Pattern Of Patches Research Articles

Hyperpigmented Nodular Dermatofibroma: Two Cases Report and Brief Literature Review

BACKGROUND: Dermatofibroma (DF) is a common benign skin tumor (Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma) that mostly affects the extremities with a tendency to occur more often in older females than males. It usually presents as a slow growing small brown dome shape papule on the extremities. DF has a chronic nature and can sometimes regresses spontaneously. Dermoscopy is essential in the evaluation of DF to help differentiate it with other skin tumors. The gold standard evaluation for diagnosis of DF is biopsy with histopathologic examination. Removal of DF is often due to cosmetic factors, with surgical excision being the preferred method for removal. DF has an excellent prognosis. CASE REPORT: We present two case reports of women with hyperpigmented nodules on the lower extremity. Dimple sign was positive. From dermoscopic study showed a pigment network and central white patch pattern. On histologic examination revealed proliferation of fibroblast such as spindle cells as a storiform pattern and hyperplastic epidermis with hyperpigmentation of the basal layer. Based on clinical features, dermoscopy and histopathological evaluation, the diagnosis of DF was established. Both patients were perform surgically excision and have a good result. CONCLUSION: Dermatofibroma is benign fibrous histiocytoma that represents one of the most common skin tumours. Nodular hyperpigmented dermatofibroma is a clinical variant of Dermatofibroma which can be treated with surgical excision with good prognosis.

Estimating landscape structure effects on pollination for management of agricultural landscapes

BackgroundThe growing human population around the world is creating an increased demand for food. In agricultural landscapes, forests are cleared and turned into agricultural land to produce more food. Increasing the productivity of agricultural land per unit area may prevent extreme forest degradation. Since many agricultural products are dependent on pollinators, it is possible to increase crop production by increasing the pollination rate in the agricultural landscapes. Pollinators are highly dependent on forest patches in agricultural landscapes. Therefore, by creating new forest patches around agricultural fields, we can increase the pollination rate, and thus the crop production. In this regard, estimating the effects of different scenarios of forest fragmentation helps us to find an optimized pattern of forest patches for increasing pollination in an agricultural landscape.MethodsTo investigate the effect of different forest fragmentation scenarios on pollination, we used simulated agricultural landscapes, including different forest proportions and degrees of fragmentation. Using landscape metrics, we estimated the relationship between pollination and landscape structure for each landscape.ResultsOur results showed that for increasing pollination, two significant factors should be considered: habitat amount and capacity of small patches to supply pollination. We found that when the capacity of small patches in supplying pollination was low, fragmented patterns of forest patches decreased pollination. With increasing capacity, landscapes with a high degree of forest fragmentation showed the highest levels of pollination. There was an exception for habitat amounts (the proportion of forest patches) less than 0.1 of the entire landscape where increasing edge density, aggregation, and the number of forest patches resulted in increasing pollination in all scenarios.ConclusionThis study encourages agriculturists and landscape planners to focus on increasing crop production per unit area by pollinators because it leads to biodiversity conservation and reduces socio-economic costs of land-use changes. We also suggest that to increase pollination in agricultural landscapes by creating new forest patches, special attention should be paid to the capacity of patches in supporting pollinators.

Management strategy influences landscape patterns of high-severity burn patches in the southwestern United States

Management strategy influences landscape patterns of high-severity burn patches in the southwestern United States

Comparative analysis of T and I Shaped Rectangular Mircostrip Patch Antenna for Wireless communication Applications

The following is an abstract of the paper, the mirror image design parameters and effective results for an antenna with a rectangular microstrip overlay using IE3D software is described that outcomes of the simulations and designs are displayed. The probe feed approach was used to generate the microstrip patch pattern. Such patch antennas have been investigated due to their large bandwidth and gain. This antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate. This antenna’s performance and results are also matched to a standard rectangular patch antenna. Variables are utilized to improve the antenna’s simulation results are as position, space, length, and width of different mirror images T and I shaped antenna slots. The measured results from the simulated design show that the designed construction resonates at various closely separated frequencies that are within the frequency band allotment for wireless applications. At resonance frequencies of 2GHz to 3GHz, the bandwidth and return loss are significantly enhanced.

Role ofSalix reiniipatches in spatio-temporal patterns of cohabitants on a Japanese volcano

AbstractShrub patches often support the colonizers particularly under stressful and/or disturbed environments. The intensities of stresses and disturbances on mountains are often related to an elevation gradient and are decreased by shrub patches (canopy and litter). We aim to clarify these relationships by using shrub patches at different elevations on a volcano. We monitored all shoots in plots established inside and outside of patches of Salix reinii (Salicaceae) and their related environments, such as temperature, light, moisture and chemistry, at three elevations on Mount Koma (1131 m a.s.l.), northern Japan, from early spring in 2005 to summer in 2006. The patch structures were evaluated by area, branch density and litter thickness. The structures of shrub patches did not differ among the elevations. The patches increased the diversity of rare species, by an overall increase in plant species richness. The moisture, nitrogen and phosphate contents in the patches were higher than outside of patches. The effects of shrub patches on the cohabitants were overall positive, although the effects were negative on seedling abundance, shoot survival and flowering. These results suggest that the growth patterns of shrub patches determine the plant community structures and facilitate plant diversity.

Disentangling the independent effects of vegetation cover and pattern on runoff and sediment yield in dryland systems – Uncovering processes through mimicked plant patches

There is strong empirical evidence on the importance of the spatial pattern of vegetation in dryland hydrologic and geomorphologic dynamics. However, changes in vegetation cover and spatial pattern are often linked, making it difficult to disentangle and assess their independent hydro-geomorphologic roles. We used synthetic sponges placed on the soil surface to mimic the aboveground structure of vegetation patches, and manipulated patch cover and pattern as well as the sink capacity of the patches on a set of 24 (2 × 1 m) runoff plots. Combining natural-rainfall and simulated-rainfall experiments, we aimed to test that (1) both vegetation cover and pattern independently control runoff and sediment yield; (2) for any given cover, coarsening the vegetation pattern entails increasing runoff and sediment yield; and (3) pattern effect is mostly exerted by modulating the source-sink dynamics of the system. We found that increasing either patch cover or patch density decreased runoff and sediment yields from natural rainfalls, yet the effect of patch density largely disappeared when the effect of the co-varying patch cover was removed. Simulated-rainfall experiments on plots with equal medium-low patch cover showed however that coarser patterns (lower patch density; higher patch size) increased runoff coefficients and reduced time to runoff as compared with finer patterns. The effect of patch density was particularly clear when the sink function of vegetation patches was also mimicked. Rainfall interception and direct soil protection proved to be critical mechanisms underlying the effects of patch cover, yet they barely contributed to the effects of patch pattern. The control of overland flow by patch pattern was exerted through changes in the level of runoff disruption. However, physical obstructions to runoff hardly reduced runoff unless coupled to mimicked soil sinks. Overall this work demonstrates the independent effects of patch cover and pattern on the hydro-geomorphologic functioning of patchy landscapes, with patch cover being the primary hydrologic control factor and patch pattern exhibiting its full potential for low and medium low patch cover values. Our findings provide useful information for modelling and understanding dryland vegetation dynamics, and for designing management and restoration measures that take into account the critical role played by source-sink dynamics and hydrological connectivity in dryland landscapes.

Microclimate feedbacks sustain power law clustering of encroaching coastal woody vegetation

The spatial pattern of vegetation patchiness may follow universal characteristic rules when the system is close to critical transitions between alternative states, which improves the anticipation of ecosystem-level state changes which are currently difficult to detect in real systems. However, the spatial patterning of vegetation patches in temperature-driven ecosystems have not been investigated yet. Here, using high-resolution imagery from 1972 to 2013 and a stochastic cellular automata model, we show that in a North American coastal ecosystem where woody plant encroachment has been happening, the size distribution of woody patches follows a power law when the system approaches a critical transition, which is sustained by the local positive feedbacks between vegetation and the surrounding microclimate. Therefore, the observed power law distribution of woody vegetation patchiness may be suggestive of critical transitions associated with temperature-driven woody plant encroachment in coastal and potentially other ecosystems.

The impact of climate factors on airborne particulate matter removal by plants

Airborne particulate matter (PM) filtration by plants is a process of continuous PM accumulation and periodic washing, in which climate factors plays a key role. However, most of the relevant studies have focused on the impact of single meteorological factors, the influencing mechanism of comprehensive meteorological factors, i.e., climate, on PM filtration by plants remains unclear. Coupled with the i-Tree model, we established a multi-cycle PM removal (PMR) model with the focus on the impact of wind and precipitations on the PM filtration function of plants, so as to inform the suitability of different climates for green space creation. Interactions between relevant parameters were analyzed through simulation. It was found that the PM capture threshold of plants and the time required to reach this threshold both decreased with wind speed (V). The PMR performance of plants increased and then decreased with V, and the optimal V decreased with increasing precipitation interval (T). The performance of different climates in PMR could be ranked as: short T & high V > short T & low V > long T & low V > long T & high V. Within areas characterized by a long T, it is suitable to create green spaces in the places where V is relatively low and with the pattern of large patches and high-density to reduce plants’ exposure V. Additionally, the relative magnitudes of the PMR of different plant species may change with V or T; species selection should match the regional climate. This study can help to clarify the influencing mechanism of climate factors on the PMR performance of plants and provides guidance for creating green spaces for PM control under different climate regimes.

Subpixel rendering for diamond-shaped PenTile displays using patch-based adaptive filters

We propose a novel subpixel rendering algorithm for diamond-shaped PenTile displays, which reduces color distortions while improving apparent resolutions. We develop two types of subpixel rendering filters: main filter and color distortion reduction (CDR) filters. To derive the filters, we formulate a quadratic program to minimize the difference between an original input image and a virtual image that the human visual system perceives. By imposing two constraints for filter size and coefficients, we obtain the main filter, which has a suitable size and is normalized. Then, we design the CDR filters based on the analysis of various patch patterns for image areas. We define the patch patterns to classify local areas with possible color distortions. By imposing additional constraints according to the patch patterns, we derive the CDR filters. Lastly, by matching local areas in the input image into the pre-defined patch patterns, we render the image using the main filter and the CDR filters, which are applied adaptively to the local areas. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed subpixel rendering algorithm improves apparent resolutions and suppresses color distortions effectively, thereby outperforming conventional algorithms.

A Spatial Regulated Patch-Wise Approach for Cervical Dysplasia Diagnosis

Cervical dysplasia diagnosis via visual investigation is a challenging problem. Recent approaches use deep learning techniques to extract features and require the downsampling of high-resolution cervical screening images to smaller sizes for training. Such a reduction may result in the loss of visual details that appear weakly and locally within a cervical image. To overcome this challenge, our work divides an image into patches and then represents it from patch features. We aggregate patch patterns into an image feature in a weighted manner by considering the patch--image label relation. The weights are visualized as a heatmap to explain where the diagnosis results come from. We further introduce a spatial regulator to guide the classifier to focus on the cervix region and to adjust the weight distribution, without requiring any manual annotations of the cervix region. A novel iterative algorithm is designed to refine the regulator, which is able to capture the variations in cervix center locations and shapes. Experiments on an 18-year real-world dataset indicate a minimal of 3.47%, 4.59%, 8.54% improvements over the state-of-the-art in accuracy, F1, and recall measures, respectively.

A Unified Multi-Scenario Attacking Network for Visual Object Tracking

Existing methods of adversarial attacks successfully generate adversarial examples to confuse Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) of image classification and object detection, resulting in wrong predictions. However, these methods are difficult to attack models of video object tracking, because the tracking algorithms could handle sequential information across video frames and the categories of targets tracked are normally unknown in advance. In this paper, we propose a Unified and Effective Network, named UEN, to attack visual object tracking models. There are several appealing characteristics of UEN: (1) UEN could produce various invisible adversarial perturbations according to different attack settings by using only one simple end-to-end network with three ingenious loss function; (2) UEN could generate general visible adversarial patch patterns to attack the advanced trackers in the real-world; (3) Extensive experiments show that UEN is able to attack many state-of-the-art trackers effectively (e.g. SiamRPN-based networks and DiMP) on popular tracking datasets including OTB100, UAV123, and GOT10K, making online real-time attacks possible. The attack results outperform the introduced baseline in terms of attacking ability and attacking efficiency.

Real-world Utilisation of the Rivastigmine Transdermal Patches Accompanying the Use of Risk Minimisation Tools in Patients with Dementia.

Transdermal patches are convenient to use, especially in Rotkreuz ZG Rotkreuz ZG patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated dementia. However, various identified risks of errors in administering the patches cannot be disregarded. Patient Reminder Cards (PRCs, included a Medication record sheet [MRS]) have been recently introduced as a risk minimisation tool to prevent incorrect patch use (IU). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of PRCs to prevent IU and to investigate the dose titration pattern of rivastigmine patches in a real-world setting. This multinational, observational, 11-month study included patients with AD currently using rivastigmine patches (4.6 mg/day, 9.5 mg/day, 13.3 mg/day) accompanied by a caregiver. Study outcomes were IU, including multiple patch use (MPU), incorrect patch placement, other IUs, perceived usefulness of the PRCs, and titration patterns of the patches. Of the total 614 patients included, most were aged ≥ 65 years and had mild-to-moderate AD. Before and during the study, 27.7% and 18.0% of patients reported IU, respectively. Most patients used MRS, and 73.5% rated it 'helpful' and reported lower rates of IU than those who reported it 'not helpful' (13.9%-16.5% vs. 20.2%). Overall, 141 patients had dose titrations, with 75.8% being up-titrated from 4.6 mg/day to 9.5 mg/day after a mean duration of 58 days. Safety findings were consistent with the established profile for the rivastigmine patch. PRC was effective as a risk minimisation tool in limiting the inappropriate use of rivastigmine patches. The majority of patients requiring dose-change were up-titrated to 9.5 mg/day patches.

Using the Lonsdorf model for estimating habitat loss and fragmentation effects on pollination service

One of the most important issues related to landscape ecology and ecosystem services is finding the pattern of habitat patches that offers the highest pollination in agricultural landscapes. In this regard, two processes of habitat loss and fragmentation strongly affect the relationship between pollination and the pattern of habitat patches. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on pollination separately. For this purpose, first, we generated different simulated agricultural landscapes, including two habitats of forest and agriculture. Then, according to the Lonsdorf model, we estimated the potential of the simulated landscapes in providing pollination in different scenarios. Finally, using statistical models, we estimated the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on pollination at the landscape and farm levels. Our results showed that the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on pollination were completely different at the landscape and farm levels. At the landscape level, fragmentation negatively affected pollination, but at the farm level, the maximum pollination rate was observed in the landscapes with a high degree of fragmentation. Regarding the habitat loss effects, our results showed that pollination decreased linearly at the landscape level as habitat amount decreased, but at the farm level, it decreased exponentially. The present study considered the level of analysis (i.e., landscape and farm levels) as a critical factor affecting pollination changes caused by fragmentation. We showed that using the Lonsdorf model could lead to confusing results for the landscape ecologists and alert farmers who want to reduce the adverse effects of fragmentation on their products by creating new forest patches. Therefore, agriculturalists and landscape ecologists should consider that the pollination rate at the landscape and farm levels is completely different according to the model and provide contradictory results about the process of habitat loss effects on pollination.

Characteristics and controlling factors of alpine grassland vegetation patch patterns on the central Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

Vegetation patch patterns, which are used as indicators of state, functionality, and catastrophic changes in the arid ecosystem, have received much attention. However, little is known about the controlling factors and indicators that underlie vegetation patch patterns in the alpine grassland ecosystem. Here, we firstly studied characteristics of vegetation patch patterns with aerial photography by using an unmanned aerial vehicle and evaluated the vegetation patch-size distribution with power law (PL) and truncated power law (TPL) models on the central part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). We then investigated the effects of environmental factors and biotic disturbances on vegetation patch patterns. The results showed that (1) there were four typical vegetation patch patterns, i.e. spot, stripe, sheet, and uniform patterns; (2) soil water content and air temperature were major environmental factors affecting vegetation patch patterns; (3) biotic disturbance of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) affected vegetation patch patterns by changing the number, area, and connectivity of vegetation patches; and (4) vegetation patch-size distribution parameters were significantly related to soil hydrothermal variables (P < 0.01). We concluded that the development of alpine vegetation patch patterns was controlled by soil hydrothermal conditions and plateau pika’s disturbance. We also proposed that γ (TPL-PL) (difference between absolute values of slopes of TPL and PL curve fits) could serve as an effective indicator for monitoring alpine grassland conditions, and preventing patchiness was a critical task for the alpine ecosystem management and restoration.

Design a 900 Hybrid Feed Square Patch Stacked Antenna at 3GHz

Microstrip antennas find wide applications in high-speed vehicles, and missiles, tanks, satellite communications etc. The main advantage of these antennas over conventional microwave antenna are lightweight, low volume, low cost, planar structure and compatibility with integrated circuits. The present paper deals with the design and development of 90o hybrid feed square patch stacked antenna. The design of square patch and 900 hybrid feed has been carried out at frequency of 3 GHz on epoxy glass substrate, the radiation pattern of the square patch has been experimentally studied. The effect of stacked patches placed above the square patch has been studied experimentally for different cases like 1,2,3 and 4 stacked patches placed one above other above the driven square patch. From the experimental result it has been found that performance of the case of 1 + 2 (one driven element and two parasitic element) is optimum with bandwidth of 16 % and VSWR 1.42 the performance degrades the no of practical elements is increased that is for case 1 + 3 and 1 + 4 etc., The performance of 1 + 2 case of also found to be superior to the performance 1+ 0 and 1+1 cases experimentally studied, also been carried out for cross Polarization and co – polarization.

Moisture, Temperature, and Salinity of a Typical Desert Plant (Haloxylon ammodendron) in an Arid Oasis of Northwest China

The physical and chemical characteristics of soil and water sources affect desert plants’ growth, which is essential for the ecological protection in arid areas. The typical patch patterns of Haloxylon ammodendron in the oasis-desert ecotone in the southern margin of the Manas River Basin consists of bare patches (BP) and vegetation patches (VP). The water sources of H. ammodendron were studied using stable isotope technology, and the soil physical and chemical properties were monitored and analyzed. The results showed that the soil moisture presented a reversed “S” type curve, and the total salt content of the soil presented an “S” type curve. A “wet island” and “cold island” were formed in the low salt area with H. ammodendron at the center. NaCl was most abundant in the BP soil, and the milligram equivalent of Cl− was 80–90%, while CaSO4 was most abundant in the VP soil, in which the milligram equivalent of SO42− was 80–100%. Before the rain, H. ammodendron mainly relied on the soil water from a deeper layer (≥60 cm) to maintain its growth. However, after the rain, H. ammodendron mainly relied on shallow soil water (&lt;60 cm) to maintain its growth.

Effect of landscape pattern and spatial configuration of vegetation patches on urban warming and cooling in Harare metropolitan city, Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT The spatial configuration of vegetation patches in the landscape has implications for the provision of ecosystem services, human adaptation to climate change, enhancement, or mitigation of urban heat island. Until recently, the effect of spatial configuration of vegetation to enhance or mitigate urban heat island has received little consideration in urban thermal assessments. This study examines the impact of spatial configuration of vegetation patches on urban thermal warming and cooling in Harare metropolitan city, Zimbabwe. The study used Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Landsat and Sentinel 2 data acquired between 1994 and 2017 to derive detailed information on vegetation patches, landscape metrics, and land surface temperature LST(°C). The spatial configuration of urban vegetation patterns was analyzed using landscape metrics in Fragstats program. Getis Ord Gi* as a Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) was used to characterize the spatial clustering and dispersion of urban vegetation patches. Results of the Getis Ord Gi* showed that clustered vegetation lowers surface temperatures more effectively than dispersed and fragmented patterns of vegetation. The size, density, shape complexity, and cohesion of vegetation patches conferred different levels of cooling but Patch Cohesion Index had the strongest negative relationship with LST(°C) at three spatial resolutions of 10 m (Sentinel 2), 15 m (ASTER) and 30 m (Landsat 8). The Spatial Lag Regression model performed better than the Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis in exploring the relationship between LST(°C) and landscape metrics. Specifically, the Spatial Lag Regression model showed higher R2 values and log likelihood, lower Schwarz criteria, and Akaike information criterion, and reduced spatial autocorrelations. The overall information provides important insights into the provision of larger, connected, and less fragmented urban vegetation patches to derive maximum and higher cooling effects which is critical for urban planning and design approaches for mitigating increasing surface temperatures in cities.

Enhanced Drug Loading in the Drug-in-Adhesive Transdermal Patch Utilizing a Drug-Ionic Liquid Strategy: Insight into the Role of Ionic Hydrogen Bonding.

Though pharmaceutical polymers were widely used in inhibiting drug recrystallization via strong intermolecular hydrogen and ionic bonds, the improved drug stability was achieved at the cost of the drug release rate or amount in the drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch. To overcame the difficulty, this study aimed to increase drug loading utilizing a novel drug-ionic liquid (drug-IL) strategy and illustrate the underlying molecular mechanism. Here, naproxen (NPX) and triamylamine (TAA) were chosen as the model drug and corresponding counterion, respectively. In addiiton, carboxylic pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) was chosen as the model polymer. The drug-IL (NPX-TAA) was synthesized and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The miscibility between NPX-TAA and PSA was assessed using microscopy study, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence spectroscopy, and solubility parameter calculation. In addition, molecular mechanisms of crystallization inhibition were revealed by FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, DSC, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and molecular docking. Finally, the release pattern of the high load patch of NPX-TAA was evaluated using in vitro drug release and verified by a skin permeation experiment. The results showed that drug loading in PSA was increased by 5.0 times, which was caused by the synergistic effect of strong ionic hydrogen bonding (the decreased intensity and blue shift of the O-H peak of COOH in PSA) formed between NPX-TAA and PSA-COO- and normal hydrogen bonding (red shift of the C═O peak in PSA) formed between NPX-TAA and the carbonyl group of PSA. In addition, -NH+ of TAA was confirmed as the molecular basis of ionic hydrogen bonding through new peak appearance (binding energy: 400.0 eV) in XPS spectra. Moreover, high drug release percent (80.8 ± 1.8%) was achieved even at high drug loading compared with the control group (72.4 ± 2.2%). Thus, this study introduced an effective drug-IL method to enhance drug loading capacity and illustrated the brand-new action mechanism, which provided a powerful instrument for the development of a high drug loading-high release patch.

Blockade of retinal or cortical activity does not prevent the development of callosal patches normally associated with ocular dominance columns in primary visual cortex.

Callosal patches in primary visual cortex of Long Evans rats, normally associated with ocular dominance columns, emerge by postnatal day 10 (P10), but they do not form in rats monocularly enucleated a few days before P10. We investigated whether we could replicate the results of monocular enucleation by using tetrodotoxin (TTX) to block neural activity in one eye, or in primary visual cortex. Animals received daily intravitreal (P6-P9) or intracortical (P7-P9) injections of TTX, and our physiological evaluation of the efficacy of these injections indicated that the blockade induced by a single injection lasted at least 24h. Four weeks later, the patterns of callosal connections in one hemisphere were revealed after multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase in the other hemisphere. We found that in rats receiving either intravitreal or cortical injections of TTX, the patterns of callosal patches analyzed in tangential sections from the flattened cortex were not significantly different from the pattern in normal rats. Our findings, therefore, suggest that the effects of monocular enucleation on the distribution of callosal connections are not due to the resulting imbalance of afferent ganglion cell activity, and that factors other than neural activity are likely involved.

Taylor Expansion and Matrix-Based Interval Analysis of Linear Arrays With Patch Element Pattern Tolerance

In this study, a novel interval analysis (IA) approach for linear arrays with element pattern tolerance is proposed. This study differentiates itself from the classic interval analysis (CIA) method because it focuses on the effects of the array element (e.g., patch) pattern tolerance on the antenna array pattern; the tolerance may be caused by fabrication errors in the element. The closed-form pattern expressions of the element (e.g., patch) and array are deduced by the interval arithmetic method. To mitigate the interval extension (also referred to as the overestimation problem) caused by the dependency problem, Taylor expansion and matrix-based interval analysis (TMIA) methods are proposed and implemented in this study. A set of numerical examples is reported and analyzed to indicate the effectiveness of the proposed TMIA approach with the results of Monte Carlo (MC) and CIA methods, as well as to indicate its potential capabilities and advantages in the actual application of industrial antenna arrays.