitted to the ICU. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify the independent predictors, and then a nomogram to predict the probability of MDR infection. A total of 278 patients with 483 positive cultures were included. 249 (51.55%) had at least one MDR pathogen, including extensively drug-resistant (XDR) 77 (30.92%) and pan drug-resistant (PDR) 39 (15.66%), respectively. Klebsiella pneumonia was the most frequently isolated pathogen. We identified the number of bacteria (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.97-4.29, P < 0.001), multiple invasive procedures (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.37-3.63, P = 0.001), length of stay (LOS) (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02, P = 0.007), Hemoglobin (Hb) (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-1.00, P = 0.01) were independent risk factors for MDR infection. Our nomogram displayed good discrimination with curve AUC was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.70-0.81). The decision curves also indicate the clinical utility of our nomogram. Additionally, the in-hospital mortality with MDR pathogens was independently associated with XDR (HR, 2.60; 95% CI: 1.08-6.25; P = 0.03) and total protein (TP) (HR, 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91-0.99; P = 0.03). The number of bacteria, multiple invasive procedures, LOS, and Hb were the independent predictors associated with MDR pathogens. Our nomogram is potentially useful for predicting the occurrence of MDR infection. Besides, we also identify XDR and TP as the independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality with MDR infection. The current prevalence of MDR strains was also described. The results will contribute to the identification and preventive management of patients at increased risk of infection.

Bloodstream Infections Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Pathogens in Intensive Care Units: Risk Factors Analysis and Proposal of a Prognostic Score.

Considering the growing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB) bloodstream infection (BSI) in intensive care units (ICUs), the identification of specific risk factors and the development of a predictive model allowing for the early identification of patients at risk for CR-Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa are essential. In this retrospective case–control study including all consecutive patients showing an episode of BSI in the ICUs of a university hospital in Italy in the period January–December 2016, patients with blood culture positive for CR-GNB pathogens and for any other bacteria were compared. A total of 106 patients and 158 episodes of BSI were identified. CR-GNBs induced BSI in 49 patients (46%) and 58 episodes (37%). Prognosis score and disease severity at admission, parenteral nutrition, cardiovascular surgery prior to admission to ICU, the presence of sepsis and septic shock, ventilation-associated pneumonia and colonization of the urinary or intestinal tract were statistically significant in the univariate analysis. The duration of ventilation and mortality at 28 days were significantly higher among CR-GNB cases. The prognostic model based on age, presence of sepsis, previous cardiovascular surgery, SAPS II, rectal colonization and invasive respiratory infection from the same pathogen showed a C-index of 89.6%. The identified risk factors are in line with the international literature. The proposal prognostic model seems easy to use and shows excellent performance but requires further studies to be validated.

Isolation of Acinetobacter Spp. and its antimicrobial resistance pattern in all lower respiratory samples from ICU

. are found in moist natural environment and hospital settings. In ICU . is the most common cause of Respiratory tract infection. . has evolved from a minor infection to one of the most virulent and multidrug-resistant, pathogens in intensive care units. Overuses of the antibiotics patients drug resistant pattern are increase and immune compromise patient are not recover early. This research will help in better infection control and a better knowledge of antibiotic resistance patterns in our area. The aim and objective of this study is isolation of . and its antimicrobial resistance pattern in all lower respiratory samples from ICU. All lower respiratory samples were collected (Sputum, BAL, ET etc.) samples was inoculated on MacConkey and blood agar. At 37 degrees Celsius, culture plates were incubated aerobically for 24 hours. Gram staining and biochemical test were used to identify the Acinetobacter species. All species was isolate further processed on the basis of AST by automated through vitek2 compact.Among 151 samples, 71 (47.01%) were culture positive. was isolated in 31 (43.66%). The number and percentage of in various clinical sample were sputum 14 (45.20%), ET 12 (38.70%), pleural fluid 3 (9.60%), BAL 2 (6.50%). The strains showed maximum resistance to Ampicillin (100%) and pipracillinetazobactum (94.0%), Ceftazidime (86%) followed by gentamycin (77%), Ciprofloxacin (72%). All the strains were sensitive to colistin and Polymyxin B (100%).The rise of resistant strains has resulted in fewer treatment choices. Because of the limited therapeutic options, infection prevention and control methods, including not only standard measures but also antibiotic management strategies in the ICU, are important.

Monitoring microbial communities in intensive care units over one year in China

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) seriously threaten patient health in intensive care units (ICUs). Profiling the microbial composition and diversity in ICU is important to prevent HAI-related spreading. Given that microbial communities vary across different environments, the time-scale characteristics of pathogens in ICUs have not been explored in China. In our study, to study the bacterial communities of two different ICUs in China, we proceeded dynamic monitoring using 16S rRNA sequencing for a whole year among the bed sheets, bed rails, shared pulse oximeters, bedside lockers, nurses' hands, floor, and carts. Our results showed that the microbial composition significantly changed within months. Significant differences in alpha and beta diversities were also observed among the 12 sampling months in each ICU. Additionally, we found the persistence of several HAI-related bacteria, including Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, and Enterococcus. Source tracking analysis showed that most bacteria in both ICUs came from buildings or human skin. With deep investigations of hospital microbial surveillance on a long-term time-scale, we hope that these results will provide constructive guidelines to prevent the spread of HAIs in ICUs.

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis during COVID-19 pandemic: medical algorithm

The review article presents data on the prevalence of candidiasis of various localization against the history of coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The predisposing factors for the development and recurrence of candidiasis in patients after therapy for coronavirus infection have been analysed. Candida is one of the most common pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs), affecting 6 to 10% of patients, and some studies have reported an increasing trend in the prevalence of candidemia. The literature data that we analysed showed that the most common types of fungal infection among patients with a severe course of COVID-19 were C. albicans, then C. auris, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, S. cerevisiae, C. krusei and Rhodotorula spp. Candida non-albicans species, in particular C. glabrata, C. auris, were the most common causes of death. The previous treatment regimens for patients with COVID-19 included antibiotics, but at present time corticosteroids are more often used, which have an immunosuppressive effect and, accordingly, predispose to the development of candidiasis. The epithelial injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 also enables Candida to attach to the basement membrane, subsequently triggering the development of mucosal candidiasis. As the systemic and local candidiasis are conditioned by common immune mechanisms that are affected by coronavirus infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) may recur during COVID-19 therapy. The timely diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections in patients who underwent COVID-19 are crucial for achieving a positive clinical outcome. The article provides an algorithm for the management of patients with recurrent VVC, the principles of action of antifungal drugs, their acceptability and efficacy.

Рациональная антибиотикотерапия ведущих микробных патогенов отделений интенсивной терапии

В статье представлены результаты исследования десятилетней эволюции микробного пейзажа в отделениях интенсивной терапии (ОИТ) общего профиля г. Киева. Установлено, что основной причиной селекции патогенной микрофлоры ОИТ является формирование у ведущих микробных патогенов антибиотикорезистентности в результате широкого применения антибиотикотерапии. На сегодняшний день ведущими микробными патогенами ОИТ общего профиля являются Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium и Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Описаны морфологические особенности вышеперечисленных микроорганизмов и механизмы их патогенного действия на организм человека. Представлены результаты собственных исследований чувствительности этих микроорганизмов к антибактериальным препаратам с определением оптимальных программ антибиотикотерапии. На основе анализа мировой литературы рассмотрен вопрос целесообразности применения против мультирезистентных ведущих микробных патогенов ОИТ комбинированной антибактериальной терапии с использованием наиболее эффективных к вышеуказанным микробным патогенам антибиотиков.

Antibacterial Effects of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Ferula asafoetida against Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from the Hospital Environment and Assessment of Their Cytotoxicity on the Human Cell Lines

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a dangerous nosocomial pathogen in intensive care units, causing fatal clinical challenges and mortality. In this study, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the extract of Ferula asafetida and the chemical synthesis of AgNPs were carried out to evaluate their effects on A. baumannii bacterial strain and a human adenocarcinoma cell line. The NPs were characterized using several techniques, including field emission-scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. After synthesis, the arrangement of AgNPs was confirmed based on the maximum absorption peak at 450 nm. The results showed that the AgNPs had a hexagonal structure. The antimicrobial activity of biogenic NPs significantly increased and reached a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 μg/mL. The nanomaterials did not exhibit any toxic effects on the human cell line at certain concentrations and showed improvements compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs. However, at higher concentrations (100 μg/mL), the cytotoxicity increased. Finally, it was concluded that biosynthesized AgNPs had significant antimicrobial effects on A. baumannii isolated from intensive care units.

Colonization With Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Prognosis in Critically Ill Patients: An Observational Cohort Study.

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most frequently isolated opportunistic pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs). Extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii (XDR-AB) strains lack susceptibility to almost all antibiotics and pose a heavy burden on healthcare institutions. In this study, we evaluated the impact of XDR-AB colonization on both the short-term and long-term survival of critically ill patients.Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients from two adult ICUs in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from March 2018 through December 2018. Using nasopharyngeal and perirectal swabs, we evaluated the presence of XDR-AB colonization. Participants were followed up for 6 months. The primary endpoints were 28-day and 6-month mortality after ICU admission. The overall survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. We identified risk factors associated with 28-day and 6-month mortality using the logistic regression model and a time-dependent Cox regression model, respectively.Results: Out of 431 patients, 77 were colonized with XDR-AB. Based on the Kaplan-Meier curve results, the overall survival before 28 days did not differ by colonization status; however, a significantly lower overall survival rate was obtained at 6 months in colonized patients. Univariate and multivariate analysis results confirmed that XDR-AB colonization was not associated with 28-day mortality, but was an independent risk factor of lower overall survival at 6 months (HR = 1.749, 95% CI = 1.174–2.608).Conclusions: XDR-AB colonization has no effect on short-term overall survival, but is associated with lower long-term overall survival in critically ill patients.

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: In ICU the spread of drug resistance has been realized that is related to widespread of antibioticsuses. In ICU the rate of antimicrobial resistance is higher than in general hospital setting. The emergence ofMDR bacteria is an increasing problematic cause of health care associated infections in ICUs, not only dueto increased morbidity and mortality, but also due to increased treatment costs as result of frequent empiricalfailure and lengthy hospital stay. Aim: The main purpose of this study was to know prevalence of the drugresistance pattern for the patients admitted in ICUs. Material and Method: The study was conducted in theDepartment of Microbiology of a tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra during December 2019 to May 2020.In this study patients admitted in ICUs of the hospital who were clinically suspected of having any infectionwere included. Depending on the clinical suspicion from the patients samples were collected. Sampleswere subjected to testing for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Result: E.coli was the mostcommon organism isolated and shows highly resistance to Amoxcillin+Clavulanic acid, Ciprofloxacin.ESBL producer were 20.17% out of all isolate and 29.07% out of total Gram negative organism. Amongall Gram positive organism 13(61.90%) were Staphylococcus aureus in which 8(61.54%) were MRSA.Enterococcus showed 100% resistance to Erythromycin and Penicillin whereas Staphylococcus aureusshowed 84.62% and 69.23% resistance to Penicillin and Erythromycin respectively. Conclusion: This studyconcludes general overview of the incidence and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from ICU.Gram Negative Organisms are causing more infection than Gram Positive Organisms in ICU patients.Hence gram negative organisms are more resistance to higher antibiotics. So antibiotics are used carefully.Therefore antibiotics policies should be formed for ICU and other critical care facilities.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia outer membrane protein A induces epithelial cell apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a common opportunistic pathogen in intensive care units and causes infections most often after surgeries in immune-compromised patients such as those undergoing chemotherapy. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is the most abundant of the outer membrane proteins in S. maltophilia. Previous studies on OmpA usually focus on its interaction with the host cells and its role in vaccine development. However, the impact of OmpA on the virulence of S. maltophilia to host cells and the effects on apoptosis remain unclear. In this study, we exposed purified recombinant S. maltophilia OmpA (rOmpA) to HEp-2 cells and investigated the effects of OmpA on epithelial cell apoptosis. Morphologic and flow cytometric analyses revealed that HEp-2 cells stimulated with rOmpA multiple apoptosis features, including nuclear roundness and pyknosis, chromatin aggregation, and phosphatidylserine eversion. We found that rOmpA regulated the protein levels of Bax and Bcl-xL in HEp-2 cells, leading to changes in mitochondria permeability and the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factors into the cytoplasm. These subsequently activate the caspase-9/caspase-3 pathway that promote apoptosis. We also observed that rOmpA enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in HEp-2 cells. Collectively, our data suggested that rOmpA induced epithelial cells apoptosis via mi-tochondrial pathways.Electronic Supplementary MaterialSupplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12275-020-0235-9 and is accessible for authorized users.

Inhaled antibiotics in intensive care medicine (survey of Russian intensivists). A retrospective observational study

Introduction. The prevalence of nosocomial infections in Moscow hospitals is 7.61 %. In conditions of almost total poly- and pan-resistance of nosocomial pneumonia pathogens in intensive care units, the search for alternative methods of antibiotic therapy is urgent. One such alternative is inhaled antibiotics (IA). This publication presents the results of the study “nhalation antibiotics in resuscitation” based on a questionnaire survey of anesthesiologists-resuscitators. The purpose of this study is to analyze the frequency of use of inhaled forms of antibiotics for NP in intensive care patients in hospitals of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. This survey was reviewed by two leading specialized specialists, approved on November 25, 2017 by the Committee for Recommendations and Organization of Research of the Federation of Anesthesiologists (http://www.far.org.ru/research/362-ingabx). The survey was conducted on 10.01.2018–30.10.2018. Results. According to the results of the study data were obtained on the prevalence of the use of IA for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia (64 % of the respondents); indications (all respondents use Russian national guidelines; 80 % prescribe IA if the current antibiotic therapy regimen is ineffective); drugs used (colisthimetate sodium is used in 52 % of cases, tobramycin — 9 %, amikacin — 24 %, other (acetylcystein antibiotic, gentamicin, cephalosporins of various generations, bacteriophages) — 15 %) and equipment (more than 90 % use mesh-nebulizers), criteria for their cancellation (extremely scattered answers). Conclusion. The results of the questionnaire allow us to substantiate the advisability of additional randomized controlled trials on this issue.