Father Research Articles

(344) Evaluating Time to Conception Changes Over Two Decades

Abstract Introduction The time to conception is an essential factor that influences reproductive outcomes, and understanding its variance aids in appropriate family planning. Factors such as Body Mass Index (BMI), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and maternal age significantly impact time to conception. Our study explores these factors in the light of the perceived increase in conception time over the last decade. Existing data show a decrease in births per woman worldwide over several decades; however, there is a lack evidence to prove if this trend is due to fertility or volition. Our goal was to observe whether or not a true increase in time to conception exists. Objective The study aimed to discern whether time to conception has increased over the past decade compared to the previous decade. The secondary aim was to explore the relationship between conception time and several variables, including BMI, PCOS, maternal age, and lifestyle habits. Methods We employed Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to conduct an online survey of 12 questions. The study population consisted of pregnant women from the year 2000 onwards. The survey assessed a range of factors: maternal and paternal age, pregnancy year, physical activity levels, tobacco and alcohol use, BMI, race/ethnicity, certain aspects of medical history, months to conception, and total number of gestations. Univariable logistic regression models were employed to assess the correlation between these factors and conception time. Results The results from 852 respondents showed no significant differences in time to conception when comparing individuals who became pregnant post-2012 versus pre-2012. However, several factors significantly influenced conception time. Mothers who exercised more than 150 minutes per week or had endometriosis, history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), or PCOS were 1.4, 1.7, 1.7, and 2.4 times more likely, respectively, to have longer times to conception (>= 6 months) (p < 0.05). Additionally, paternal factors such as undergoing chemotherapy, having testicular cancer, or varicocele were associated with 1.7, 1.6, and 3.5 times longer conception times, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions Although there was no apparent increase in time to conception over the past decade, several factors were significantly associated with extended conception time. These include maternal factors like physical activity, endometriosis, PID, and PCOS, as well as paternal factors like undergoing chemotherapy, having testicular cancer or varicocele. The current guidelines recommend a twelve-month period of attempting conception before pursuing fertility assessment. This study implies that a reevaluation of these guidelines may be warranted. It is plausible that women with one or more of these risk factors should be advised to seek medical attention earlier than twelve months, or even prior to attempting conception. Understanding these relationships provides valuable insights for family planning and infertility treatment, underscoring the importance of comprehensive health and lifestyle evaluation in couples planning to conceive. Future studies should focus on developing targeted interventions to optimize these factors and potentially reduce conception time. Disclosure No.

Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge Regarding Adverse Effects of Inhalant Substance Abuse among Adolescence

The study conducted to assess the level of knowledge regarding the adverse effects of inhalant substance abuse among adolescents in selected schools of Perinthalmanna with a view to develop an awareness video. The objectives are to assess the knowledge of adolescents regarding adverse effects of inhalant substance abuse, to determine the association between the level of knowledge regarding adverse effects of inhalant substance abuse and selected demographic variables, to develop an awareness video regarding the adverse effects of inhalant substance abuse. The study design was non-experimental descriptive survey design. The population in the study were adolescence between age group of 10-15 years studying in Tharakan Higher Secondary School in Perinthalmanna, Malappuram. Convenient sampling technique is used for selecting, samples (N=500). A semi structured questionnaire regarding inhalant substance abuse. The data obtained were analyzed based on the objectives and hypothesis using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings reveals that there is an association between the knowledge of adolescence regarding adverse inhalant substance abuse and the selected demographic variables such as age, religion and education of father and mother.

An epidemiological study of the determinants and patterns of complementary feeding practices among children of 6-24 months of age group.

The introduction of complementary food is the most important factor determining the nutritional status of the children in the first 2 years of life. This study aimed to find out the determinants and patterns of complementary feeding practices and their impact on the growth and development of children of 6-24 months of age group. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done on immunization out patient department (OPD) in the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine. The sample size taken was 250 using a systematic random sampling method. One hundred and seven (42.8%) were given the optimum amount of complementary food for their age. One hundred and three (41.2%) were fed with an adequate frequency for their age. One hundred and ninety-five (78.0%) were given food that was appropriate in consistency for their age. Among 183 (73.2%) children who were not fed appropriately during and after their illness episodes, 119 (65.0%) were malnourished. On using logistic regression it was seen that the variables which had statistically significant association with the complementary feeding patterns (P<0.05) were maternal education, father's age, total members in the family, advice on complementary feeding from health care workers and use of bottle for feeding. Father's education, availability of ration card, antenatal counselling on childcare, birth order and history of repeated illness in the past did not show statistically significant association with complementary feeding practices (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the feeding patterns of normal and malnourished children. The association of complementary feeding practices and the anthropometric status of study children was not found statistically significant in the present study. Advice on complementary feeding from healthcare workers is seen to be having a positive impact on complementary feeding practices (P < 0.01).

Influences on Maternal Mortality in Pakistan: Insights from the 2019 Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey

This article analyzes data from the 2019 Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey to identify factors influencing maternal mortality in Pakistan. Factors like living in rural areas, in lower wealth quintiles, with limited access to media, of younger maternal age, of lower education level, lacking antenatal care, and having limited access to cesarean sections, are all associated with higher maternal mortality rates in the survey data. Increased paternal age, inadequate family planning utilization, and delays in accessing care, show a positive relationship with maternal deaths. The study highlights the complex interactions between demographic, socio-economic, cultural, and healthcare system-related factors and the influence of three health care access delays on maternal mortality. Policymakers should consider improving access to quality healthcare services, promoting the education and empowerment of women, enhancing antenatal care coverage, and reducing delays when people seek and receive care. These are crucial steps to reducing maternal mortality in Pakistan. Targeted policies must be developed to improve maternal health outcomes and reduce maternal deaths. Keywords: Maternal mortality rate, Contributory factors, Maternal health care, Bivariate and multivariable analyses, Logistic method, Pakistan.

Hak Kewarisan Anak Angkat Menurut Hukum Islam

The presence of a child can be a link between couples. However, in fact, some married couples cannot have children, even though they really need children in their domestic life. So the effort to care for or hug a child then becomes an option to get a child even though he is not a natural child. The law states that the purpose of adopting a child is simply to improve the welfare of the child.This research aims to find out and examine Islamic legal regulations regarding the inheritance rights of adopted children. The position of children in Islamic law is still attributed to their biological guardians and not to their adoptive fathers. Moreover, in Islamic inheritance law, adopted children do not get inheritance privileges from the father who supports them, but the freedom of inheritance returns to the biological father of the child being cared for. Children raised in Islam can acquire property from their supportive father through a bequest course and then a mandatory will course. Since taking over, the children and their supportive father have been seen as having been a huge help in their respective lives. Therefore, as a substitute for the freedom inherited from the younger generation, Islamic law provides a way through mandatory gifts and wills.

Effects of parental age and polymer composition on short tandem repeat de novo mutation rates.

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are hotspots of genomic variability in the human germline because of their high mutation rates, which have long been attributed largely to polymerase slippage during DNA replication. This model suggests that STR mutation rates should scale linearly with a father's age, as progenitor cells continually divide after puberty. In contrast, it suggests that STR mutation rates should not scale with a mother's age at her child's conception, since oocytes spend a mother's reproductive years arrested in meiosis II and undergo a fixed number of cell divisions that are independent of the age at ovulation. Yet, mirroring recent findings, we find that STR mutation rates covary with paternal and maternal age, implying that some STR mutations are caused by DNA damage in quiescent cells rather than polymerase slippage in replicating progenitor cells. These results echo the recent finding that DNA damage in oocytes is a significant source of de novo single nucleotide variants and corroborate evidence of STR expansion in postmitotic cells. However, we find that the maternal age effect is not confined to known hotspots of oocyte mutagenesis, nor are postzygotic mutations likely to contribute significantly. STR nucleotide composition demonstrates divergent effects on de novo mutation (DNM) rates between sexes. Unlike the paternal lineage, maternally derived DNMs at A/T STRs display a significantly greater association with maternal age than DNMs at G/C-containing STRs. These observations may suggest the mechanism and developmental timing of certain STR mutations and contradict prior attribution of replication slippage as the primary mechanism of STR mutagenesis.

INHERITANCE RIGHTS OF OUTSIDE MARRIAGE DESCENDANTS AFTER THE RULING OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT NUMBER 46 OF 2010

Humans were created by God to consist of men and women, therefore they are required to live in pairs in a bond called marriage. As stated in the 1945 Constitution, Article 28B Paragraph (1), which reads "Everyone has the right to form a family and continue their offspring through legal marriage". Before there were special regulations regarding marriage, in particular Indonesia still used the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) or Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW) as stated in Book One, Chapter IV concerning Marriage. The research method used in this research is normative juridical, which is supported by primary and secondary data sources, and qualitative analysis is carried out. The research results show that in the Civil Code, children outside of marriage have the status of illegitimate children of their parents. However, the Civil Code provides an opportunity for both parents to recognize the child as a legitimate child. Article 42 of the marriage law. If the marriage is invalid, then the children born from the marriage do not occupy the position of legitimate children. Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 only recognizes children resulting from religiously valid marriages. Apart from that (the result of adultery), legally the child has no blood relationship with his father, but only has a civil relationship. If the biological father is not responsible, then the child through the mother can sue the father in civil law. The regulation of the inheritance rights of illegitimate children in Indonesian legislation and after the issuance of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 can be concluded in Article 863 B.W. First part Regarding the inheritance share of illegitimate children in group I, if the testator dies leaving legitimate descendants and/or the husband/wife who lives the longest, then illegitimate children who can be recognized as inheriting a third of what they would have received had they been legitimate child. Then Article 100 KHI states that children born out of wedlock only have a lineage relationship with their mother and their mother's family. Then article 43 paragraph 1 of Law Number 1 of 1974 states that children born outside of marriage only have a civil relationship with their mother and their mother's family.

DAMPAK PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NO. 46/PUUVIII/2010 TERHADAP HUKUM PERKAWINAN DI INDONESIA

The Constitutional Court has handed down the decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 which brings a new paradigm in the family law system in Indonesia. Acceptance of judicial review of Article 2 paragraph (2) and Article 43 of Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage resulted in a decision stating that a child out of wedlock not only has a civil relationship with the mother and her mother's family, but also with her biological father as long as it can be proven by science and technology. The decision amends Article 43 paragraph 1 of Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and reaped a lot of controversy. Most of the community stated that the decision legalized adultery. Therefore, the author raises the issue of the implications of the decision of the Constitutional Court no. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 on marriage law in Indonesia. The results of the discussion show that the decision has no effect on the provisions for registration of marriages as regulated in Article 2 paragraph (2) of Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. However, it has big implications for the position of children born out of wedlock. Children born out of wedlock have the same rights as legitimate children, namely having kinship relations with biological fathers, maintenance, marriage guardians, and inheritance. The type of research used is library research using normative-juridical and juridical-sociological approaches. Sources of data were extracted from written materials such as legal texts such as law books, statutory regulations, compilations of Islamic law and journals relevant to the problems the authors discussed.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome presenting with de novo TP53 mutation, severe phenotype and advanced paternal age: a case report

BackgroundLi-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome caused by pathogenic variants in the gene TP53. This gene codes for the P53 protein, a crucial player in genomic stability, which functions as a tumor suppressor gene. Individuals with LFS frequently develop multiple primary tumors at a young age, such as soft tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and brain tumors.Case presentationA 38 years-old female with a history of femur osteosarcoma, ductal carcinoma of the breast, high-grade breast sarcoma, pleomorphic sarcoma of the left upper limb, infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast, gastric adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma of the right upper limb, and high-grade pleomorphic renal sarcoma. Complete molecular sequencing of the TP53 gene showed c.586 C > T (p.R196X) in exon 6, which is a nonsense mutation that produces a shorter and malfunctioning P53. Family history includes advanced father’s age at the time of conception (75 years), which has been associated with an increased risk of de novo germline mutations. The patient had seven paternal half-siblings with no cancer history. The patient received multiple treatments including surgery, systemic therapy, and radiotherapy, but died at the age of 38.ConclusionsAdvanced paternal age is a risk factor to consider when hereditary cancer syndrome is suspected. Early detection of hereditary cancer syndromes and their multi-disciplinary surveillance and treatment is important to improve clinical outcomes for these patients. Further investigation of the relationship between the pathogenic variant of TP53 and its phenotype may guide the stratification of surveillance and treatment.

Advanced Paternal Age: A New Indicator for the Use of Microfluidic Devices for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Selection.

New social conditions and progress in ART have both contributed to the delay in parenthood in developed countries. While the effects of maternal age have been widely studied, paternal age is poorly understood, and there are no specific guides on ART techniques to treat its deleterious effects. It is known that there is an increase in sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) in elderly men, and new sperm selection devices using microfluids have been developed. This study analyses 189 ICSI cycles with donor oocytes performed between January 2018 and February 2022. Spermatozoa were selected using an MSS device or density gradients, followed by ICSI fertilization and fresh/thawed embryo transfer. We assessed the association between the selection technique, paternal age (< or ≥45) and reproductive outcomes. Fertilization (FR), blastulation (BR), implantation (IR), live-birth (LBR) and miscarriage (MR) rates were calculated. The results showed significantly higher IR (57.7% vs. 42.5%) and LBR (42.9% vs. 30.3%) when applying MSS selection, and particularly higher BR, IR and LBR when the paternal age was equal to or over 45 years (BR: 64.4 ± 23% vs. 50.1 ± 25%, IR: 51.5% vs. 31.6% and LBR: 42.4% vs. 23.7%). We also found a negative correlation between BR and paternal age (r2 = 0.084). The findings show that MSS enhances success in assisted reproduction cycles with ICSI, especially in couples with advanced paternal age. We propose advanced paternal age as a new indicator for the application of sperm selection techniques that reduce fragmentation.

The equine umbilical cord in clinically healthy pregnancies.

Excessive umbilical cord length (UCL) is associated with equine pregnancy loss. However, a lack of UCL reference values makes it difficult to define excessive UCL. Further, factors associated with differences in UCL are poorly understood. To (i) report the total, allantoic and amniotic UCL in healthy term pregnancies in Thoroughbreds, (ii) describe the relationship between gestational age and UCL, fetal weight and crown rump length (CRL) using clinically normal pregnancies (CNPs) from mares dying during gestation, and (iii) identify associations between UCL and maternal age and parity, paternal age, and fetal sex. Cross-sectional. Data including UCLs, fetal weight, CRL and maternal age, parity, paternal age and fetal sex were taken from CNPs from Thoroughbred mares dying during gestation (n = 32), and placentas from HTPs(n = 34) in England. Correlations were assessed using Spearman's rank with significant correlations estimated by locally weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOWESS). Regression plots were fitted to highly correlated variables to further assess and quantify relationships. Differences in UCL between categorical variables were assessed using Kruskall Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The median total, amniotic and allantoic HTP UCLs were 53.5 cm (interquartile range [IQR] 16), 29.5 cm (IQR 7) and 25.0 cm (IQR 8) respectively. Gestational age and amniotic UCL were moderately correlated (rho = 0.53, p = 0.04), with LOWESS estimating an exponential increase followed by plateauing at around Day 200. Nonlinear associations were observed between fetal weight and gestational age and CRL (adjusted r2 = 0.98 and 0.95 respectively). A linear association was observed between gestational age and CRL: predicted CRL = -17.60 + 0.38 × gestational age, p < 0.001. Limited availability of CNPs from mares dying during gestation. Estimated relationships can only approximate growth. This study provides important UCL and fetal size reference values, which may aid in assessing abnormalities. For the first time, associations between UCL and gestational age have been described.

‘The secret sauce’: Experience of a group‐based intervention for Black and Latino fathers

AbstractFatherhood interventions have emerged as significant tools for strengthening father identity and parenting skills. Despite the growing evidence of the effectiveness and benefits of these interventions for fathers and their families, there are limited studies on fathers' and providers' perspectives and experiences with the implementation of father‐based interventions. To fill this gap, we explore the unique experiences of the Black and Latino programme staff and fathers in the implementation of the 24/7 Dad® intervention. Qualitative data were collected between October 2021 and February 2022 from all programme staff (n = 7) and selected Dad 24/7 fathers (n = 20) from the English (n = 10) and Spanish (n = 10) intervention groups. All programme staff completed a semi‐structured interview via phone and/or video conferencing. A qualitative descriptive approach was used for analysis. Average age of staff was 53 years; mean age of fathers was 43 years. Among staff, 43% were Black, and 57% were Latino. Fathers self‐identified as Black (30%) and Latino (70%). Three key staff themes were benefits to fathers, impact on fathers and facilitators, and ways to strengthen fatherhood interventions. Three key father themes were intervention benefits, intervention impact (what ‘made it work’) and ways to strengthen intervention services. Fathering is a key component in maintaining healthy families and communities. Fatherhood interventions have great potential for empowering fathers and strengthening families. Finding ways to a relational approach, allocating more time for robust participation and building on facilitators' experiences and assets can help strengthen the impact of fatherhood interventions.

The effect of paternal anxiety on mother-infant bonding in neonatal intensive care

BackgroundThe hospitalization of a preterm infant in the NICU can lead to mental health difficulties in parents, but not much is known how paternal anxiety might affect the mother-infant relationship.MethodsThis prospective cohort study is a secondary analysis investigating how paternal anxiety levels might affect maternal bonding in the NICU using the dataset of the multinational pragmatic randomized controlled trial LongSTEP. A linear mixed-effects model was used for correlations of paternal anxiety (GAD-7) and maternal bonding (PBQ) at NICU discharge, and at 6 and 12 months infant corrected age. Secondary analyses examined effects on paternal anxiety related to: site (Argentina, Colombia, Israel, Norway, and Poland), maternal depression (EPDS), infant gestational age at birth, paternal age, and type of pregnancy.ResultsPaternal anxiety did not predict maternal bonding at NICU discharge (p = 0.096), at 6 months (p = 0.316), or at 12 months infant corrected age (p = 0.473). Secondary outcomes showed a statistically significant site effect, with higher paternal anxiety levels at the two Colombian sites at baseline (p = 0.014 and p = 0.020) and for one site at discharge (p = 0.012), but not for paternal age (p = 0.925 and p = 0.793), infant gestational age at birth (p = 0.974 and p = 0.686 and p = 0.340), or type of pregnancy (p = 0.381). Maternal depression predicted paternal anxiety at baseline (p < 0.001) and at discharge (p = 0.003).ConclusionsIn this study, paternal anxiety did not predict maternal bonding. Paternal anxiety varied by site, indicating a need for research on potential cultural differences in manifestation of paternal anxiety. Maternal depression predicted paternal anxiety, confirming a previously reported correlation. Further research on variations in paternal mental health in the neonatal period is warranted, as well as exploration of the social contagion of mental health in preterm parents.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03564184.

Familial factors rather than paternal age contribute to the aetiology of epilepsy.

Whether paternal age associated with offspring's epilepsy risk is a cause of de novo mutation as men age, or just an association due to confounding factors, is still unclear. We performed a population-based, multi-generation and sibling comparison study in Taiwan, which included 2 751 232 singletons born in 2001-17 who were followed until 2020. Of these, 819 371/826 087 with information on paternal/maternal grandparents were selected for multi-generation analyses and 1 748 382 with sibling(s) were selected for sibling comparison. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). In the total cohort, there was an increased risk of epilepsy in individuals with advanced paternal age, e.g. the HR for paternal age ≥50 was1.36 (95% CI: 1.15-1.61) compared with paternal age 25-29, and fathers older than mothers, e.g. the HR for parental age difference ≥15 years was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.16-1.43). When accounting for parental age difference, the association between paternal age and epilepsy in offspring was attenuated (HR for paternal age ≥50 was 1.11, 95% CI: 0.93-1.34). Multi-generation analyses did not support the association of advanced grand-paternal age at childbirth of the parent with offspring's risk of epilepsy. Sibling comparison analyses did not support the association of older paternal age with increased risk of epilepsy (HR was 0.96 for per year increase in paternal age, 95% CI: 0.96-0.97). These results do not support the hypothesis that advanced paternal age is associated with epilepsy in offspring. Instead, familial factors may explain the observed paternal age association with the offspring's risk of epilepsy.

A predisposed motor bias shapes individuality in vocal learning.

The development of individuality during learned behavior is a common trait observed across animal species; however, the underlying biological mechanisms remain understood. Similar to human speech, songbirds develop individually unique songs with species-specific traits through vocal learning. In this study, we investigate the developmental and molecular mechanisms underlying individuality in vocal learning by utilizing F1 hybrid songbirds (Taeniopygia guttata cross with Taeniopygia bichenovii), taking an integrating approach combining experimentally controlled systematic song tutoring, unbiased discriminant analysis of song features, and single-cell transcriptomics. When tutoring with songs from both parental species, F1 hybrid individuals exhibit evident diversity in their acquired songs. Approximately 30% of F1 hybrids selectively learn either song of the two parental species, while others develop merged songs that combine traits from both species. Vocal acoustic biases during vocal babbling initially appear as individual differences in songs among F1 juveniles and are maintained through the sensitive period of song vocal learning. These vocal acoustic biases emerge independently of the initial auditory experience of hearing the biological father's and passive tutored songs. We identify individual differences in transcriptional signatures in a subset of cell types, including the glutamatergic neurons projecting from the cortical vocal output nucleus to the hypoglossal nuclei, which are associated with variations of vocal acoustic features. These findings suggest that a genetically predisposed vocal motor bias serves as the initial origin of individual variation in vocal learning, influencing learning constraints and preferences.

The Legal Certainty Surrounding the Status of Children Born Through in-Vitro Fertilization With a Deceased Biological Father is A Subject of Discussion

The purpose of marriage includes the desire to have offspring; however, not all married couples achieve this, often due to primary health issues. Expert doctors, armed with knowledge and technology, have discovered a method in the process of reproduction known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF). This discovery serves as a solution for married couples facing health problems. IVF is a process where egg fertilization by sperm occurs outside the female body, utilizing a fertilization tube. The resulting valid fertilization is then implanted in the wife's womb, from where the egg originated. The legal regulations for IVF are based on Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning health. Assisted pregnancy efforts can only be undertaken by legally married couples, meeting specific criteria such as fertilization materials originating from the husband and wife, with the implantation performed by authorized healthcare professionals at designated facilities. If these conditions are met, the offspring resulting from IVF is considered the biological child of the married couple. However, new challenges arise when the IVF process is conducted after the husband's demise, particularly in determining the lineage and civil rights status of the child or baby born through this process. To address these new challenges, this research aims to understand the legal status of posthumous IVF implementation and the lineage and civil rights status of children born through this process. The research is conducted through a literature review, utilizing a normative approach, with data collection from primary and secondary sources. The research findings indicate that the lineage and civil rights of a child born through posthumous IVF can be established with evidence from the biological father, demonstrated through scientific and technological means or other legal evidence establishing a blood relationship, as highlighted in Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU VIII/2010.Keywords: In-Vitro Fertilization (Bayi Tabung), Legal Certainty, Civil Rights.

The impact of paternal age on cumulative assisted reproductive technology outcomes.

To investigate the impact of paternal age on cumulative live birth rate in ART. Retrospective single-center cohort study. All female patients aged 18-43 years and male patients aged 18-60 years, who performed their first ART cycle between January 2018 and December 2020, were included. The primary outcome, cumulative live birth rate (cLBR), was estimated following fresh or frozen embryo transfers issued from an ART cycle. Secondary outcomes included the cumulative pregnancy rate (cPR) and miscarriage rate. Subgroup analyzes were performed as follows: men <45 and ≥ 45; female <35, 35-38, and > 38 years. A total of 2,358 couples were included in this study. The sperm quantity of male patients within both age groups was divided in two groups: normal and abnormal, which were found to be in significantly equal proportions. There were significantly fewer current smokers in the male group ≥45. The cPR was 0.5301 in the group <45 and 0.3111 in the group ≥45, with a p-value <0.001. Analysis according to the female age revealed that, in the female group >38, the cLBR rate was 0.26 for men <45 and 0.19 for men ≥45, with a p-value of 0.061. Additionally, the cPR was 0.34 in the male group <45 and 0.21 in the group ≥45, with a p-value <0.001. In the female group between 35 and 38 years of age, the cLBR was 0.44 in the male group <45 and 0.3 in the male group ≥45, with a p-value of 0.031. The cPR was 0.49 in the male group <45 and 0.34 in the group ≥45, p = 0.036. Within the female group <35, we observed non-significant results. The miscarriage rate results were not significantly different for women ≤38. According to the results from our study, male age ≥ 45 has a significant impact on cumulative ART outcomes.

Childhood trauma histories in men and women assessed by the childhood attachment and relational trauma screen (CARTS) and the global psychotrauma screen (GPS): Results from the global collaboration on traumatic stress (GC-TS)

BackgroundWhether there are biological sex differences in rates of childhood trauma exposure perpetrated by female versus male biological parents remains largely unknown. Moreover, the relative risk posed by various vulnerability factors for transdiagnostic mental health outcomes among females vs. males in adulthood has received insufficient attention. ObjectiveTo compare biological sex differences in the long-term impact of childhood abuse and neglect on transdiagnostic mental health outcomes, especially comparing the outcomes of childhood maltreatment perpetrated by biological mothers vs. fathers. Participants and setting3129 participants (2784 female [89 %]) were recruited online, the majority (82 %) of whom endorsed having a childhood trauma history and a high number of mental health problems. MethodsOnline surveys were administered. Specifically, the Childhood Attachment and Relational Trauma Screen (CARTS) was completed as a relationally-contextualized screening measure of both positive and traumatic-neglectful experiences during childhood, comparing severity of perpetration by male vs. female biological parents. Further, the Global Psychotrauma Screen (GPS) was completed to assess the relative risk of five vulnerability factors, including childhood abuse and neglect, for long-term transdiagnostic mental health outcomes. Statistical analyses elucidate group differences between males and females primarily by way of t-tests and associated effect sizes (Cohen's d). ResultsBiological sex differences were shown for childhood maltreatment perpetration by male vs. female biological parents, wherein responses to CARTS showed that females reported that their biological mothers exhibited less positivity (d = 0.21), less attachment security (d = 0.22), more negative feelings toward them (d = 0.28), were more emotionally abusive (d = 0.17), and held more negative relational beliefs about them (d = 0.24). Comparably, males reported that their biological fathers were more physically abusive (d = 0.15) and that they held more negative relational beliefs toward their fathers (d = 0.25). Risk factors including having a history of childhood trauma and neglect were associated with transdiagnostic mental health problems among both females (d = 0.57) and males (d = 0.46), with other risk factors evidencing similar results. ConclusionsChildhood trauma and neglect is a risk factor for transdiagnostic mental health outcomes among both females and males, although the two biological sexes may exhibit different levels of risk of being maltreated by female and male biological parents. Specifically, females reported having more emotionally abusive biological mothers, while males reported having more physically abusive biological fathers.

“We decided together”: a qualitative study about women with HIV navigating infant-feeding decisions with the father of their children

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that women with HIV breastfeed for a minimum of one year. In contrast, United Kingdom (UK) guidelines encourage formula feeding, but breastfeeding can be supported under certain circumstances. Infant-feeding decisions often involve personal and social networks. Currently, little research addresses how individuals with HIV in high-income countries navigate infant-feeding decisions with the father of their children.MethodsSemi-structured remote interviews were conducted with UK-based individuals with a confirmed HIV positive diagnosis who were pregnant or one-year postpartum, and two partners. Using purposive sampling, pregnant and postpartum participants were recruited through HIV NHS clinics and community-based organisations, and where possible, fathers were recruited via them. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and organised using NVivo 12.ResultsOf the 36 women interviewed, 28 were postpartum. The majority were of Black African descent (n = 22) and born outside the UK. The key factors in women navigating HIV and infant-feeding discussions with respect to their baby’s father were the latter’s: (1) awareness of woman’s HIV status; (2) relationship with the woman; (3) confidence in infant-feeding decision; (4) support and opinion about woman’s infant-feeding intentions. Most women made a joint decision with biological fathers when in a long-term (> one year) relationship with them. Single women tended not to discuss their infant-feeding decision with the father of their child, often for safety reasons.ConclusionWomen in ongoing relationships with the father of their child valued their support and opinions regarding infant-feeding. In contrast, single women chose not to involve the father for reasons of privacy and safety. Clinical teams and community-based organisations should support mothers in discussing infant-feeding decisions regardless of relationship status. When appropriate, they should also support discussions with their partners, but remain sensitive to circumstances where this may put women at risk.

Inheritance Rights of Extramarital-Children after the Constitutional Court Decision of 2010

Extramarital-children refer to children who are born outside the marriage. The position extramarital-children are legally vulnerable and therefore needs attention. The Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU- VIII/2010 recognizes the legal status of extramarital children against their biological fathers as long as their genetic relationship can be proven by way of DNA testing and supported with other evidence. This study aims to examine the inheritance right of the extramarital-children, especially after the issuance of the mentioned Constitutional Court Decision. This normative legal research employs statutory, case and comparative approaches. Although the focus of this study is more on the legal development in Indonesia, however, this paper also provides a comparative analysis with some other countries, especially with regard to the utilization of the DNA Testing for legal purposes. The results show that the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VII/2020 does not address the inheritance right of extramarital-children and therefore they cannot inherit each other from their biological fathers. In regard to inheritance, this issue will be referred to the existing law of inheritance.