Research Paths Research Articles

An effective imaging based diagnosis of Solar Photovoltaic System and performance parameters for smart solar power grid

Another of the most attractive power generation sources for residential, corporate, and commercial operations is energy production. Due to this compelling qualities, photovoltaic systems (PV) electricity production have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers and professionals. Nonetheless, the greatest obstacle in generating energy from the sun is the predictable discontinuous output power from photovoltaic (PV) systems, which is largely caused by climate. The power differential of a photovoltaic panels may considerably reduce the financial profit of large scale solar fields. For everyday proper management of electricity supply production, distribution, and storing as well as for judgement on the electricity market, results were consistent prediction of the electricity output of solar PV systems is essential. The 5 subjects mentioned in this article are: The varied faults which might occur in PV panels; internet Photovoltaic panels monitoring; Use of machine learning approaches in Photovoltaic module damage detection; Advantages of fault diagnosis in PV panels and the various motion sensors used for this purpose are discussed. Recommendation for future possible research paths are given in view of the evaluated research.

Beyond Sensory Boundaries: Innovative Applications of Synesthetic Design in Shaping Deep Brand Perceptions and Experiences

With the development of modern technology and concepts, the object of design expands from material form to non-material form, and the product modeling design gradually develops towards all-round perception and experience. Products are not only the carrier of function, but also the medium of emotional communication. In an era of information overload and short consumer attention spans, building deep and lasting brand perceptions has become a major challenge for marketers. The researcher explores the innovative application of synesthetic design principles, clarifies the role of synesthetic imagery interoperability and design expressions, constructs a design translation path of synesthetic imagery interoperability with the product as the medium and emotion as the dominant, and explores the process and verification method of the application of synesthetic imagery interoperability in the product styling design, so that synesthetic design can be used as a strategic tool that transcends the boundaries of the traditional sensory marketing, and thus cultivates deep brand experience and cognition. We use the generic design as a strategic tool to transcend the boundaries of traditional sensory marketing, thus cultivating profound brand experience and cognition. By integrating multi-sensory experiences and utilizing the inherent cross-modal correspondences between different sensory modalities, synesthetic design facilitates comprehensive and immersive brand interactions. Through a combination of theoretical exploration and empirical analysis, the researchers demonstrate how synesthetic design can significantly enhance brand memorability, differentiation and emotional resonance. It further explores how the experience of empathy influences consumer behavior and brand loyalty through underlying psychological mechanisms. The results emphasize the potential of synesthetic design in building deeper and more intuitive connections between consumers and brands. The application of synesthetic imagery interoperability to product styling design can elevate users' sensory experience to emotional experience through the use of synesthesia, which provides a new path for product styling design application research.

Our research path toward the restoration of natural sensations in hand prostheses.

The human hand, with its intricate sensory capabilities, plays a pivotal role in our daily interactions with the world. This remarkable organ possesses a wide range of natural sensors that enrich our experiences, enabling us to perceive touch, position, and temperature. These natural sensors work in concert to provide us with a rich sensory experience, enabling us to distinguish between various textures, gauge the force of our grip, determine the position of our fingers without needing to see them, perceive the temperature of objects we come into contact with or detect if a cloth is wet or dry. This complex sensory system is fundamental to our ability to manipulate objects, explore our surroundings, and interact with the world and people around us. In this article, we summarize the research performed in our laboratories over the years and our findings to restore both touch, position, and temperature modalities. The combination of intraneural stimulation, sensory substitution, and wearable technology opens new possibilities for enhancing sensory feedback in prosthetic hands, promising improved functionality and a closer approximation to natural sensory experiences for individuals with limb differences.

Content Automation in Marketing Research: A Bibliometric Analysis using VOSviewer

Objectives: This study conducted a comprehensive assessment of content automation in marketing research using bibliometric analysis spanning 20 years from 2004 to 2024. The primary influential factors, topics, and areas of research were analyzed to determine future research paths. Methods/Analysis: Sample selection and data collection were conducted using the Scopus database. The initial dataset was adjusted by applying certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. The final dataset consisting of 149 articles in the RIS format was loaded into the VOSviewer program to perform a bibliometric analysis. Findings: The results revealed key findings, including the highest citation-counting papers, the most common research format, the research field, the year of publication, collaboration countries, the journal, prominent authors, popular themes, areas for further investigation, and the intellectual framework of current research on the topic. Novelty/ Improvement:Four areas were identified for future research: marketing automation as digital commerce content marketing, artificial intelligence for digital marketing transformation, automation and optimization for personalized advertising content, and automatic knowledge discovery. The temporal development of these issues was also examined to offer valuable insights into the changing focus of academic interest over time and establish a foundation for future investigations. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-03-019 Full Text: PDF

The impact of traditional Chinese paper-cutting in digital protection for intangible cultural heritage under virtual reality technology

Under the impact of the digital wave, traditional paper-cutting art faces unprecedented challenges in preservation and dissemination. Given the urgent need for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) protection, this study explores the application of Virtual Reality (VR) technology in the preservation of paper-cutting art. VR efficiently digitizes and widely disseminates paper-cutting art by skillfully integrating modern technological elements. The study not only deeply analyzes how VR technology can safeguard and inherit traditional Chinese paper-cutting art but also focuses on the meticulous design and optimization of the paper-cutting VR system. The constructed VR system integrates cutting-edge technologies such as 3D modeling and modular design. It showcases outstanding performance in virtual environment rendering and user interaction, rigorously validated through precise evaluation methods. Experimental results demonstrate the paper-cutting VR system's response time of only 10 ms and a high frame rate of 90 frames per second, highlighting its exceptional performance. Furthermore, comprehensive research on the profound impact of the VR system on various stakeholders contributes a new perspective and profound insights into the digital preservation of ICH. In summary, this study successfully innovatively applies VR technology to the protection and dissemination of paper-cutting art, achieving digital preservation goals and injecting new vitality into its inheritance. This pioneering research path opens a hopeful new channel for the digital preservation of ICH and provides a valuable reference for the conservation of other traditional cultures. The study holds critical academic value and significant practical implications. Moreover, the extensive prospects of VR technology in the cultural heritage conservation field urgently require further exploration and investigation.

Longitudinal studies of leadership development: a scoping review

Although various reviews about leadership development (LD) have been published in recent years, no one has attempted to systematically review longitudinal LD studies, which is arguably the most appropriate way to study LD (Day, Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 561–571, 2011). In this way, the focus of the present scoping review is to understand how true longitudinal LD studies have been investigated and what inconsistencies exist, primarily from a methodological perspective. Only business contexts and leadership-associated outcomes are considered. To achieve this, ample searches were performed in five online databases from 1900 to 2021 that returned 1023 articles after the removal of duplicates. Additionally, subject experts were consulted, reference lists of key studies were cross-checked, and handsearch of leading leadership journals was performed. A subsequent and rigorous inclusion process narrowed the sample down to 19 articles. The combined sample contains 2,776 participants (67% male) and 88 waves of data (average of 4.2). Evidence is mapped according to participants, setting, procedures, outcomes, analytical approach, and key findings. Despite many strengths, a lack of context diversity and qualitative designs are noticed. A thematic analysis indicates that LD authors are focused on measuring status, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. Implications for knowledge and future research paths are discussed.

Advanced informatic technologies for intelligent construction: A review

Since there is a growing interest in driving the digital transformation of the construction industry, the goal of this paper is to provide a full picture and understanding of the emerging research front on intelligent construction. Through the quantitative and qualitative analysis, relevant pieces of literature are thoroughly reviewed to extract useful knowledge to raise awareness of intelligent construction, resulting in the summary of research status and the determination of future needs. In light of the research findings, the rapid development of intelligent construction follows the strategies of standardization, digitization, intellectualization, collaboration, greenization, and customization, which mainly support “4S” technologies. The popular research topics covering intelligent engineering services for the project's full lifecycle (i.e., design, construction, operation, and maintenance) and even the city level have been deeply explored, which are proven to dramatically improve project efficiency, safety, and automation. Moreover, challenges exist in three potential paths for future research, including the digital twin-enabled engineering cloud platform, man-machine-environment interaction, great sustainability under carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. As for the practical value, a synthesized point of up-to-date reference is created to guide managers to promote intelligent construction in real-world engineering.

Environmental reporting in public sector organizations: A review of literature for the future paths of research

AbstractThis article aims to determine a comprehensive resume of environmental reporting (ER) in the public sector recognizing its role in achieving the environmental sustainable development goals (SDGs). A structured literature review was conducted by content and bibliometric analysis as well as applying the analytical framework by Manes Rossi et al. (2020) to draft the state‐of‐the‐art of ER in public sector organizations and link them to the environmental SDG targets. The analysis develops insights and critical reflections on emerging research areas related to biodiversity disclosure, climate change, and carbon emission disclosure, including ER from a general perspective in the public sector and identifies future research paths that deserve in‐depth‐investigation. The originality of our study derives from the proposal of a set of renewed streams of research addressed to academics and practical communities as well as to decision‐makers and policymakers in taking urgent action to be compliant with emerging legislative issues and to be accountable toward stakeholders in preventing climate change and combating environmental impacts.

The Acceptance of AI Tools Among Design Professionals: Exploring the Moderating Role of Job Replacement

This study proposes a hypothetical model combining the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) with self-determination theory (SDT) to explore design professionals’ behavioral intentions to use artificial intelligence (AI) tools. Moreover, it incorporates job replacement (JR) as a moderating role. Chinese-speaking design professionals in regions influenced by Confucian culture were surveyed. An analysis of 565 valid cases with AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) supported the structural model hypothesis. The model explains 52.1% of the variance in behavioral intention to use (BIU), proving its effectiveness in explaining these variances. The results further validate the importance of performance expectancy (PE) over effort expectancy (EE) in influencing BIU. Additionally, it has been shown that the impact on intrinsic motivation (IM) and extrinsic motivation (EM) can be either amplified or diminished by anxiety about JR. For individuals experiencing higher levels of JR anxiety, there is a marked increase in IM. They may perceive adopting AI tools as an opportunity to enhance their skills and job security. Conversely, this anxiety also significantly boosts EM, as the potential for improved efficiency and productivity with AI use becomes a compelling incentive. These findings suggest new paths for academic researchers to explore the psychological impacts of AI on design professionals’ roles. For practitioners, especially in human resources and organizational development, understanding these dynamics can guide the creation of training programs that address job replacement anxiety.

The Role of Brand Awareness Mediation on the Influence of Media Richness and Information Quality on Purchase Intention on MS Glow Cosmetic Products

The era of globalization has brought many changes, one of which is the use of social media as a communication medium used by local brands in carrying out their marketing activities. MS Glow took advantage of this opportunity to increase the use of social media to promote skin health to the public and succeeded in achieving first position in the ranking of the best-selling skincare brands in e-commerce. This achievement is not in line with the results of the pre-survey which found that the public has a minimal level of purchase intention. This research aims to analyze the influence of brand awareness in mediating media richness and information quality on purchase intention. The research design was a quantitative associative study carried out in Denpasar City which has quite high purchasing power and health awareness. There were 70 respondents who acted as samples in the research and the research instrument was distributed via the Google Form platform. Validity tests, reliability tests, and confirmatory factor analysis were carried out on the research instruments, and path and Sobel analyzes were carried out to test the research hypotheses. The results of this research are: 1) media richness has a positive and significant effect on brand awareness, 2) information quality has a positive and significant effect on brand awareness, 3) media richness has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention, 4) information quality has an effect positively and significantly on purchase intention, 5) brand awareness has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention 6) brand awareness plays a role in mediating the influence of media richness on purchase intention, and 7) brand awareness has a positive and significant influence in mediating the influence of information quality on purchase intention

Exploring Job Seeker s Experience with AI Interview in Campus Recruitment

AI technology has been applied to human resource selection and interviewing, especially in campus recruitment in industries with greater employment demand, such as consumer goods manufacturing, sales and finance. Currently, research has been carried out on the experience of individual AI services, but there is insufficient study of the experiences of candidates who have actually participated in AI interviewing on campus. Using the rooted theory of the research path, interviewed 9 candidates involved in AI interviews in the course of campus, the result found that the candidates are not satisfied with the experience, the respondents have a poor overall sense of experience, and a lower willingness to continue to participate in an AI interview. Based on the above, the study proposes AI experience perception model for candidates recruited on campus. By understanding job seeker experiences, we can improve the effectiveness and fairness of AI interviews in campus recruitment.

A Review of Social Semiotics in the Interaction of Text and Image

As the major form of anti-epidemic promotion in network media, anti-epidemic promotion picture applies diversified multi-modal symbol resources in the construction of meaning. By exploring the interactive relationship between visual grammar and conceptual metaphor/metonymy, a joint multimodal research framework is created to clarify the meaning construction and mechanism contained in anti-epidemic pictures. The research shows that conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy not only provide cognitive motivation for the realization of visual grammar, but also inspire the associations of images to the real world. Visual Grammar highlights the cognitive meaning expression of conceptual metaphor and metonymy, stimulates readers’ interpretation of conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The research explores the combination of two mainstream multimodal research paths, and provides a new perspective for multimodal discourse analysis practice.

Transforming University: digital transition and future challenges for Higher Education

Introduction: When considering future learning environments in formal, non-formal, and informal domains, it is crucial to acknowledge the influence of the infosphere in which we are deeply immersed. Methodology: This study is focused on the concept of "circularity" between theory and empirical research. It uses a combination of research methods to carry out an exploratory and comparative analysis among six case studies/universities from five European countries. The analysis takes a multi-perspective approach and applies the translation model to study the complex translation process in supranational, national, and local policy practices. Results: The research highlighted the similarities and differences between the analyzed cases, and subsequently provided valuable recommendations for political decision-makers and academic institutions to guide the digital transition. Conclusions: From the analysis of dimensions, it is clear that the university system needs to reassess its teaching methods, organizational structures, management strategies, assessment processes, relationships, and competence frameworks in the teaching and learning processes. Discussion: This process can be enhanced by exploring new research paths to propose guidelines and direct political planning, organizational strategies, and teaching practices in the future European Higher Education space.

Computer-assisted DDL vs. Mobile-assisted DDL: Exploring EFL Learners’ Preferences and Experiences with Two Corpus Interfaces

Data-driven learning (DDL) has traditionally been studied via standard corpus interfaces, such as COCA, Sketch Engine, IntelliText, and other similar corpus tools. In addition, DDL has traditionally been seen as part of the computer-assisted language learning (CALL) approach, primarily because access to corpora and corpus interfaces has historically been limited to desktop computers. However, with the emergence of several simplified and mobile-friendly web corpus interfaces and with mobile assisted language learning (MALL) gaining momentum in language education, along with its potential in DDL, mobile-assisted DDL has become an alternative learning technique. This paper reports on a study carried out with a group of undergraduate EFL students studying at International Balkan University (IBU). In this study, the participants were given linguistic tasks to complete using new web corpus interfaces as reference tools, namely, CorpusMate and Netspeak. The first corpus interface was exploited via the traditional CALL approach, whereas the latter was utilized with mobile technology. The results of the study revealed positive learner perceptions and experiences with the newly introduced tools, while they also displayed enthusiasm and motivation to engage in DDL within the context of MALL. The present study provides valuable insights into students’ perspectives and experiences with state-of-the-art corpus tools and mobile technology, which can help shape future paths for research in DDL and MALL.

Multimodal Meaning Construction of Anti-Pandemic Promotion Picture from the Semiotic-Congnitive Perspective

As the major form of anti-epidemic promotion in network media, anti-epidemic promotion picture applies diversified multi-modal symbol resources in the construction of meaning. By exploring the interactive relationship between visual grammar and conceptual metaphor/metonymy, a joint multimodal research framework is created to clarify the meaning construction and mechanism contained in anti-epidemic pictures. The research shows that conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy not only provide cognitive motivation for the realization of visual grammar, but also inspire the associations of images to the real world. Visual Grammar highlights the cognitive meaning expression of conceptual metaphor and metonymy, stimulates readers’ interpretation of conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The research explores the combination of two mainstream multimodal research paths, and provides a new perspective for multimodal discourse analysis practice.

Can We Standardize Name Reconciliaton via OpenRefine?

Scientific names in biodiversity represent one of the oldest identifiers used in science. As a result, a common repetitive task is being able to reconcile a list of scientific names against curated data sources. Reconciliation allows one to determine if names in a list are spelled correctly, whether they are currently accepted, and their nomenclatural status. There are several online and local resources that provide reconciliation services. We share here the potential in interoperability across reconciliation tools. Global Names Verifier (GNverifier), Catalogue of Life, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Taxonomic Name Resolution Service (TNRS), LifeWatch, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), World Flora Online, Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI), Nomer, Wikidata, and others provide their own tools for name reconciliation. All these tools have their scope, design decisions, input, and output formats. It is often useful to do reconciliation using several such services, because they often include complementary data. However, with all the idiosyncrasies of services and lack of standardization, it is not an easy task (Islam et al. 2024). It would be great for researchers if all existing and future tools could be standardized. Then moving from one resource to another would be as easy as changing the URL. Implementing elements of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data management principles would help to create such standards. However, standardizing all existing and future resources to a common interface would be difficult. Some of them have no monetary or programmatic means to modify their code, while others have more urgent priorities. Some resources support a specific research path where adhering to a rigid standard might hinder their innovation. In this paper we suggest interoperability between reconciliation tools by implementing the OpenRefine Reconciliation Service. OpenRefine is a popular and powerful reconciliation and data cleaning application. It is used by many researchers for data transformation and normalization. Any service that implements the OpenRefine Service can be incorporated into data-management workflows just by providing the service's OpenRefine-compatible URL. Such compatible services can easily be discovered by providing their metadata in the OpenRefine Services Registry. In this paper we discuss our implementation of the OpenRefine Service with the Global Names Verifier (GNverifier) reconciliation tool. GNverifier is developed at the Species File Group as a part of the Global Names Architecture initiative. It offers a powerful, configurable, fast way to reconcile scientific names. GNverifier software aggregates data from more than 100 source datasets. Queries return currently accepted names when provided in a dataset. It allows finding matches for names that historically had several suffixes and can do fuzzy and partial matches. It sorts data by many factors to reliably provide the best available results. With a strong focus on software optimization and a sophisticated matching algorithm, it can process 2000 names a second, making it one of the fastest services available. OpenRefine can use GNverifier directly because it is compatible with the OpenRefine protocol. As shown in Fig. 1, switching between GNverifier and Wikidata reconciliation of scientific names requires only change of a service URL. Implementation of the OpenRefine protocol might solve many standardization problems. Some resources already have it implemented (e.g., Wikidata, GNverifier Whitmire and Mozzherin 2023, WFO Plant List, IPNI). Many people already use OpenRefine for their other reconciliation needs. For them, the incorporation of name reconciliation would be especially beneficial because it will fit into their existing data-management workflow Fig. 2. Basic reconciliation by itself is standard by design and a big step forward. Beyond the basic reconciliation (as seen in Fig. 2) there are more data that researchers are interested in. The Service Protocol allows one to add optional "extended" features. For example, for scientific names, we provide "currently accepted" names, data sources where a name was found, taxonomic classification, etc. Fig. 3. To make these fields standardized, we would need a recommendation document that describes additional fields and their format. We need interested parties to participate in its creation and agree on its usage. The same would apply to optional input filters, for example for restricting reconciliation to certain data sources or higher taxonomic entities. We think OpenRefine would be a significant step forward for standardization between name-reconciliation tools.

Industrial ecosystems: A systematic review, framework and research agenda

There is confusion surrounding the concept of industrial ecosystems (IEs). This research therefore presents a systematic literature review on the subject of industrial ecosystems and outlines several paths for future research. The paper defines the key characteristics of IEs, identifies three perplexity drivers that contribute to the conceptual ambiguity of IEs, proposes a four-tier integrative IE framework that outlines the core components of IE research, and presents a conceptual model that clarifies how synergetic effects emerge, leading to IE transformation. Articles are categorized into four categories (industrial symbiosis, metabolism, architecture, and orchestration) from which ten propositions are delineated. The study encourages researchers to tap into several areas from the view that this is a broad, but still rather unexplored area of research with high relevance for policy.

An Investigation into Tourists' Intentions to Participate in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Wellness and Rehabilitation Tourism: Insights from In-Depth Interviews at the Luofu Mountain Tourist Area

This study aims to explore the flourishing of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) health and rehabilitation tourism in Chinese tourist attractions and the driving factors behind tourists' participation intentions, with a specific focus on Luofu Mountain. Firstly, by elucidating the background and value of TCM health tourism and the rationale for choosing Luofu Mountain as a case study, the core objective of this research is established: to identify the key factors that drive tourists to engage in this unique tourism experience, providing strategic references for scenic area management and industry upgrades. The research covers a wide range of topics, including tourist demand analysis and tourism product innovation, employing a combination of theoretical construction and empirical research. Multiple methods, such as in-depth interviews and quantitative surveys, are used to gain insights into tourists' motivations and experiences. The article is well-structured, with a highlight on using in-depth interviews to reveal the deep psychological factors influencing tourists' participation intentions and the seamless integration of theory and practice. In the literature review section, this paper systematically discusses the theoretical foundations of TCM health and rehabilitation tourism and the theoretical framework of tourists' participation intentions. It also compares domestic and international research progress to identify research gaps. By comparing Luofu Mountain with international cases, this study assesses its strengths and weaknesses, providing policy insights and improvement suggestions. Methodologically, the paper details a carefully designed sampling strategy and data collection and analysis processes, with particular attention to the data analysis and thematic analysis of in-depth interviews. Based on the case of Luofu Mountain, it reveals the behavioral patterns of tourists participating in TCM health tourism and extracts key strategies for product design and service enhancement. In the policy analysis chapter, the paper deconstructs the effects of current policies on Luofu Mountain, identifies areas for improvement, and proposes a tailored set of policy recommendations. Finally, it summarizes the main research findings, including key factors influencing tourist behavior and optimization measures, while reflecting on the study's limitations and suggesting future research paths.

Integrated management systems: a content and bibliometric analysis

PurposeSignificant interest in Integrated Management Systems (IMS), as a key area within ISO-related Management System Standards (MSS) literature, has been evident from both academia and industry over the past three decades. This study aims to map the evolution and current state of IMS research and propose possible directions for future studies.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive content and bibliometric analysis of 846 documents from the Scopus database across the period 1995 to 2023 was conducted. This included performance analysis to track publication trends and identify key contributors, and content analysis to specify dominant research methodologies and the MSS most commonly integrated. Furthermore, science mapping techniques—such as co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and bibliographic coupling—were utilized to outline the collaborative networks and the conceptual and intellectual structure of the field.FindingsThe study identifies three principal IMS research themes: the practical implementation of IMS, their role in promoting sustainability and social responsibility, and their impact on continuous performance improvement. It also highlights the field’s evolution and key research constituents—including influential works, prolific authors, leading academic institutions and countries, and top publishing journals. It further reveals that IMS research exhibits strong collaboration across authors and countries, and a rich methodological plurality, notably with a marked increase in empirical surveys in recent years. Additionally, it identifies the most frequently referenced MSS for integration, prominently featuring ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and ISO 45001/OHSAS 18001.Originality/valueThis study is original in its application of a dual analytical approach—bibliometric and content analysis—to provide a holistic overview of IMS research. It offers new insights into the integration of diverse MSS and proposes several promising paths for future research. Among the most prominent are standardizing IMS fundamental specifications, conducting more empirical research with advanced methods to evaluate the effects of MSS integration, providing practical support for organizations in IMS implementation through tailored methodologies and tools, and exploring the potential of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 technologies to advance IMS practices.

Exploring the potential of routine serological markers in predicting neurological outcomes in spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a rare condition with a heterogeneous presentation, making the prediction of recovery challenging. However, serological markers have been shown to be associated with severity and long-term recovery following SCI. Therefore, our investigation aimed to assess the feasibility of translating this association into a prediction of the lower extremity motor scores (LEMS) at chronic stage (52 weeks after initial injury) in patients with SCI using routine serological markers.Serological markers, assessed within the initial seven days post-injury in the observational cohort study from the Trauma Hospital Murnau underwent diverse feature engineering approaches. These involved arithmetic measurements such as mean, median, minimum, maximum, and range, as well as considerations of the frequency of marker testing and whether values fell within the normal range. To predict LEMS scores at the chronic stage, eight different regression models (including linear, tree-based, and ensemble models) were used to quantify the predictive value of serological markers relative to a baseline model that relied on the very acute LEMS score and patient age alone.The inclusion of serological markers did not improve the performance of the prediction model. The best-performing approach including serological markers achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 6.59 (2.14), which was equivalent to the performance of the baseline model. As an alternative approach, we trained separate models based on the LEMS observed at the very acute stage after injury. Specifically, we considered individuals with an LEMS of 0 or an LEMS exceeding zero separately. This strategy led to a mean improvement in MAE across all cohorts and models, of 1.20 (2.13).We conclude that, in our study, routine serological markers hold limited power for prediction of LEMS. However, the implementation of model stratification by the very acute LEMS markedly enhanced prediction performance. This observation supports the inclusion of clinical knowledge in the modeling of prediction tasks for SCI recovery. Additionally, it lays the path for future research to consider stratified analyses when investigating the predictive power of potential biomarkers.