Patents For Inventions Research Articles

The impact of environmental information disclosure on green innovation in extractive enterprises: Promote or crowd out?

Environmental information disclosure (EID) is an essential manifestation of a firm's Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) strategy. However, there is no consensus on whether EID can improve extractive enterprise green innovation. Drawing on data from Chinese-listed extractive industries companies for the period 2002–2017, this paper disentangles the complex impact of EID on green innovation by using the difference-in-difference method. The results show that the EID policy improves the overall green innovation performance of the extractive firms, but this improvement is mainly driven by the utility model patents rather than green invention patents with higher innovation levels. The dynamic effects show that the green innovation effect of EID has an upward trend after a three-year lag. Moreover, the green innovation effect in regions with high information disclosure intensity and state-owned enterprises is more prominent. Moreover, the mechanism tests reveal that although the resource crowding-out effect will hinder green innovation activities, EID can stimulate firms to conduct green innovation activities by alleviating financing constraints, increasing internal incentives, and imposing external pressure. Our findings provide the necessary empirical support for the government to promote the voluntary instruments.

Wellbeing in Africa: The role of technology transfer

The study assesses the effect of technology transfers on subjective well-being in 29 African countries. We adopt the GMM and the IV Tobit models and employ the Lifeladder indicator of happiness as a measure of subjective well-being. The findings reveal a positive significant effect of technology transfers on subjective well-being in Africa after accounting for the problems of autocorrelation, endogeneity, and heteroskedasticity. After controlling for the limited range of the subjective well-being indicator, the findings still indicate a positive significant effect of both residents' and abroad patent applications on the Lifeladder index. Employing scientific and technical article publication as an alternative indicator of technology transfers, the findings still indicate that subjective well-being in Africa is significantly improved by technology transfers and investments in academic research. The study suggests African economies should invest more in both human capital and technology infrastructure while developing patentable inventions that allow technology transfers to boost the continent's development and well-being.

Research on the R&D Strategies of Iron and Steel Enterprises Based on Semantic Topic Analysis of Patents

R&D strategies play a decisive role in the promotion of enterprise innovation output and innovation ability. In order to thoroughly investigate the R&D strategies of iron and steel enterprises, an R&D strategy analysis framework based on R&D semantic topic analysis and outlier behavior detection was proposed. Additionally, empirical research on R&D layout and direction, R&D quality, and the achievement maintenance strategy of enterprises, from both macro and micro perspectives, was conducted. The feasibility of the R&D strategy analysis framework was verified. Additionally, the results show that, in terms of R&D topic layout strategy, most enterprises adopted a stable maintenance strategy after quickly completing the layout; regarding the R&D focus strategy, most enterprises focused on R&D fields and carried out strategic management; for R&D quality control strategy, some enterprises adopted a strategy of prolonging the duration of invention patents, and high-quality outputs with a long lifetime were developed rapidly. These research results have reference value for Chinese enterprises, to adjust their R&D strategies, and for the government, to formulate supporting policies.

The Effects of Central Environmental Supervision and Inspection on the Green Innovation of Industrial Firms in China

Environmental problems such as poor air quality has recently drawn great attention in China. Chinas government has proposed plenty of regulations to alleviate these problems. Central environmental supervision and inspection (CESI), a kind of campaign-style command-and-control regulation, started in 2016 and is still underway. By dispatching central inspectors in groups to provinces in batches, CESI is much stronger and more direct than other command-and-control regulations in the past. There are many papers about CESI, but few examine the relation between it and green innovation from the micro-firm perspective. Since firms green innovation (FGI) is a vital driver of the green transformation, the author examines whether and how the first round of CESI influenced the industrial FGI in this paper, based on Time-Varying Difference-in-differences (TDID) model and Mediation Effect model. The 2011-2019 panel data of industrial firms that are listed in A-share market is used, and it is selected from China Stock Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR) database. Besides, FGI is measured by the quantity of green patents, including green utility and invention patents. Unfortunately, the results of both descriptive and empirical analysis show that CESI neg-actively affected FGI partly because the financial condition of firms worsened due to CESI. Moreover, according to heterogeneity analysis, the policy effect is still weak on firms in underdeveloped cities. The author offers some suggestions for improving relevant policies based on these findings.

Do ESG ratings promote corporate green innovation? A quasi-natural experiment based on SynTao Green Finance's ESG ratings

Corporate efforts in green technology improvements are critical for enhancing sustainability; consequently, how to promote green innovation has attracted scholarly attention. This study explores whether and how environment, social, and governance (ESG) ratings influence corporate green innovation by using an independent third-party rating agency's (SynTao Green Finance) ESG ratings in China as a quasi-natural experiment. We find companies covered by the ESG rating agency significantly increase green innovation output by 3.9%, mainly as an increase in green invention patents. ESG ratings' positive effects on green innovation are more pronounced for firms whose investors are less short-sighted, non-state-owned enterprises and firms with higher degree of financial constraints. Additionally, we find ESG ratings' impact can also increase the green innovation quality and synergetic green innovation. Thus, ESG ratings from third-party institutions can effectively increase corporate green innovation, which has important implications for companies to achieve green transformation and for emerging markets to improve ESG rating systems.

Estimating the Performance of Entity Resolution Algorithms: Lessons Learned Through PatentsView.org

This article introduces a novel evaluation methodology for entity resolution algorithms. It is motivated by PatentsView.org, a public-use patent data exploration platform that disambiguates patent inventors using an entity resolution algorithm. We provide a data collection methodology and tailored performance estimators that account for sampling biases. Our approach is simple, practical, and principled—key characteristics that allow us to paint the first representative picture of PatentsView’s disambiguation performance. The results are used to inform PatentsView’s users of the reliability of the data and to allow the comparison of competing disambiguation algorithms.

Calculating regional innovation efficiency and factor allocation in China: the price signal perspective

ABSTRACT Based on the improved HK model, we use data on Chinese listed companies and incopat invention patents from 2015 to 2020 to estimate the monetary value of invention patents in terms of price signals. We also measure innovation efficiency and resource allocation at the regional level. The results indicate that the average value of each invention patent is 837 900 yuan, with an average value for each enterprise of 23.86 million yuan. Regionally, the eastern region has the highest innovation efficiency, which is 3 and 3.42 times that of the central and western region, respectively. Further, we calculate the results by province and industry and divide them into three types: seeking progress in stability, accelerating catch-up and structural adjustment according to the innovation characteristics, and put forward targeted development plans for different types of province and industry. Finally, we explore the factors influencing innovation efficiency and resource allocation of enterprises in different regions from the aspect of innovation policy and enterprise characteristics. We find that government subsidies can promote the innovation ability of inland enterprises, and enterprises with certain scale and long survival times may have stronger innovation ability.

The Impact of the Digital Economy on Carbon Emissions from Cultivated Land Use

Is digitalization conducive to promoting carbon reduction in cultivated land use while empowering high-quality socio-economic development and intelligent territorial spatial planning? Derived from China’s provincial panel data from the period 2011 to 2019, in this paper, we employ a fixed-effect model to study the impact of the digital economy on carbon emissions from cultivated land use and apply an intermediary-effect model to estimate the impact that the structure of the digital economy has on carbon emissions from cultivated land use. The results indicate the following: (1) The expansion of the digital economy can significantly decrease the carbon emissions caused by cultivated land use. This conclusion is still valid after considering endogenous issues and conducting a series of robustness tests. (2) Green technical renovation has played a significant intermediary role in the effect the digital economy has on the amount of carbon emissions from cultivated land use. (3) Digital economy development has significantly promoted innovation in green technology by increasing the size of green invention patent applications and authorizations, thus effectively curbing carbon emissions from cultivated land use and achieving the carbon emission reduction effect of the digital economy. However, some suggestions are put forward, including speeding up the deep integration of digital technology and cultivated land use planning, strengthening the application of green technical renovation achievements in the agricultural field, and enhancing the government’s function in the institutional guarantee of the growth of the digital economy.

The Jurisprudence of Patentable and Non-patentable Inventions: Nigerian in Perspective

Patent is an industrial property right granted by the government of a state to a patentee. It is an intangible, incorporeal and exclusive right granted under the Law to an invention. While an invention is something that has never been made or existed before. Patents are granted to inventions, but not every invention qualify for grant of patent, hence there are patentable and non-patentable inventions. An invention is patentable if it is new, results from an inventive activity and is capable of industrial application (s.1(1) of the Patent and Designs Act 2004). Several textbooks, case laws, statutes(local and International), internet sources reveal that Nigerian legislation inadequately granted patent to inventions, wherein it did not grant patent to some inventions which International intellectual property regime stated patent should be granted. The Laws of developed countries like USA have wider protection of inventions than Laws of developing countries like Nigeria. Hence the Nigerian Law is narrow in the inventions that should be patentable as against the International Intellectual Property Regime.

The Impact of Intellectual Property Quality on Economic Development: Insights from Jiangsu Province

Aims: This paper gets rid of the limitation of patent quantity of intellectual property, strengthens people's protection on the quality of intellectual property, and makes people realize that intellectual property will eventually be transformed into productivity and have an impact on economic development.
 Study Design: The quality of intellectual property is measured through three dimensions: patent market (economic) quality, patent technology quality and patent law quality
 Methodology: Based on the essence of patent quality, this paper defines and divides the concept, evaluation system and research index of intellectual property quality, and analyzes the internal relationship and influence mechanism between intellectual property quality and economic development.
 Results: The quality of intellectual property is positively correlated with economic development.
 Conclusion: The research conclusion puts forward new requirements for the transformation efficiency of intellectual property in the technology market of Jiangsu Province. The ultimate destination of patent invention is to serve the society and promote productivity. It is not only necessary to pay attention to the protection of the "source" of intellectual property, but also to enhance the agglomeration effect of intellectual property in the "economic estuary". It is of great practical significance to realize both "quality" and "quantity" of intellectual property for strengthening the construction of intellectual property, perfecting intellectual property system and promoting economic development.

Evolutionary Analysis of Knowledge-Based Networks of the Electronic Information Industry from a Dual Innovation Perspective

It provides specific theoretical guidance to enhance the enterprise’s independent innovation capabilities by studying the knowledge utilization and the evolution of innovation under different innovation strategies and revealing the law of innovation path. Based on the data of invention patents of 579 electronic information enterprises from 2010 to 2019, this paper constructs a knowledge-based network based on social network analysis to study the evolution process of density, centrality, and structural holes of knowledge. The evolution analysis of 3360 knowledge-based networks shows that the electronic information industry’s overall knowledge integration capacity is in the middle and lower reaches. The widespread knowledge reliance in the electronic information industry is small, the industry is out of the ‘capacity traps’, and diversified development has gradually become a trend. At the same time, cross-domain knowledge reorganization is increasing. The results show that the overall knowledge reliance degree of enterprises applying an exploitative innovation strategy is deeper than that of enterprises applying an exploratory innovation strategy. The knowledge integration capabilities and cross-domain knowledge reorganization capabilities of enterprises applying exploratory innovation strategies are higher than those of enterprises applying exploitative innovation strategy.

From university basic research to firm innovation: diffusion mechanism and boundary conditions under a U-shaped relationship

The paradox between China's dazzling S&T output and the technological dilemma of enterprises challenges the positive effect of basic research on technological innovation, and extant research has not solved this problem. To bridge this theoretical gap, we integrated resource dependence theory and institutional theory, and matched the data of universities and governments at the provincial level and the data of enterprises at the micro level to clarify whether and how university basic research promotes firm innovation. We found that: (1) there is a U-shaped relationship between university basic research and firm innovation. (2) University-enterprise cooperation, S&T services and paper achievements played a mediating role, but invention patent achievements did not. (3) Neither the supporting nor the intervening hand of the government can moderate the U-shaped relationship. (4) Only when the enterprise has no political connection, is located in the eastern region, and is not in the provincial capital city or special economic zone, is the U-shaped relationship established. Furthermore, the functional mechanism and boundary conditions of the U-shaped relationship are further clarified through a robustness test of variable substitution and sample subdivision.

Artificial intelligence and patents in Brazil: Overview on patentability and comparative study on patent filings

Innovations related to artificial intelligence (AI) can impact many technological fields and gather attention of several sectors from industry. Brazil is a developing country with a large territory and consumer market, attracting investment from foreign companies, including AI technologies. In the present work, we carry out a review of the Brazilian IP Law, Guidelines and Resolutions regarding patentability of AI inventions in Brazil, and also perform comparative analyses with the guidelines from the EPO and USPTO. Then, patent searches are carried out to analyze filing indicators of patent applications for AI inventions, wherein it is possible to verify that most of the filing applicants in Brazil are foreign companies, mainly from the US. Brazilian entities, which rank second overall in filing for patent applications in Brazil, do not even appear among the main applicants for AI inventions. We conclude that Brazil is not a competitive country in the production of patents related to AI, and it is important for Brazil to establish some degree of legal certainty regarding patent protection for AI inventions and disseminate knowledge about protecting such inventions by patents, so that inventors opt to disclose their AI inventions instead of keeping them as a trade secret. Therefore, more and more sectors of society might benefit from innovations arising from AI.

Aspects of the examination of patents relating to medical inventions

Keywords: selection invention; medical inventions; examination; patentability criteria
 The article contains an analysis of approaches to the examination of selectioninventions for medicines. Selection inventions are inventions created in theprocess of selecting an optimal compound from a group of known compounds or in theprocess of selecting parameters from an interval of known parameters related to thecompounds. Selection inventions must demonstrate an unexpected result that is unknownin the prior art. Selection inventions can potentially be a means of obtaining amonopoly on an already known compound or a medicinal product containing thatcompound, or a method of producing the compound, etc. Therefore, the examination of criteria of patentability for selection inventions is important for maintaining the balanceof interests between the patent holder and the society. The article contains informationabout the difference between the examination of inventions in the patent officeand the forensic examination. The analysis of approaches to examination includesthe law of Ukraine for invention, which provides for the means of combating evergreen(secondary) patents, as well as the opinion of experts of the Patent Office abouta patentability of selection inventions. The article contains the approaches to examinationaccording to the regulations of the European Patent Office and other nationaljurisdictions, as well as the opinion of forensic scientists practising in this field. Apractice example of examination of a selection invention is given. The summary includesrecommendations on approaches to the examination of selection inventions:the subject of the selection invention should not have been specifically disclosed earlier;the subject should exhibit previously unknown and unexpected advantages; thedescription of the selection invention should contain reasonable evidence of non-obviousnessof the selection; the selection invention should meet the condition of inventivestep according to the general requirements as for all the inventions. If unexpected advantagesof existing products were deemed patentable under the applicable law, thepatentability of a selection could be considered when an inventive step is present.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ЭНДООССАЛЬНОГО ЦЕЛЬНОКЕРАМИЧЕСКОГО ВИНТОВОГО ОДНОЭТАПНОГО ИММЕДИАТ-ИМПЛАНТАТА В ОРТОПЕДИЧЕСКОЙ РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С АДЕНТИЕЙ

The subject of the study is the prospects for the introduction of an endosseous all-ceramic screw one-stage immediate implant in the clinical practice of orthopedic rehabilitation.
 The objectives analysis of the prospects for the use of the developed dental implant (endossal all-ceramic screw single-stage implant) in dental practice during orthopedic rehabilitation of patients with adentia.
 Methodology. The study was performed on the basis of an analysis of orthopedic rehabilitation means and their effectiveness in patients of dental clinics in the cities of Kemerovo for 2018–2022.
 Results.The results of rehabilitation of patients with adentia using dental implants based on zirconium dioxide (both imported and patented bio-implants) and implants based on titanium alloys are presented.
 The new endosseous all-ceramic screw one-stage implant developed by the author of the study (RF Patent for Invention No. 2651052; Eurasian Patent No. 035482) is distinguished by its design (rough active two-component thread passing into a polished neck by switching the platform and then into a suprastructure with the possibility of its individualization in the cavity mouth) and the method of treating the surface of the exclusively threaded part of the implant with calcium hydroxyapatite.
 The possibility of using the developed implant will satisfy the needs of patients for a minimally invasive implantation procedure, ensuring its economic efficiency in relation to an analogue imported ceramic implant. In addition, due to the specialized surface treatment, the developed implant does not require the use of bone substitutes, and the presence of a biocoating allows expanding its use in groups of patients with somatic pathologies.
 Conclusions. The performed study allows us to recommend the use of the developed bio-implant in clinical dentistry in order to study the possibilities of its use in the near and long term.

Intellectual Property Information Intelligent System Based on Content Data Mining and ID4 Algorithm

This paper studies the intellectual property information system based on content data mining and ID4 algorithm. First, data mining technology is applied to patent information analysis, such as using clustering algorithm to mine patent text, and using association rules to mine patent inventors. The system can analyze the structure of DOCDB patent data files, extract relevant patent information, and store the processed data in the database. The experimental results show that the system can efficiently process patent data and effectively improve the automation level of patent preprocessing. Use support vector machines, naive Bayes, and radial basis neural networks to classify and test patent samples.

Guaranteeing biological safety as a basis for limiting the patent-protected rights of intellectual property subjects

The relevance of the subject under study is conditioned upon the rapid and active development of the biotechnological area. This segment of the economy and science requires not only comprehensive preliminary work, but also further legal protection of the interests of inventors and society. The development of biotechnologies regulates not only the present, but also the prospects for the future. But it is important to harmonize the use of biological processes to avoid a biological catastrophe. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible legal instruments for limiting the patent-protected powers of subjects of intellectual property law to guarantee biological safety. The following methods were used to collect, process, and present information in this paper: general scientific (formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, comparison, induction and deduction, systematization) and special-legal methods (formal-legal, comparative-legal). This study considered the possibility of limiting the rights granted to the subjects of patenting to guarantee biological safety. International and Ukrainian legislation was analysed in the aspect of patenting biotechnological achievements, compulsory patenting and restrictions on the rights of patenting subjects. The legal nature of biotechnologies as objects of intellectual property rights was identified. Legal measures to restrict the patent-protected powers of subjects of intellectual property rights were highlighted. Attention was drawn to the legal consolidation of the resolution of controversial issues in the field of patenting of biotechnological inventions according to the criteria of ethics and morality. The need to improve the national legislation governing issues of biotechnological research considering the principle of sustainable development, according to which social and ecological aspects should be recognized as a priority, was substantiated. The importance of this study is reinforced by the increased demand for biotechnologies, which leads to certain legal actions related to their protection. The present paper will be useful for scientists in the field of law, medicine, and bioengineering.

Measurement and Comparison of the Innovation Spatial Spillover Effect: A Study Based on the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, China

Innovation is an important factor to improve the quality of economic growth, and amplifying the innovation spatial spillover effect is an important measure to support the development of innovation. Scholars have carried out diversified research on the innovation spatial spillover effect, but there is still practical significance for deepening the research on the spatial spillover effect. In particular, the multi-angle comparative study in different regions still has research value, especially for the field of urban agglomeration integration. The spatial econometric model is a common method to measure spatial spillover effect. In order to carry out a multi-angle comparative study of innovation spatial spillover effects in different regions, this study takes two typical integrated urban agglomerations of the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta in China as the object, and conducts a comparative study of the evolutionary characteristics of innovation spatial spillover effects based on urban scale data and the spatial econometric model. Differently from previous studies, invention patents are adopted to characterize the innovation level. The results show that there are significant positive innovation spatial spillover effects in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, and the spatial spillover effect in the Yangtze River Delta is stronger. The spatial spillover effect exhibits significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. For example, the spatial spillover effect in the core region and the fringe region of the urban agglomeration exhibits a positive effect, but the Yangtze River Delta is stronger than the Pearl River Delta. As an important innovation, the spatial spillover effects both exhibit the evolutionary characteristics of “inverted U-shape” based on the changes in geographical distance, and the spatial spillover effect of the Yangtze River Delta is always larger. Based on the empirical research, we propose promoting high-quality development by strengthening urban agglomeration cooperation, realizing urban agglomeration expansion in an orderly way, and improving the macro-political system.

The Algorithm for the Study of Deep Femoral Vessels Using Ultrasound Duplex Angioscanning

The deep femoral vessels are the main branches/donor vessels of the femoral vessels. Their branches penetrate the entire array of muscles of the posteromedial group and descend almost to the popliteal region, so they are able to both largely compensate for blood flow disorders in obliterating atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities, and in the presence of an anastomosis with the popliteal vein, influence the course of acute and chronic vein diseases. The modern standard for studying the vascular system of the lower extremities is duplex scan, but it allows deep femoral vessels to be examined only in the ostium segment up to 5–6 cm.AIM OF STUDY To determine the patency and state of blood flow in the deep femoral vessels throughout the entire length using ultrasound duplex angioscanning.MATERIAL AND METHODS The analysis of the results of 30 computed tomograms and 100 ultrasound scans of patients (aged 20 to 85 years) who underwent routine examination of the vascular system of the lower extremities in a polyclinic setting was carried out. The study was performed according to the original method (Patent for invention No. 2751819).RESULTS In the upper third of the thigh, the deep femoral vessels are located most superficially, 2.3±0.15 cm from the skin surface and 0.5±0.08 cm from the posterior wall of the femoral artery. In the middle third of the thigh, the depth of the deep femoral vessels is 3.5±0.9 cm from the skin surface and 4.3±0.24 cm from the posterior wall of the femoral artery. The deep femoral vessels are located between the vastus medialis and adductor longus muscles closer to the femur. In the lower third of the thigh, deep femoral vessels are located at a distance of 4.3±0.4 cm from the skin surface and 1.8±0.5 cm from the posterior wall of the femoral artery. Therefore, for ultrasound examination, a linear probe is first used, which is placed along the projection line of the femoral vessels in the upper third of the thigh, and then the orifice of the deep femoral vessels is visualized. Next, a convex probe is used, and in the middle and lower third of the thigh, it is drawn along a line located 2 cm medially to the projection line of the femoral vessels, while the probe itself deviates posteriorly by ~ 15°.CONCLUSION The research algorithm helps increase the length of the areas of the deep femoral artery and vein available for research and help the physician choose the optimal method of treating the patient.

Mathematical Model for Flow of High-pressure Gas in Microscale

Fused silica micro-tubes, whose size is similar to the pore throat in a low permeability reservoir, simplify the complex and tortuous of channels and throats and are used in this study to stimulate the flow pattern with micro-scale methods. A high-pressure micro-tube holder (designed and developed independently with a patent for invention) has been used to study gas flow patterns within the pressure range of 0.1MPa-30MPa. Moreover, we establish a gas flow equation and analysis the applicability of different inlet pressure based on the experiment result. The result shows: First, the pressure drop in the micro-tube is predominantly induced by friction resistance at low inlet pressure. While under relatively high inlet pressure, the impact of kinetic energy conversion and throttling effect on pressure drop shall be considered. Second, we build up a gas-flow equation in a micro-tube considering friction resistance, kinetic energy loss, and throttling effect. We also analyze the applicability for different diameters and inlet pressure. These research achievements were enriched in microtubule flow; different conditions have been identified for a different equation which has significant meaning to gas flow regulation in tight sandstorm reservoirs.